Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. Basic concepts.
The beam lies on elastic foundation when under the applied external loads, the reaction forces of
the foundation are proportional at every point to the deflection of the beam at this point. This
assumption was introduced first by Winkler in 1867.
Consider a straight beam supported along its entire length by an elastic medium and subjected to
vertical forces acting in the plane of symmetry of the cross section (Fig. 1)
M F q
cross
A B x
section
y plane of
R(x) symmetry
Because of the external loadings the beam will deflect producing continuously distributed
reaction forces in the supporting medium. The intensity of these reaction forces at any point is
proportional to the deflection of the beam y(x) at this point via the constant k:
R(x)=k·y(x).
The reactions act vertically and opposing the deflection of the beam. Hence, where the deflection
is acting downward there will be a compression in the supporting medium. Where the deflection
happens to be upward in the supporting medium tension will be produced which is not possible.
In spite of all it is assumed that the supporting medium is elastic and is able to take up such
tensile forces.
In other words the foundation is made of material which follows Hooke’s law. Its elasticity is
characterized by the force, which distributed over a unit area, will cause a unit deflection. This
force is a constant of the supporting medium called the modulus of the foundation k0 [kN/m2/m].
Assume that the beam under consideration has a constant cross section with constant width b
which is supported by the foundation. A unit deflection of this beam will cause reaction equal to
k0·b in the foundation, therefore the intensity of distributed reaction (per unit length of the beam)
will be:
R(x)= b·k0·y(x)= k·y(x),
where k= k0·b is the constant of the foundation, known as Winkler’s constant, which includes
the effect of the width of the beam, and has dimension kN/m/m.
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 111
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
where the beam was acted upon by a distributed loading q(x). The internal forces that arise in
section cuts are depicted in Fig. 2.
q(x)
M M+dM
Q Q+dQ
R(x)
dx
Considering the equilibrium of the differential element, the sum of the vertical forces gives:
ΣV = 0 Q − ( Q + dQ ) + RN( x) ⋅ dx − q ( x) ⋅ dx = 0 ;
k⋅ y( x)
dQ
= k⋅y−q .
dx
Considering the equilibrium of moments along the left section of the element we get:
dx 2 dx 2
ΣM = 0 dM − ( Q + dQ ) ⋅ dx − q +r =0;
2 2
0 0 0
dM
=q.
dx
q ( x) k
y IV + 4α 4 ⋅ y = , α =4 .
EI 4 EI
The solution of this differential equation could be expressed as:
y ( x) = y0 ( x) + v( x) ,
where y0 ( x) is the solution of homogeneous differential equation y IV + 4α 4 ⋅ y = 0 , v( x) is a
particular integral corresponding to q(x).
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
r 4 + 2α 2 = r 4 − i 2 ⋅ 2α 2 = ⎡⎢ r 2 − i ⋅ 2α 2 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ r 2 + i ⋅ 2α 2 ⎤⎥ = 0 ,
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣
2 2
( )
⎡ r + α − i ⋅ 2α − α ⎤ ⎡ r + α + i ⋅ 2α − α ⎤ = 0
2 2
⎥⎦ ⎢⎣
2
( )
2 2 2
⎥⎦
⎡ 2 2
( ) 2 2 2⎤⎡ 2
( )2
⎢⎣ r + α − i ⋅ 2α + i α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ r + α + i ⋅ 2α + i α ⎥⎦ = 0
2 2 2⎤
⎡ 2 2⎤⎡ 2 2⎤ ⎡ 2 2⎤ ⎡ 2 2⎤
⎢⎣ r + (α − i ⋅ α ) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ r + (α + i ⋅ α ) ⎦⎥ = ⎣⎢ r − i (α − i ⋅ α ) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ r − i (α + i ⋅ α ) ⎥⎦ = 0
2 2
⎣⎡ r − i (α − i ⋅ α ) ⎦⎤ ⎣⎡ r + i (α − i ⋅ α ) ⎦⎤ ⎣⎡ r − i (α + i ⋅ α ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ r + i (α + i ⋅ α ) ⎤⎦ = 0 ,
wherefrom the roots of the above characteristic equation are:
r1 = (α + i ⋅ α ) , r2 = (α − i ⋅ α ) , r3 = ( −α + i ⋅ α ) , r4 = ( −α − i ⋅ α ) .
