STAAD.

Pro

STructural
Analysis
And
Design
Program
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The STAAD.Pro Graphical User Interface (GUI) is normally used to create all input specifications
and all output reports and displays (See the Graphical Environment manual). These structural modeling
and analysis input specifications are stored in a text file with extension “.STD”. When the GUI does a File
Open to start a session with an existing model, it gets all of its information from the STD file. A user may
edit/create this STD file and have the GUI and the analysis engine both reflect the changes.

The STD file is processed by the STAAD analysis “engine” to produce results that are stored in several
files with extensions such as ANL, BMD, TMH, etc. The ANL text file contains the printable output as
created by the specifications in this manual. The other files contain the results (displacements,
member/element forces, mode shapes, section forces/moments/displacements, etc.) that are used by
the GUI in post processing mode.

Input Generation

The GUI (or user) communicates with the STAAD analysis engine through the STD input file. That input
file is a text file consisting of a series of commands which are executed sequentially. The commands
contain either instructions or data pertaining to analysis and/or design.

Types of Structures

A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is capable of analyzing and

designing structures consisting of frame, plate/shell and solid elements. Almost any type of structure
can be analyzed by STAAD.

A SPACE structure, which is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in any plane, is the
most general.

A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same plane.

A TRUSS structure consists of truss members who can have only axial member forces and no bending in
the members.

A FLOOR structure is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal (global X or Z)

movement of the structure [FX, FZ & MY restrained at every joint]. The floor framing (in global X-Z plane)
of a building is an ideal example of a FLOOR structure. Columns can also be modeled with the floor in a
FLOOR structure as long as the structure has no horizontal loading. If there is any horizontal load, it must
be analyzed as a SPACE structure.

Specification of the correct structure type reduces the number of equations to be solved during the
analysis. This results in a faster and more economic solution for the user.

Unit Systems

The user is allowed to input data and request output in almost all commonly used engineering unit
systems including MKS, SI and FPS. In the input file, the user may change units as many times as
required. Mix and match between length and force units from different unit systems is also allowed. The
input-unit for angles (or rotations) is degrees. However, in JOINT DISPLACEMENT output, the rotations
are provided in radians. For all output, the units are clearly specified by the program.

Structure Geometry and Coordinate Systems

A structure is an assembly of individual components such as beams, columns, slabs, plates etc.. In
STAAD, frame elements and plate elements may be used to model the structural components. Typically,
modeling of the structure geometry consists of two steps:

A. Identification and description of joints or nodes.

B. Modeling of members or elements through specification of connectivity (incidences) between joints.

In general, the term MEMBER will be used to refer to frame elements and the term ELEMENT will be
used to refer to plate/shell and solid elements. STAAD uses two types of coordinate systems to define
the structure geometry and loading patterns. The GLOBAL coordinate system is an arbitrary coordinate
system in space which is utilized to specify the overall geometry & loading pattern of the structure. A
LOCAL coordinate system is associated with each member (or element) and is utilized in MEMBER END
FORCE output or local load specification. For input, refer the 'Related Topics' below.

Global Coordinate System

The following coordinate systems are available for specification of the structure geometry.

1. Conventional Cartesian coordinate system: This coordinate system (Fig. 1.2) is a rectangular
coordinate system (X, Y, Z) which follows the orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate system
may be used to define the joint locations and loading directions. The translational degrees of
freedom are denoted by u1, u2, u3 and the rotational degrees of freedom are denoted by u4, u5
& u6.
2. Cylindrical Coordinate System: In this coordinate system, (Fig. 1.3) the X and Y coordinates of
the conventional Cartesian system are replaced by R (radius) and Ø (angle in degrees). The Z
coordinate is identical to the Z coordinate of the Cartesian system and its positive direction is
determined by the right hand rule.
3. Reverse Cylindrical Coordinate System: This is a cylindrical type coordinate system (Fig. 1.4)
where the R- Ø plane corresponds to the X-Z plane of the Cartesian system. The right hand rule
is followed to determine the positive direction of the Y axis.
Local Coordinate System

A local coordinate system is associated with each member. Each axis of the local orthogonal coordinate
system is also based on the right hand rule. Fig. 1.5 shows a beam member with start joint 'I' and end
joint 'j'. The positive direction of the local x-axis is determined by joining 'I' to 'j' and projecting it in the
same direction. The right hand rule may be applied to obtain the positive directions of the local y and z
axes. The local y and z-axes coincide with the axes of the two principal moments of inertia. Note that the
local coordinate system is always rectangular.

