INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM

BOYS MIDDLE SECTION

E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson - 1 Rational Numbers Text Book Page No: 01-20.

In this chapter you will learn about:

1. Rational numbers
2. Properties of Rational numbers
3. Negative or Additive inverse of Rational numbers
4. Reciprocal or Multiplicative inverse of Rational numbers
5. Representation of Rational numbers on the number line
6. Rational numbers between two Rational numbers
1. Rational numbers:
𝑝
The numbers which can be written in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0
𝑞
2 −3 2 −1
are called Rational numbers. Eg: 2 (= 1
), -3 (= 1
), 3 , 2
and 0 are all rational numbers.
2. PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

Properties of ADDITION of rational numbers.

Closure property: For any two rational numbers a and b, a + b is also a rational number.
1 1 1 1 3+2 5
Eg: and are two rational numbers, then + = = is also a rational numbers.
2 3 2 3 6 6
Commutative property: For any two rational numbers a and b, a + b = b + a
1 1 1 1 5
Eg: 2
+3 = 3
+2 = 6
[ We can use Cross multiplication or LCM method ]
Associative property: For any three rational numbers a, b and c, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
1 1 2 1 1 2 9
Eg: 2
+( 3
+ 3
) = (2 + 3
)+ 3
= 6
[ We can use Cross multiplication or LCM method ]

−3 5 2 2
Eg-1: Find ( 4
)+ 6
+ 3
+ 9

Ans: LCM of 4, 6, 3, 9 is 36
−3 9 5 6 2 12 2 4 −27 30 24 8
4
x 9
+ 6
x 6+ 3
x 12
+9 x 4
= 36
+ 36
+ 36
+ 36
[ make all denominators are equal ]

−27+30+24+8
= 36
[ Add Numerators only ]

35
=
36

3 −13 2 5
Eg-2: Find the sum using suitable arrangement, 5
+ 22
+ 15
+ 11

3 2 −13 5
Ans: [ 5
+ 15
] +[ 22
++ 11
] ( By using Commutativity and Associativity)

3 3 2 −13 5 2
=[ 5
x 3+ 15
] +[ 22
+ 11
x 2] ( LCM of 5 and 15 is 15; LCM of 22 and 11 is 22)

9 2 −13 10
=[ + ] +[ + ] (Make Denominators are same)
15 15 22 22

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
BOYS MIDDLE SECTION
E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
9+2 −13+10 11 −3
= 15
+ 22
= 15
+ 22

242+( −45 )
= 330
( Use Cross Multiplication )

197
= 330

Properties of SUBTRACTION of rational numbers.

Closure property: For any two rational numbers a and b, a - b is also a rational number.
1 1 1 1 3−2 1
Eg: and are two rational numbers, then - = = is also a rational number.
2 3 2 3 6 6

Note: Subtraction is not Commutative for rational numbers.

1 1 1 1
Eg: ̶ ≠ ̶ [ Use Cross multiplication or LCM method ]
2 3 3 2

Note: Subtraction is not associative for rational numbers.

1 1 2 1 1 2
Eg: ̶ ( ̶ )≠( ̶ ) ̶
2 3 3 2 3 3

Properties of MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION of rational numbers

Closure property: For any two rational numbers a and b, a x b is also a rational number.
1 1 1 1 1
Eg: 2
and 3
are two rational numbers, then 2
x 3
= 6
is also a rational number.
Commutative property: For any two rational numbers a and b, a x b = b x a
1 1 1 1 1
Eg: 2 x 3
= 3
x 2
= 6
Associative property: For any three rational numbers a, b and c, a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c
1 1 2 1 1 2
Eg: 2
x( 3
x 3
) =( 2 x 3
) x 3
3 1 6 −14
Eg-3: Find using suitable arrangement 5
x 7
x 15
x 24
3 6 1 −14
Ans: [5 x 15
) x ( 7
x 24
] (Use Commutatitivity and Associativity)
6 −1
= x
25 12
−1
= 50
Note: Rational numbers are not closed under division.

Division by zero is not defined. For any rational number a, a ÷ o is not defined
Note: Division is not Commutative for rational numbers.
1 1 1 1
Eg: 2 ÷ 3 ≠ 3
÷ 2
Note: Division is not Associative for rational numbers.
1 1 2 1 1 2
Eg: 2
÷( 3
÷ 3
) ≠ (2 ÷ 3
) ÷ 3

Note: a) Zero is called the identity for the addition (or Additive Identity) of rational numbers.

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
BOYS MIDDLE SECTION
E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
For any rational number a, a + 0 = a = 0 + a

c) 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.