⎢⎣ B1 B2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ B3 B4 ⎥⎦
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 113
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
⎢⎣ C1 C2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ C3 C4 ⎥⎦
By introducing the new constants C1-C4 the final solution reads:
y0 ( x) = ch α x [C1 cos α x + C2 sin α x ] + sh α x [C3 cos α x + C4 sin α x ] .
By differentiation of the first derivative y0′ ( x) the second derivative of the elastic line is:
y0′′ ( x) = α 2 ⋅ C1 ( ch α x ⋅ cos α x − sh α x ⋅ sin α x − sh α x ⋅ sin α x − ch α x ⋅ cos α x ) +
+ α 2 ⋅ C2 ( ch α x ⋅ sin α x + sh α x ⋅ cos α x + sh α x ⋅ cos α x − ch α x ⋅ sin α x ) +
+ α 2 ⋅ C3 ( sh α x ⋅ cos α x − ch α x ⋅ sin α x − ch α x ⋅ sin α x − sh α x ⋅ cos α x ) +
+ α 2 ⋅ C4 ( sh α x ⋅ sin α x + ch α x ⋅ cos α x + ch α x ⋅ cos α x − sh α x ⋅ sin α x ) .
Finally, for the second derivative we have:
y0′′ ( x) = −2α 2 ⋅ C1 ⋅ sh α x ⋅ sin α x + 2α 2 ⋅ C2 ⋅ sh α x ⋅ cos α x − 2α 2 ⋅ C3 ⋅ ch α x ⋅ sin α x +
+ 2α 2 ⋅ C4 ⋅ ch α x ⋅ cos α x.
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 114
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
dy d2y M d3y Q
Knowing that = ϕ ( x) , 2
= − and 3
=− we can obtain the general expressions
dx dx EI dx EI
for the slope of the deflected line ϕ ( x ) , for the bending moment M ( x ) and for the shear force
Q ( x ) at any point of distance x at the beam axis. Taking in these equations x = 0 , bearing in
mind that sin 0 = 0 , sh 0 = 0 , cos 0 = 1 , ch 0 = 1 and cos 0 ⋅ ch 0 = 1 , we get the initial parameters
of the left end of the beam as follows:
y0 (0) = y0 = C1 ;
y0′ (0) = ϕ0 = α ⋅ C2 + α ⋅ C3 ;
M
y0′′ ( x) = − 0 = 2α 2 ⋅ C4 ;
EI
Q
y0′′′( x) = − 0 = 2α 3 ⋅ C2 − 2α 3 ⋅ C3 .
EI
After simple transformations:
y0 = C1 ;
ϕ0
= C2 + C3 ;
α
M
− 2 0 = C4 ;
2α ⋅ EI
Q
− 3 0 = C2 − C3 .
2α ⋅ EI
Now expressing the constants C1-C4 as unknowns, from the above system of equations we have:
C1 = y0 ;
ϕ Q
C2 = 0 − 3 0 ;
2α 4α ⋅ EI
ϕ Q
C3 = 0 + 3 0
2α 4α ⋅ EI
M
C4 = − 2 0 .
2α ⋅ EI
Substituting these results in the above expression for the solution of homogeneous differential
equation y0 ( x) we get:
⎡ ⎛ϕ Q ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ ϕ0 Q0 ⎞ M0 ⎤
y0 ( x) = ch α x ⎢ y0 cos α x + ⎜ 0 − 3 0 ⎟ sin α x ⎥ + sh α x ⎢⎜ 2α + 3 ⎟ cos α x − 2 sin α x ⎥ .