A wide range of cross-sectional shapes may be specified for analysis. These include rolled steel shapes,
user specified prismatic shapes etc..

Loads

Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed-end
member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as uniformly
distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self-weight can also be applied in any desired
direction.

Joint Load

Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These loads act in
the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate directions.
Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case the loads will be additive on that
joint.

Member Load

Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads are
uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including trapezoidal).
Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads act at any intermediate,
specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly varying
loads act over the full or partial length of a member. Trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load
and several concentrated loads.

Area / One-way Load / Floor Load

Often a floor is subjected to a uniform pressure. It could require a lot of work to calculate the equivalent
member load for individual members in that floor. However, with the AREA, ONEWAY or FLOOR LOAD
facilities, the user can specify the pressure (load per unit square area). The program will calculate the
tributary area for these members and calculate the appropriate member loads. The Area Load and One-
way load are used for one way distribution and the Floor Load is used for two way distribution.

The following assumptions are made while transferring the area/floor load to member load:

a) The member load is assumed to be a linearly varying load for which the start and the end values may
be of different magnitude.
b) Tributary area of a member with an area load is calculated based on half the spacing to the nearest
approximately parallel members on both sides. If the spacing is more than or equal to the length of the
member, the area load will be ignored.

c) Area/Floor load should not be specified on members declared as MEMBER CABLE, MEMBER TRUSS,
MEMBER TENSION or MEMBER COMPRESSION or CURVED.

Fixed End Member Load

Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These loads are given in
terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are opposite to the actual load on the
member. Each end of a member can have six forces: axial; shear y; shear z; torsion; moment y, and
moment z.

Prestress and Poststress Member Load

Members in a structure may be subjected to prestress load for which the load distribution in the
structure may be investigated. The prestressing load in a member may be applied axially or eccentrically.
The eccentricities can be provided at the start joint, at the middle, and at the end joint. These
eccentricities are only in the local y-axis. A positive eccentricity will be in the positive local y-direction.
Since eccentricities are only provided in the local y-axis, care should be taken when providing prismatic
properties or in specifying the correct BETA angle when rotating the member coordinates, if necessary.
Two types of prestress load specification are available; PRESTRESS, where the effects of the load are
transmitted to the rest of the structure, and POSTSTRESS, where the effects of the load are experienced
exclusively by the members on which it is applied.

Temperature and Strain Load

Temperature difference through the length of a member as well as differences of both faces of
members and elements may also be specified. The program calculates the axial strain (elongation and
shrinkage) due to the temperature difference. From this it calculates the induced forces in the member
and the analysis is done accordingly. The strain intervals of elongation and shrinkage can be input
directly.

Support Displacement Load

Static Loads can be applied to the structure in terms of the displacement of the supports. Displacement
can be translational or rotational. Translational displacements are provided in the specified length while
the rotational displacements are always in degrees. Note that displacements can be specified only in
directions in which the support has an "enforced" specification in the Support command.
 NOMENCLATURE OF STEEL SECTIONS
BEAM SECTIONS: Following nomenclature is followed for steel beam sections in India:

(1) ISJB: Indian standard junior beams

(2) ISLB: Indian standard light weight beams
(3) ISMB: Indian standard medium weight beams
(4) ISWB: Indian standard wide flange beams
(5) ISHB: Indian standard heavy weight beams
Beams will be designated by Type – Web x Flange size (E.g ISMB 600x210)

PARALLEL FLANGE BEAMS:

(1) NPB: Indian national narrow parallel flange beams

(2) WPB: Indian national wide parallel flange beams
(3) UB: Universal beams
(4) UC: Universal columns
Parallel beams will be designated by Type – Web size x Flange size x Unit weight (E.g UB
610x229x125)

