(Strategic Intervention

Material)
Phases
of
Matter
GUIDECARD

A.INTRODUCTION
B.Solid
C.Liquid
D. Gas
E. Plasma
F. Definitions
G. Pictures of:
Solid
(Different states of Solids)
Liquid
(Different states of Liquids)
Gas
Plasma
I Summary
II Activity Card Explanations
III Assessment Card Jumbled Words
IV. Enrichment Card Crossword Puzzle

V. Reference Card
Website
VI. Key Answers
 A. Introduction

The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of

matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of
equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as
pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram.
Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of
matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle
change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is
similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter.
However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not
commensurate with the formal definition given above and the
intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in
which the term is used.

The phases of matter represent 'classes' of the type of molecular

motion found at different temperatures. When the temperature is
low, the motion of molecules is dominated by the fact that they
stick together, and the result is a phase of matter that is rigid and
dense. When the temperature is high, the motion of the molecules is
dominated by their translational energy, so intermolecular forces
can almost be ignored. At intermediate temperatures, molecules
translate but still stick together.
B. Solid

One of the main characteristics of solids is that they hold their own
shape. Therefore, if you put a solid in a container, it will not change
its shape. You can move the container all around and the solid will
still not change its shape! Another characteristic of solids is that
they are very difficult to compress. When you compress any type of
matter, you are applying a force a certain amount of matter into a
smaller space. If we take a closer look at the atoms of a solid, they
are very close together and have very little energy.

At low temperatures the nuclei of the atoms of a solid vibrate about

an equilibrium position but are trapped in their lattice positions,
unable to flow or diffuse.

Other states of Solids

Ionic solids-- These substances have a definite melting point and

contain ionic bonds. An example would be sodium.

Covalent solids -- This substance appear as a single giant molecule

made up of an almost endless number of covalent bonds. An
example would be graphite.

Molecular solids-- are represented as repeating units made up of

molecules. An example would be ice.

Metallic solids-- are repeating units made up of metal atoms. The

valence electrons in metals are able to jump from atom to atom.
 A. LIQUID

The forces of attraction between the molecules of a liquid are less

than that in a solid and greater than that in a gas. A substance in
liquid state does not have a defined shape; rather, its shape is
defined by that of its container. When a liquid reaches its boiling
point, it acquires a gaseous state.

One of the main characters of liquids is that they hold the shape
of the container it is placed in. In other words, it will fill up as
much space of the container as it possibly can. Liquids are also
difficult to compress.

(Other states of Liquid)

Viscosity --The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity

Surface Tension -- The result of attraction between molecules of a

liquid which causes the surface of the liquid to act as a thin elastic
film under tension. Surface tension causes water to form spherical
drops.

Vapor Pressure -- The pressure that a solid or liquid exerts when it is

in equilibrium with its vapor at a given temperature.

Boiling Point -- when vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure.

 B. GAS

Gas molecules are in a state of random motion. They exhibit the

least intermolecular forces of attraction and hence gases lack a
definite shape. The intermolecular distances are very large due
to which the particles of gases are widely separated from each
other. The density and viscosity of a gas is less as compared to
solids and liquids.
One of the main characters of gases is that they fill a container of
any size or shape. Therefore, gas is everywhere! In fact, the gas
that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere. The atoms of a
gas are really spread out and are full of energy. As a result, they are
always zipping around. A gas is matter in which the molecules are
widely separated, move around freely, and move at high speeds.
Examples of solids include the gases we breathe (nitrogen, oxygen,
and others), the helium in balloons, and steam (water vapor).

 Gases are described by the Kinetic Theory of Gases. In this

limit, gas molecules have negligible size, have no appreciable
intermolecular forces, and are in continuous, random motion.
 Gases have mean free paths that are larger than molecular
diameters, i.e. they are usually isolated but occasionally have
collisions
 The state of a gas is universally, if approximately, described by
the Ideal Gas Equation of State.
 C. PLASMA

The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is an ionized gas, a gas

into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from
atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to
coexist. In effect a plasma is a cloud of protons, neutrons and
electrons where all the electrons have come loose from their
respective molecules and atoms, giving the plasma the ability to act
as a whole rather than as a bunch of atoms. Plasmas are the most
common state of matter in the universe comprising more than 99%
of our visible universe and most of that not visible. Plasma occurs
naturally and makes up the stuff of our sun, the core of stars and
occurs in quasars, x-ray beam emitting pulsars, and supernovas. On
earth, plasma is naturally occurring in flames, lightning and the
auroras. Most space plasmas have a very low density, for example
the Solar Wind which averages only 10 particles per cubic-cm. Inter-
particle collisions are unlikely - hence these plasmas are termed
collision less.