⎣ ⎝ 2α 4α ⋅ EI ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ 4α ⋅ EI ⎠ 2α ⋅ EI ⎦
After regrouping of the members about the initial parameters the solution becomes:
y0 ( x) = ch α x ⋅ cos α x ⋅ y0 +
( ch α x ⋅ sin α x + sh α x ⋅ cos α x ) ϕ0 +
2 α
+
( ch α x ⋅ sin α x − sh α x ⋅ cos α x ) ⎛ − Q0 ⎞ + sh α x ⋅ sin α x ⎛ − M 0 ⎞ .
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ α 3 ⋅ EI ⎠ 2 ⎝ α 2 ⋅ EI ⎠
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 115
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
B (α x ) =
( ch α x ⋅ sin α x + sh α x ⋅ cos α x ) ,
2
sh α x ⋅ sin α x
C (α x ) = and
2
D (α x ) =
( ch α x ⋅ sin α x − sh α x ⋅ cos α x ) ,
4
the equation of elastic line becomes:
ϕ M Q
y0 ( x) = A (α x ) ⋅ y0 + B (α x ) 0 − C (α x ) 2 0 − D (α x ) 3 0 .
α α ⋅ EI α ⋅ EI
Using the above relations for first derivative of the Krilov’s functions and final equation of elastic
line we can obtain general expressions for the slope of the deflected line ϕ ( x ) , for the bending
moment M ( x ) and for the shear force Q ( x ) at any point of distance x of the beam axis. These
relationships are as follows:
ϕ M Q
y ( x) = A (α x ) ⋅ y0 + B (α x ) 0 − C (α x ) 2 0 − D (α x ) 3 0 + v( x) ,
α α ⋅ EI α ⋅ EI
ϕ0 M Q
ϕ ( x ) = y′( x) = −4α ⋅ D (α x ) ⋅ y0 + α ⋅ A (α x ) − α ⋅ B (α x ) 2 0 − α ⋅ C (α x ) 3 0 + v′( x) ,
α α ⋅ EI α ⋅ EI
ϕ M
M ( x ) = − EIy′′( x) = EI ⋅ 4α 2C (α x ) ⋅ y0 + EI ⋅ 4α 2 D (α x ) 0 + EI ⋅ α 2 A (α x ) 2 0
α α ⋅ EI
Q
+ EI ⋅ α 2 B (α x ) 3 0 − EI ⋅ v′′( x ),
α ⋅ EI
ϕ M
Q ( x ) = − EIy′′′( x) = EI ⋅ 4α 3 B (α x ) ⋅ y0 + EI ⋅ 4α 3C (α x ) 0 − EI ⋅ 4α 3 D (α x ) 2 0
α α ⋅ EI
Q
+ EI ⋅ α 3 A (α x ) 3 0 − EI ⋅ v′′′( x).
α ⋅ EI
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 116
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
The basic unknowns of any section of the beam axis expressed by the initial parameters finally
get the form:
⎡ B C D⎤
⎢ A − 2 − 3⎥
α α α ⎥ V
⎧ V ( x) ⎫ ⎢ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧V ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ −4α ⋅ D B C ⎥⎪
− 2 ⎥ ⎪ Φ 0 ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ Φ ⎪⎪
⎪ Φ ( x) ⎪ ⎢ A −
⎨ =
⎬ ⎢ α α ⎥⎨ ⎬+⎨ ⎬
⎪ M ( x ) ⎪ ⎢ M
B ⎥⎪ 0⎪ ⎪ ⎪
M
2
α α
⎩ Q ( x) ⎭ ⎢
⎪ ⎪ 4 C 4 D A ⎪Q ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
α ⎥ ⎩ 0 ⎭ ⎩Q ⎭
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4α 3 B 4α 2C −4α D A ⎥⎦
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 117
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
Let us assume that initial parameters y0 , ϕ0 , M 0 and Q0 are known. Then we can proceed from
the left end of the beam (Fig. 3) toward the right along the unloaded portion 0-1 until we arrive at
the point 1 where the concentrated moment is applied.