ANGLES:

(1) ISA: Indian standard equal angle

(2) ISUA: Indian standard unequal angle
Angles will be designated by Type – Face1 size x Face2 size x Thickness (E.g ISA 100x100x6)

CHANNELS:

(1) ISJC: Indian standard junior channel

(2) ISLC: Indian standard light weight channel
(3) ISMC: Indian standard medium weight channel
Channel will be designated by Type – Web size x Flange size (E.g ISMC 100x50)

RAILS:

(1) ISCR: Indian standard crane rail

(2) ISHR: Indian standard heavy rail
Rails will be designated by Type – Head size (E.g ISCR 100)

PLATES:

Plates will be designated by thickness.

FLATS:

Flats will be designated by Width x Thickness (E.g Flat 100x6)

ROUND BAR:

(1) ISRO: Indian standard round

Round bar will be designated by Diameter (E.g ISRO 50)

HEXAGON BAR:

Hexagon bar will be designated by one side (E.g Hex. Bar 50)

SQUARE BAR:

Square bar will be designated by one side size (E.g Sq. Bar 100)

SQUARE HOLLOW BAR:

Square hollow bar will be designated by Sq. Bar – Face1 size x Face2 size x Thickness (E.g Sq. Bar
50x50x2)

RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION:

Rectangular hollow bar will be designated by Rect. Bar – Face1 size x Face size2 x Thickness (E.g
Rect. Sq. Bar 100x50x2).
 STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN AS PER IS800
STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as individual components of an
analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide the user with the ability to carry out a number
of different design operations. These facilities may be used selectively in accordance with the
requirements of the design problem. The operations to perform a design are:

 Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.
 Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection.
 Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values.
 Specify whether to perform member selection by optimization.

These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon the design
requirements. The entire ISI steel section table is supported. Section 8B.13 describes the specification of
steel sections.

Allowable Stresses

The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design method as
per IS: 800 (1984). It is a method for proportioning structural members using design loads and forces,
allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material under service conditions. It would
not be possible to describe every aspect of IS: 800 in this manual. This section, however, will discuss the
salient features of the allowable stresses specified by IS: 800 and implemented in STAAD. Appropriate
sections of IS: 800 will be referenced during the discussion of various types of allowable stresses.

Design Parameters

In STAAD implementation of IS: 800, the user is allowed complete control of the design process through
the use of design parameters. Users should note that when the TRACK parameter is set to 1.0 and use in
conjunction with this code, allowable bending stresses in compression (FCY & FCZ), tension (FTY & FTZ),
and allowable shear stress (FV) will be printed out in Member Selection and Code Check output in Mpa.
When TRACK is set to 2.0, detailed design output will be provided.

Stability Requirements

Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate maximum values.
Section 3.7 of IS: 800 summarizes the maximum slenderness ratios for different types of members. In
STAAD implementation of IS: 800, appropriate maximum slenderness ratio can be provided for each
member. If no maximum slenderness ratio is provided, compression members will be checked against a
maximum value of 180 and tension members will be checked against a maximum value of 400.

Truss Members

As mentioned earlier, a truss member is capable of carrying only axial forces. So in design no time is
wasted in calculating bending or shear stresses, thus reducing design time considerably. Therefore, if
there is any truss member in an analysis (like bracing or strut, etc.), it is wise to declare it as a truss
member rather than as a regular frame member with both ends pinned.

Deflection Check

This facility allows the user to consider deflection as a criterion in the CODE CHECK and MEMBER
SELECTION processes. The deflection check may be controlled using three parameters which are
described in Table 7B.1. Note that deflection is used in addition to other strength and stability related
criteria. The local deflection calculation is based on the latest analysis results.

Code Checking

The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of satisfying applicable
design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 800 (1984) requirements. Forces and
moments at specified sections of the members are utilized for the code checking calculations. Sections
may be specified using the BEAM parameter or the SECTION command. If no sections are specified, the
code checking is based on forces and moments at the member ends.