This phase of matter is very similar to gases, but the atoms are
different because they are made up of free elections and ions of the
element. In fact, these electrons and ions have little or no order
which why they are similar to gases. This is the most common
phase of matter.
 D. Definitions

Surface is the edge or boundary of a material.

Interface is the region of contact between two phases.
Surface Tension is the energy required to increase the surface area
of a liquid (or solid) by a unit amount.
Viscosity is the resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have
viscosity.
Cohesive Forces bind molecules of the same type together.

Adhesive Forces bind unlike molecules.

Kinetic Molecular Theory a gases describes a gas as a large number

of small particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant,
random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with
each other and with the walls of the container.

Amorphous solids a solid in which there is no long-range order of

the positions of the atoms unlike those in crystalline solids.
 E. Pictures of ( Chemistry Graphics )

The simplest particle of an element the retains all of the

properties of that element is an ATOM. BELOW is a model for an
Atom showing the NEUTRONS and PROTONS in the NUCLEUS and
the ELECTRONS moving around the Nucleus. Neutrons have NO
CHARGE, Protons have a POSITIVE CHARGE, and Electrons have a
NEGATIVE CHARGE. The electrical charges of the electrons offset
those of the protons, making the Net Electrical Charge of an Atom
ZERO.
BELOW shows a portion of the PERIODIC TABLE, All ELEMENTS are arranged
on the Chart. Among the information provided in the periodic table are the
ATOMIC NUMBER, the CHEMICAL NAME, CHEMICAL SYMBOL, and ATOMIC
MASS.
BELOW show the THREE STATES OF MATTER - SOLID, LIQUID
AND GAS, using Water as an Example.
BELOW shows BOTH IONIC BONDING AND COVALENT BONDING.
BELOW shows how individual WATER MOLECULES are made by
COVALENT BONDING. One Oxygen Atom Share Electrons with
TWO Hydrogen Atoms. The Sharing of Electrons Between Two
Atoms.
BELOW shows 2 pictures of how Table Salt is Formed by IONIC BONDING -
The Transfer of Electrons Between Two Atoms.
I-Summary

All material must exist in one of the three forms of matter—a solid, a
liquid, or a gas. These are different physical states of being and each
form has implications for the substance in question.

When we consider chemical substances most can exist in any of the

three states. Which state of matter is encountered depends upon the
physical conditions that they are being studied under. If the conditions
are not specified then standard temperature and pressure is assumed.
As a result of this it can be said that sodium chloride (table salt) is a
solid. What in fact should be said is that at a pressure of one
atmosphere (1.013 x 105 Nm2 ) and a temperature of 273.15 K (32°F or
0°C) sodium chloride is a solid.

The three states of matter have different ways of responding to

changes in temperature and pressure. All three will show an increase in
volume (expansion) when the temperature is increased and a decrease
in volume (contraction) when the temperature is lowered. This effect is
most noticeable with a gas and least noticeable with a solid, with a
liquid being intermediate between the two extremes.

The difference between the states of matter is due to the differences

between the amounts of energy their molecules have. A solid has
molecules that are relatively immobile. All the molecules comprising a
solid are in close contact with their neighboring molecules. The
molecules are not free to move away from each other. This means that
a solid has a definite shape and definite volumes, neither of which
change much as the conditions of the environment alter. As the
 temperature increases the molecules are able to vibrate more
vigorously. As the temperature decreases the molecules move more
slowly and they become more aligned, this makes it easier for the
transmission of electricity, if the solid is a conductor.

A liquid is very similar to a solid in many respects. The molecules of a

liquid are also in close proximity to their neighbors. The liquid
molecules are vibrating faster than those of a solid. A liquid has a fixed
volume although its shape is not fixed; it will flow to take on the shape
of its container. The layers of molecules in a liquid are more capable of
moving over each other.

When a gas is considered the situation is very different. Within a gas

the molecules have very high energy. The molecules of a gas are not
touching any of their neighbors and they are free to act independently.
This allows a gas to have neither a fixed volume nor shape. A gas will
expand to fill the container into which it is placed. The properties of a
gas are described by a series of equations known as the gas laws, these
are Boyle's law, Charles's law, and the constant volume law.