The concentrated moment M must have an effect to the right of section 1 similar to the effect,
which the initial moment M0 had on portion 0-1. The influence of M0 is given by the third column
of the above matrix. In accordance with this column the influence of concentrated moment can be
expressed as:
C (α m )
V( x) = − M,
α2
B (α m )
Φ ( x) = − M,
α
M = A (α m ) ⋅ M ,
Q = −4α D (α m ) ⋅ M .
In a similar way we can find the influence of concentrated force F. It is the same as the influence
of Q0 to the portion 0-2 of the beam, taken with reverse sign (because concentrated force is
opposing to the initial shear force). Thus, the influence of F could be obtained by the forth
column of the above matrix, or:
D (α f )
V( x) = F,
α3
C (α f )
Φ( x) = F,
α2
B (α f )
M( x) = − F,
α
Q( x) = − A (α f ) ⋅ F .
The distributed load q can be regarded as consisting of infinite small concentrated forces such as
q ⋅ dxq in Fig. 4. The effect of this force for the portion 3-5 of the beam into consideration is the
same as the effect of the force F (Fig. 4), namely:
V( x) =
(
D α (n − xq ) ) q ⋅ dx
3 q.
α
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 118
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
q ⋅ dxq
M0 Q0 q M(x)
k
φ(x)
x
0 φ0 3 4 5 y(x)
y0 dxq
Q(x)
xq k
n
x
y
The effect of all infinite small concentrated forces belonging to the distributed load can be
expressed as the following integral:
(
n−k D α (n − x )
) (
n−k D α (n − x )
)
V( x) = ∫
α 3
q
q ⋅ dxq = − q ∫ α 3
q
⋅ d n − xq ( )
0 0
Bearing in mind that A′ (α x ) = −4α ⋅ D (α x ) it can be written that:
∫ A′ (α x ) ⋅ dx = −4α ⋅ ∫ D (α x ) ⋅ dx ,
respectively ∫ D (α x ) ⋅ dx = − A (α x ) / 4α .
In our case ∫ D (α (n − xq ) ) ⋅ d (n − xq ) = − A (α ( n − xq ) ) / 4α .
Finally, for the influence of distributed load on the transverse displacements we get:
V( x) = − 3
(
q − A α (n − xq )
n−k
=− 3
)
q − A (α (n − n + k ) ) + A (α (n − 0) ) q
= − 4 ( A (α n ) − A (α k ) )
α 4α 0 α 4α 4α
q
V( x) = − ( A (α n ) − A (α k ) ) .
4α 4
The other particular integrals can be derived by differentiation of the above equation - recall the
relations A′ = −4α ⋅ D; B′ = α ⋅ A; C ′ = α ⋅ B; D′ = α ⋅ C , or:
q
Φ( x) = V′( x) = 3 ( D (α n ) − D (α k ) ) ;
α
q
M( x) = −Φ′( x) = − 2 ( C (α n ) − C (α k ) ) ;
α
q
Q( x) = M′( x) = − ( B (α n ) − B (α k ) ) .
α
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 119
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
V. Numerical example
In the following numerical example we shall construct the diagrams of vertical displacements, the
slope of the deflection line, bending moment and shear force and the diagram of vertical reactions
in the foundation. All the diagrams will be found by the method of initial conditions.
Consider a beam on elastic foundation with free ends. The geometrical dimensions, mechanical
properties and loadings are shown in Fig. 5. The modulus of elasticity of material of the beam is
3·107 kN/m2 (concrete) and the modulus of the foundation is k0=50000 kN/m2/m.