The code checking output labels the members as Passed or Failed. In addition, the critical condition
(applicable IS: 800 clause no.), governing load case, location (distance from the start) and magnitudes of
the governing forces and moments are also printed out.

Member Selection

STAAD is capable of performing design operations on specified members. Once an analysis has been
performed, the program can select the most economical section that is the lightest section, which
satisfies the applicable code requirements. The section selected will be of the same type (I-Section,
Channel etc.) as originally specified by the user. Member selection may be performed with all types of
steel sections listed in Section 7B.13 and user provided tables. Selection of members, whose properties
are originally provided from user specified table, will be limited to sections in the user provided table.
Member selection cannot be performed on members whose cross sectional properties are specified as
PRISMATIC.

It may be noted that the parameters DMAX and DMIN may be used to specify member depth
constraints for selection. If PROFILE parameter is provided, the search for the lightest section is
restricted to that profile. Up to three (3) profiles may be provided for any member with a section being
selected from each one.

Member Selection by Optimization

Steel section selection of the entire structure may be optimized. The optimization method utilizes a
state-of-the -art numerical technique which requires automatic multiple analysis. The user may start
without a specifically designated section. However, the section profile type (BEAM, COLUMN, CHANNEL,
ANGLE etc.) must be specified using the ASSIGN command. The optimization is based on member
stiffness contributions and corresponding force distributions. An optimum member size is determined
through successive analysis/design iterations. This method requires substantial computer time and
hence should be used with caution.
Tabulated Results of Steel Design

For code checking or member selection, the program produces the result in a tabulated fashion. The
items in the output table are explained as follows:

a) MEMBER refers to the member number for which the design is performed.

b) TABLE refers to the INDIAN steel section name which has been checked against the steel code or has
been selected.

c) RESULT prints whether the member has PASSED or Failed. If the RESULT is FAIL, there will be an
asterisk (*) mark in front of the member number.

d) CRITICAL COND refers to the section of the IS: 800 code which governs the design.

e) RATIO prints the ratio of the actual stresses to allowable stresses for the critical condition. Normally a
value of 1.0 or less will mean the member has passed.

f) LOADING provides the load case number which governs the design.

g) FX, MY and MZ provide the axial force, moment in local y-axis and moment in local z-axis respectively.
Although STAAD does consider all the member forces and moments (except torsion) to perform design,
only FX, MY and MZ are printed since they are the ones which are of interest, in most cases.

h) LOCATION specifies the actual distance from the start of the member to the section where design
forces govern.

i) If the parameter TRACK is set to 1.0, the program will block out part of the table and will print
allowable bending stresses in compression (FCY & FCZ) and tension (FTY & FTZ), allowable axial stress in
compression (FA), and allowable shear stress (FV).

Indian Steel Table

This is an important feature of the program since the program will read section properties of a steel
member directly from the latest ISI steel tables (as published in ISI-800). These properties are stored in
memory corresponding to the section designation (e.g. ISMB250, etc.). If called for, the properties are
also used for member design. Since the shear areas are built in to these tables, shear deformation is
always considered for these members. Almost all ISI steel tables are available for input. A complete
listing of the sections available in the built-in steel section library may be obtained using the tools of the
graphical user interface.

Following are the descriptions of all the types of sections available:

Rolled Steel Beams (ISJB, ISLB, ISMB and ISHB).

All rolled steel beam sections are available the way they are designated in the ISI handbook. E.g.
ISJB225, ISWB400, etc.
In case of two identical beams, the heavier beam is designated with an ‘A” on the end. E.g. ISHB400 A,
etc.

Rolled Steel Channels (ISJC, ISLCand ISMC)

All these shapes are available as listed in ISI section handbook. Designation of the channels is as per the
scheme used by ISI.

Double Channels

Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between them, are available. The letter D in front
of the section name will specify a double channel, e.g. D ISJC125, D ISMC75 etc.

Rolled Steel Angles

Both rolled steel equal angles and unequal angles are available for use in the STAAD implementation of
ISI steel tables.