The theory by which the physical properties of the three states of

matter is explained by reference to the motion of the molecules
making up the material is known as the kinetic theory of matter.

When a solid changes into a liquid it is by a process called melting.

When a liquid changes into a gas it is by boiling. A gas changing to a
liquid is condensation and a liquid changing to a solid is freezing.
 Some substances are capable of going directly from a solid to a gas,
this is a process known as sublimation.

The bonding that is present has a strong influence on the state of

matter of a material. Strong intermolecular forces, van der Waals
forces, are characteristic of a solid. It is these forces that strongly hold
together the molecules of a solid. With a liquid the molecules are also
held closely together by intermolecular forces, although not as
strongly as in a solid. The intermolecular forces in a liquid are not
strong enough to keep the molecules from slipping past one another.
It is this characteristic that makes the pouring of liquids a practicality.
With solids the intermolecular forces virtually lock the molecules in
place. The molecules in a solid can take up and retain a regular
structure, a lattice. Kinetic energy has the tendency to speed up the
movement of particles and force them apart whereas intermolecular
forces tend to draw molecules together and stop them from moving.
The particles of a solid and a liquid are fairly close together compared
to those of a gas, and solids and liquids are called the condensed
states. By altering the kinetic energies, a solid can change to a liquid
and then to a gas. The kinetic energy that is applied in a situation such
as this has to be sufficient to overcome the various van deer Waals
forces that are in operation within the molecule.
 I Activity Card Explanations

Direction: Read carefully the given questions and then write

the answer on the blanks provided.

1. The molecules are closely bound to one another by molecular

forces. A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid are fixed
by the shape of the solid.
Ans. (osdil)

2The molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. It will take the
shape of its container with a free surface in a gravitational field.
In microgravity, it forms a ball inside a free surface.
Ans. (iluqdi)

3. The molecular forces are very weak. It fills its container, taking
both the shape and the volume of the container.
Ans. (sag)
 4. Boundary or edge of a material.
Ans (cefarus)

5. Resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have it.

Ans. (sivocsiyt)

6. A force that bind molecules of the same type together.

Ans.( hecovesi)

7. A theory that describes a gas as a large number of small particles all of

which are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles
constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
Ans. (citenik)
II Crossword Puzzle

2 5

7 6

Enrichment Card
 ACROSS:

1. The molecules are closely bound to one another by molecular forces.

A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid are fixed by the
shape of the solid.

4 Boundary or edge of a material.

6. Bind molecules of the same type together.

7. A theory that describes a gas as a large number of small particles all of which
are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide
with each other and with the walls of the container.

DOWN:

2 The molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. It will take the
shape of its container with a free surface in a gravitational field.
In microgravity, it forms a ball inside a free surface.

3 The molecular forces are very weak. It fills its container, taking
both the shape and the volume of the container.

5 Resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have it.

III- Jumbled Words

ASSESSMENT CARD

Direction: The words below are jumbled arrange it

correctly then write it on the space provided.

1. DILSO-_ _ _ _ _
2. UQILDI- _ _ _ _ _ _
3. SGA- _ _ _
4. LAPMSA- _ _ _ _ _ _
5. SRUCEAF- _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. VSICSOIYT- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7. INOIC- _ _ _ _ _
8. COAVELTN- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9. MOELUCLRA- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. MEATLILC- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 V. Reference Card Websites:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

www.enchantedlearning.com/physics/Phasesofmatter.shtml

www.miamisci.org/af/sln/phases/index.html

itl.chem.ufl.edu/2045_s00/lectures/lec_f.html

students.ed.uiuc.edu/mrayon/phases.html

www.splung.com/content/sid/6/page/phasesofmatter

www.buzzle.com/articles/phases-of-matter.html

www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

www.yahoo.com
VI. Key Answers:

I Activity Card Explanations

1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Surface
5. Viscosity
6. Cohesive
7. Kinetic

II Enrichment Card Crossword Puzzle

Across Down
1. Solid 2. Liquid
4. Surface 3. Gas
6. Cohesive 5. Viscosity
7. Kinetic
III- Assessment Card Jumbled Words
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Surface
6. Viscosity
7. Ionic
8. Covalent
9 Molecular
10.Metallic
 GUIDECARD
 The guide card enables you to
understand much better the topic
about phases of matter which
includes solid, liquid, gas and
plasma. By reading this, it gives you
more valuable ideas about the topic
and gives you more knowledge.