The Wikler’s constant or constant of the foundation is:
k= k0·b=50000·1.1=55000.
1 f=9 1.1
4 m=6
5
E=3·107 kN/m2;
n=5
k0=50000 kN/m2/m
10
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 120
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
The beam is of a medium length according to its stiffness α ⋅ l , so the method of initial conditions
is applicable.
Next we should determine the initial parameters of the left end using the boundary conditions of
the right end of the beam. Obviously for the free left end the bending moment M0 and the shear
force Q0 are equal to zero, the vertical deflection y0 and rotation φ0 are the unknown initial
parameters which should be determined using the boundary conditions of the right end. These
boundary conditions are:
M (l ) = 0;
Q(l ) = 0.
Using the expressions for bending moment and shear force in terms of initial parameters and
accounting for the influence of loading the following equations are compounded:
B (α f ) q
M ( l ) = 4α 2C (α l ) ⋅ V0 + 4α D(α l ) ⋅ Φ 0 + A (α m ) ⋅ M − F − 2 ( C (α n ) − C (α k ) ) = 0,
α α
q
Q ( l ) = 4α 3 B(α l ) ⋅ V0 + 4α 2C (α l ) ⋅ Φ 0 − 4α D (α m ) ⋅ M − A (α f ) ⋅ F − ( B (α n ) − B (α k ) ) = 0.
α
For x=l the distances m, f , n and k are as shown in Fig. 5 or m =6, f =9, n =5 and k =0. In this
case the above equations become:
−17.004 ⋅ V0 − 14.358 ⋅ Φ 0 − 6.5921 ⋅100 + 44.042 ⋅ 250 − 1000 (1.81928 − 0 ) = 0,
−9.4692 ⋅ V0 − 17.004 ⋅ Φ 0 − 4.3782 ⋅100 + 17.7663 ⋅ 250 − 447.21( 0.43394 − 0 ) = 0.
Wherefrom:
V0 = 590.03
Φ 0 = −104.51
Having the initial parameters available, for the given external loadings, we can obtain any
parameter of an arbitrary section of the beam axis using the expressions below:
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 121
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
⎡ B(α x) C (α x) D(α x) ⎤
⎢ A(α x) α
− 2
− ⎥
⎧ V ( x) ⎫ ⎢
α α3 ⎥ V
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧V ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ −4α ⋅ D(α x) B(α x) C (α x) ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ Φ ( x) ⎪ ⎢ A(α x) − − ⎥ ⎪ Φ0 ⎪ ⎪ Φ ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ α 2
α ⎥⎨ ⎬+⎨ ⎬
⎪M ( x )⎪ ⎢ 2
M
B(α x) ⎥ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
M
α α α α α
⎩ Q ( x) ⎭ ⎢
⎪ ⎪ 4 C ( x ) 4 D ( x ) A ( x ) ⎪Q ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
α ⎥ ⎩ 0 ⎭ ⎩Q ⎭
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4α 3 B(α x) 4α 2C (α x) −4α D (α x) A(α x) ⎥⎦
⎧ D (α f ) ⎫ ⎧ − q ( A (α n ) − A (α k ) ) ⎫
⎧ C (α m ) ⎫ ⎪ F ⎪ ⎪ 4α 4 ⎪
⎪ − M ⎪ ⎪ α 3
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎧V ⎫ ⎪ α2 ⎪ ⎪ C αf ⎪ q ⎪
⎪ ⎪ B (α m )
( ) F ⎪ ⎪ 3 ( D (α n ) − D (α k ) ) ⎪
⎪ Φ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ α ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎨ − M ⎬+⎨ α2 ⎬+⎨ ⎬
⎪M ⎪ ⎪ α ⎪ ⎪ B αf ⎪ ⎪ − q ( C (α n ) − C (α k ) ) ⎪
⎪⎩ Q ⎪⎭ ⎪ A (α m ) ⋅ M ⎪ ⎪ − ( ) F ⎪ ⎪ α 2 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ α ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩⎪−4α D (α m ) ⋅ M ⎭⎪ ⎪− A (α f ) ⋅ F ⎪ ⎪ − q ( B (α n ) − B (α k ) ) ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎪⎩ α ⎪⎭
V ( x)
R ( x ) = k ⋅ y ( x) = k ⋅
EI
It should be pointed out that for every different section of the beam, with a single abscissa x, the
values of m, f, n and k are different and depend on the distance x. The influence of different
loading appears when the section into consideration is on the right of this loading. The obtained
results for vertical displacements, the slope of the deflection line, bending moments, shear forces
and the vertical reactions, for different sections of the beam, are calculated and given in table 1.