Double Angles

Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can be specified by inputting the word SD
or LD, respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle either LD or SD will serve the
purpose.

Rolled Tees (ISHT, ISST, ISLT and ISJT)

All the rolled tee sections are available for input as they are specified in the ISI handbook.

Pipes (Circular Hollow Sections)

To designate circular hollow sections from ISI tables, use PIP followed by the numerical value of
diameter and thickness of the section in mm omitting the decimal section of the value provided for
diameter.

Circular pipe sections can also be specified by providing the outside and inside diameters of the section.
Only code checking and no member selection will be performed if this type of specification is used.

Tubes (Rectangular or Square Hollow Sections)

Designation of tubes from the ISI steel table is illustrated below.

Tubes, like pipes, can also be input by their dimensions (Height, Width and Thickness) and not by any
table designations.

Note that only code checking and no member selection is performed for TUBE sections specified this
way.

Plate and Angle Girders (With Flange Plates)

All plate and angle grinders (with flange plates) are available as listed in ISI section handbook. The
following example with explanations will be helpful in understanding the input procedure.

SINGLE JOIST WITH CHANNELS AND PLATES ON THE FLANGES TO BE USED AS GIRDERS

All single joists with channel and plates on the flanges to be used as girders are available as listed in ISI
section handbook. The following example with explanations will be helpful in understanding the input
procedure.
 STEEL DESIGN PER IS802
Allowable Stresses

The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design method as
per IS: 802 (1995). It is a method for proportioning structural members using design loads and forces,
allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material under service conditions.

This section discusses the salient features of the allowable stresses specified by IS: 802 and
implemented in STAAD.

Stability Requirements

Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate maximum values.

Minimum Thickness Requirement

As per Clause7.1 of IS: 802-1995 minimum thickness of different tower members shall be as follows

Code Checking

The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of satisfying applicable
design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 802 (1995) requirements. Axial forces
at two ends of the members are utilized for the code checking calculations. The code checking output
labels the members as Passed or Failed. In addition, the critical condition, governing load case, location
(distance from the start) and magnitudes of the governing forces are also printed out. Using TRACK 9
option calculation steps are also printed.
Design Steps

The following are the steps followed in member design.

Step 1

Thickness of the member (maximum of web and flange thicknesses) is checked against minimum
allowable thickness, depending upon whether the member is painted or galvanized.

Step 2

If the minimum thickness criterion is fulfilled, the program determines whether the member is under
compression or tension for the load case under consideration. Depending upon whether the member is
under tension or compression the slenderness ratio of the member is calculated. This calculated ratio is
checked against allowable slenderness ratio.

Step 3

If the slenderness criterion is fulfilled check against allowable stress is performed. Allowable axial and
tensile stresses are calculated. If the member is under tension and there is no user defined net section
factor (NSF), the net section factor is calculated by the program itself. Actual axial stress in the member
is calculated. The ratio for actual stress to allowable stress, if less than 1.0 or user defined value, the
member has passed the check.

Step 4

Number of bolts required for the critical load case is calculated.

Member Selection

STAAD is capable of performing design operations on specified members. Once an analysis has been
performed, the program can select the most economical section i.e. the lightest section, which satisfies
the applicable code requirements. The section selected will be of the same type (either angle or
channel) as originally specified by the user. Member selection may be performed with all angle or
channel sections and user provided tables. Selection of members, whose properties are originally
provided from user specified table, will be limited to sections in the user provided table.

Member Selection by Optimization

Steel section selection of the entire structure may be optimized. The optimization method utilizes a
state-of-the -art numerical technique which requires automatic multiple analysis. The optimization is
based on member stiffness contributions and corresponding force distributions.

