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Real Roots of Cubic Equation PDF
Real Roots of Cubic Equation PDF
Let
Example:
− 10 + 7 + 1 = 0
1
Derivation of Formulas:
3. Transform the reduced cubic (1) to match the trigonometric identity (2).
cos(6) + cos(6) + = 0
Then multiply the equation by 4/ to match the first term in (2),
4 4
4 cos(6) + cos(6) + = 0
To continue to match with (2), we need
4
= −3 → = 2−
3
This yields,
3
4 cos(6) − 3 cos(6) − =0
2
So comparing with identity (2), we conclude that
3
cos(36) =
Due to the periodicity of cosines, we have three distinct solutions for 6 if we let
3
= arccos
+ 2& + 4&
cos(6# ) = cos ; cos(6 ) = cos ; cos(6 ) = cos
3 3 3
= 0 + ! = cos(6) + !
That is, the roots are
"# = cos(6# ) + ! = cos +!
3
+ 2&
" = cos(6 ) + ! = cos +!
3
+ 4&
" = cos(6 ) + ! = cos +!
3
Note: Since = 2:−/3, we need < 0 to have be real. Further, with real we
will also have = arccos(3/()) be real.
3
If ; > <, only one Real Root:
̅ = 2
3
3
> = asinh 1 2
̅
>
"# = −2 sinh 1 2
3 3