Table 1
x V(x)=EIy(x) Φ(x)=EIφ(x) M(x) Q(x) R(x)
0 590.035 -104.514 0.000 0.000 94.406
0.9999 481.727 -119.549 44.395 85.922 77.076
1 481.727 -119.549 44.395 -164.078 77.076
2 364.279 -93.929 -84.426 -96.754 58.285
3 326.363 29.653 -153.863 -43.162 52.218
3.9999 437.891 195.983 -169.054 15.748 70.063
4 437.891 195.983 -69.054 15.748 70.063
5 662.582 244.093 -12.626 103.125 106.013
6 899.391 219.197 49.981 28.431 143.903
7 1090.916 162.960 55.849 -11.586 174.547
8 1228.738 116.131 35.530 -25.386 196.598
9 1331.329 93.128 11.337 -20.275 213.013
10 1421.503 89.150 0.000 0.000 227.440
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 122
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
The diagrams of required displacements and internal forces of the beam are presented in Fig. 6.
The diagram of continuously distributed reaction forces in the foundation is depicted in Fig. 7.
(a) V = EIy ( x)
+
326.36
364.28
437.89
481.73
590.03
662.58
899.39
1090.92
1228.74
1331.33
1421.50
244.09
219.20
195.98
162.96
116.13
93.128
89.15
+
(b) Φ = EIϕ ( x)
29.653
93.929
104.51
119.55
169.054
153.86
84.426
69.054
12.626
M
(c)
+
11.337
35.530
44.395
49.981
55.849
103.125
85.922
28.431
15.748
+
(d) Q
11.586
20.275
25.386
43.162
96.754
164.078
Figure 6 (a) Vertical deflections; (b) slope of the deflected line; (c) bending moment diagram; (d)
shear force diagram
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 123
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
R
+
52.218
58.285
70.063
77.076
94.406
106.01
143.90
174.55
196.60
213.01
227.44
Figure 7 Diagram of vertical reactions
Verification
In order to verify the obtained results we shall check the equilibrium of the vertical forces using
the condition ΣV = 0 . In order to do that, we should find the resultant force of distributed vertical
reaction in the foundation, presented in Fig. 7. In other words we have to calculate the area of the
corresponding diagram of R. Using a numerical integration the area of the diagram of vertical
reactions is:
2 ⎛ 94.406
A = 1⎜ + 2 ⋅ 77.076 + 58.285 + 2 ⋅ 52.218 + 70.063 + 2 ⋅106.01 + 143.90 + 2 ⋅174.55 + 196.60 +
3 ⎝ 2
227.44 ⎞
+ 2 ⋅ 213.01 + ⎟ = 1250.33
2 ⎠
ΣV = 0
1250.33 − 250 − 200 ⋅ 5 = 1250.33 − 1250
The numerical error is 0.026%. The error is due to numerical integration and will decrease if we
calculate the values of vertical reactions in more sections of the beam, respectively if we decrease
the step between two neighboring values of the diagram.
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 124
Lecture notes: Structural Analysis II
References
HETENYI, M. Beams on elastic foundation. Waverly press, Baltimore, 1946
2011 S. Parvanova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy - Sofia 125