An optimum member size is determined through successive analysis/design iterations. This method
requires substantial computer time and hence should be used with caution.
 CONCRETE DESIGN PER IS456
Member Dimensions

Concrete members which will be designed by the program must have certain section properties input
under the MEMBER PROPERTY command. The following example shows the required input:

will be done accordingly. In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450 mm depth
and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with only depth and no width provided, will be
assumed to be circular with 350 mm diameter. The third set numbers in the above example represents a
T-shape with 750 mm flange width, 200 width, 400 mm overall depth and 100 mm flange depth (See
section 6.20.2). The program will determine whether the section is rectangular, flanged or circular and
the beam or column design

Design Parameters

The program contains a number of parameters which are needed to perform design as per IS:
456(2000). Default parameter values have been selected such that they are frequently used numbers
for conventional design requirements. These values may be changed to suit the particular design being
performed. It is necessary to declare length and force units as Millimeter and Newton before performing
the concrete design.

Slenderness Effects and Analysis Consideration

Slenderness effects are extremely important in designing compression members. The IS: 456 code
specifies two options by which the slenderness effect can be accommodated (Clause 39.7). One option is
to perform an exact analysis which will take into account the influence of axial loads and variable
moment of inertia on member stiffness and fixed end moments, the effect of deflections on moment
and forces and the effect of the duration of loads. Another option is to approximately magnify design
moments.

STAAD has been written to allow the use of the first options. To perform this type of analysis, use the
command PDELTA ANALYSIS instead of PERFORM ANALYSIS. The PDELTA ANALYSIS will accommodate all
requirements of the second- order analysis described by IS: 456, except for the effects of the duration of
the loads. It is felt that this effect may be safely ignored because experts believe that the effects of the
duration of loads are negligible in a normal structural configuration.
Although ignoring load duration effects is somewhat of an approximation, it must be realized that the
approximate evaluation of slenderness effects is also an approximate method. In this method, additional
moments are calculated based on empirical formula and assumptions on sideway.

(Clause 39.7.1 and 39.7.1.1 IS: 456 - 2000).

Considering all these information, a PDELTA ANALYSIS, as performed by STAAD may be used for the
design of concrete members. However the user must note, to take advantage of this analysis, all the
combinations of loading must be provided as primary load cases and not as load combinations. This is
due to the fact that load combinations are just algebraic combinations of forces and moments, whereas
a primary load case is revised during the P-delta analysis based on the deflections. Also note that the
proper factored loads (like 1.5 for dead load etc.) should be provided by user. STAAD does not factor the
loads automatically.

Beam Design

Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect the axial force may be taken
into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are pre scanned to identify the critical
load cases at different sections of the beams. The total number of sections considered is 13( e.g.
0.,.1,.2,.25,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.75,.8,.9 and 1). All of these sections are scanned to determine the design force
envelopes.

Design for Flexure

Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging (creating tensile
stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each of the above mentioned
sections. Each of these sections is designed to resist both of these critical sagging and hogging moments.
Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section
is tried. However, presently the flanged section is designed only as singly reinforced section under
sagging moment. It may also be noted all flanged sections are automatically designed as rectangular
section under hogging moment as the flange of the beam is ineffective under hogging moment. Flexural
design of beams is performed in two passes. In the first pass, effective depths of the sections are
determined with the assumption of single layer of assumed reinforcement and reinforcement
requirements are calculated. After the preliminary design, reinforcing bars are chosen from the internal
database in single or multiple layers. The entire flexure design is performed again in a second pass
taking into account of the changed effective depths of sections calculated on the basis of reinforcement
provide after the preliminary design. Final provision of flexural reinforcements is made then. Efforts
have been made to meet the guideline for the curtailment of reinforcements as per IS: 456-2000 (Clause
26.2.3). Although exact curtailment lengths are not mentioned explicitly in the design output (finally
which will be more or less guided by the detailer taking into account of other practical consideration),
user has the choice of printing reinforcements provided by STAAD at 11 equally spaced sections from
which the final detail drawing can be prepared.

Design for Shear

Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsion moments. Shear design are
performed at 11 equally spaced sections (0.to 1.) for the maximum shear forces amongst the active load
cases and the associated torsion moments. Shear capacity calculation at different sections without the
shear reinforcement is based on the actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Two-
legged stirrups are provided to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections.

As per Clause 40.5 of IS: 456-2000 shear strength of sections (< 2d where d is the effective depth) close
to support has been enhanced, subjected to a maximum value of cmax.

Beam Design Output

The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided at 5 equally
spaced (0, .25, .5, .75 and 1.0) sections along the length of the beam. User has option to get a more
detail output. All beam design outputs are given in IS units.

Beam Design

Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect the axial force may be taken
into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are pre scanned to identify the critical
load cases at different sections of the beams. The total number of sections considered is 13( e.g.
0.,.1,.2,.25,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.75,.8,.9 and 1). All of these sections are scanned to determine the design force
envelopes.

Design for Flexure

Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging (creating tensile
stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each of the above mentioned
sections. Each of these sections is designed to resist both of these critical sagging and hogging moments.
Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section
is tried. However, presently the flanged section is designed only as singly reinforced section under
sagging moment. It may also be noted all flanged sections are automatically designed as rectangular
section under hogging moment as the flange of the beam is ineffective under hogging moment. Flexural
design of beams is performed in two passes. In the first pass, effective depths of the sections are
determined with the assumption of single layer of assumed reinforcement and reinforcement
requirements are calculated. After the preliminary design, reinforcing bars are chosen from the internal
database in single or multiple layers. The entire flexure design is performed again in a second pass
taking into account of the changed effective depths of sections calculated on the basis of reinforcement
provide after the preliminary design. Final provision of flexural reinforcements is made then. Efforts
have been made to meet the guideline for the curtailment of reinforcements as per IS: 456-2000 (Clause
26.2.3). Although exact curtailment lengths are not mentioned explicitly in the design output (finally
which will be more or less guided by the detailer taking into account of other practical consideration),
user has the choice of printing reinforcements provided by STAAD at 11 equally spaced sections from
which the final detail drawing can be prepared.

Design for Shear

Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsion moments. Shear design are
performed at 11 equally spaced sections (0.to 1.) for the maximum shear forces amongst the active load
cases and the associated torsion moments. Shear capacity calculation at different sections without the
shear reinforcement is based on the actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Two-
legged stirrups are provided to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections.

As per Clause 40.5 of IS: 456-2000 shear strength of sections (< 2d where d is the effective depth) close
to support has been enhanced, subjected to a maximum value of cmax.

Beam Design Output

The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided at 5 equally
spaced (0, .25, .5, .75 and 1.0) sections along the length of the beam. User has option to get a more
detail output. All beam design outputs are given in IS units.

Wall Design in accordance with IS 456-2000

Design of walls in accordance with IS 456-2000 is available in STAAD.Pro. Design is performed for in-
plane shear, in-plane and out-of-plane bending and out-of-plane shear. The wall has to be
modeled using STAAD’sSurface elements. The use of the Surface element enables the designer
to treat the entire wall as one entity. It greatly simplifies the mo deling of the wall and adds
clarity to the analysis and design output. The results are presented in the context of the
entire wall rather than individual finite elements thereby allowing users to quickly locate
required information.

The program reports shear wall design results for each load case/combination for user specified number
of sections given by SURFACE DIVISION (default value is 10) command. The shear wall is designed at
these horizontal sections. The output includes the required horizontal and vertical distributed
reinforcing, the concentrated (in-plane bending) edge reinforcing and the link required for out-of-plane
shear.
 Tutorial Problem 1
Description of the Tutorial Problem
The structure for this project is a single bay, single story steel portal frame that will be analyzed
and designed. The figure below shows the structure.
BASIC DATA FOR THE STRUCTURE
 Tutorial Problem 2
Description of the Tutorial Problem
The structure for this project is a 2 bay, 2 story reinforced concrete frame. The figure
below shows the structure. Our goal is to create the model, assign all required input,
and perform the analysis and concrete design.
BASIC DATA FOR THE STRUCTURE
 Tutorial Problem 3
Description of the tutorial problem
The structure for this project is a slab fixed along two edges. We will model it using 6
quadrilateral (4-noded) plate elements. The structure and the mathematical model are
shown in the figures below. It is subjected to selfweight, pressure loads and temp erature
loads. Our goal is to create the model, assign all required input, perform the analysis,
and go through the results.
BASIC DATA FOR THE STRUCTURE