For any rational number a, a x 1 = a = 1 x a

3. Negative or Additive inverse of Rational numbers

For any integer a, a + ( -a ) = ( - a ) + a = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
(- 2
) is the additive inverse of 2
.Since [ 2
+( ̶ 2
)] = [ ( ̶ 2
) + 2
]=0

3 −7 −5
Eg-4: Write the Additive inverse of i) 7
ii) 13
ii) −6
3 −3
Ans: i) Additive inverse of 7
= 7
−7 7
ii) Additive inverse of 13 = 13
−5 5
iii) Additive inverse of −6 = ( - 6
)

4. Reciprocal or Multiplicative inverse of Rational numbers

𝑐
A rational number 𝑑
is the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏
if 𝑏
x 𝑑 = 1.
7 −5
Eg: is the reciprocal of
−5 7
Note: 0 has no reciprocal
−11 1
Eg-5: Find the Multiplicative inverse of i) -5 ii) 14
iii) 3
1
Ans: i) Multiplicative inverse of ̶ 5 = ̶ 5
−11 −14
ii) Multiplicative inverse of =
14 11
1
iii) Multiplicative inverse of 3
=3
DISTRIBUTIVITY of multiplication over Addition and Subtraction of rational numbers.
For any three rational numbers a, b and c,
ax(b+c)=axb+axc
ax(b ̶ c)=axb ̶ axc
1 1 2 1 1 1 2
Eg: 2
x( 3
+ 3
) = (2x 3
) + (2 x 3 )
1 1 2 1 1+2 1 3 3
Proof: LHS= x( + )= x = x =
2 3 3 2 3 2 3 6

1 1 1 2 1 2 1+2 3
RHS = ( 2 x 3
) + (2 x 3
)= 6
+ 6
= 6
= 6
LHS = RHS
7 −3 7 5
Eg- 7: Using appropriate properties find i) ) { 5
x ( 12 ) } + { 5
x 12
}

7 −3 5
Ans: 5
x [ 12 + 12
] ( Distributive property )
7 −3+5
= x ( Add numerators)
5 12

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
BOYS MIDDLE SECTION
E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
7 2 7 1 7
=
5
x 12 = 5 x 6 = 30
9 4 9 −3
ii) { 16 x 12 } + { 16 x 9 }
9 4 −3
Ans: 16 [ 12 + 9 } (Distributive property)
9 1 −1 9
= 16 x [ 3 + 3 ] = 16 x 0 = 0
7 14 6 2 7
iii) 8 x 3 + 4 ̶ 3 x 8
7 14 2 7 6
Ans: 8 x 3 ̶ 3 x 8 + 4 (By Commutative Property)
7 14 2 6
= ( ̶ ) + (Distributive property)
8 3 3 4
7 12 6
= ( 8 x 3 )+ 4 ( use division)
7 6
= + (LCM or Cross Multiplication)
2 4
7 2 6 14 6 14+6 20
= 2x2+ 4 = 4 + 4 = 4
= 4 =5
𝟏𝟓
Eg-8: Verify that ̶ ( ̶ x ) = x for x = ( ̶ 𝟏𝟕 )
𝟏𝟓
Ans: LHS = ̶ ( ̶ x ) = ̶ [ ̶ ( ̶ 𝟏𝟕 ) ]
𝟏𝟓
= ̶ ( +𝟏𝟕 ) [ ̶ X ̶ = + ]
𝟏𝟓
= ( ̶ 𝟏𝟕 ) [̶ X += ̶ ]
= x = RHS
5. Representation of Rational numbers on the number line

We can represent natural numbers, whole numbers, integers and rational numbers on a
1
number line. Eg-9: Represent 2
on a number line

0 1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2 2

−3 −1 2
Eg-10: Represent 7 , 7
, 0, 7
on the number line

−𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
=0
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

6. Rational numbers between two Rational numbers

There are countless rational numbers between any two rational numbers.
Eg- 11: Find any 5 rational numbers between -3 and 0
−3 0
Ans: -3 and 0 = 1
and 1
(we can write)
−3 10 0 10
= 1
x 10
and 1
x 10
( we should multiply both numerator and denominator by 10)

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
BOYS MIDDLE SECTION
E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
−30 0
= 10
and 10
−29 −28 −27 −26
−25 −1
Thus we have 10
, 10
, 10
, 10
10
,
, -----------, 10 between -3 and 0.
1 1
Eg-12: Find 3 rational numbers between 2 and 3
1 1
Ans: and
2 3
LCM of 2 and 3= 2x3 = 6
1 3 3 2 1 2
2
x 3 6
and
and 6 3
x 2
=
3 10 2 10 30 20
= 6 x 10 and 6 x 10 = 60 and 60
29 28 27 26 19 1 1
Thus we have 60 , 60 , 60 , 60
,------, 60 between 2
and 3
Eg-13: Write five rational numbers greater than ( ̶ 4 )
Ans: 5 Rational numbers greater than ( ̶ 4 ) = ( ̶ 3 ) ( ̶ 2 ), ( ̶ 1) , 0 , 1
Eg- 14: Write 5 rational numbers less than 3
Ans : 5 rational numbers less than 3 = 2, 1, 0, ( ̶ 1 ), ( ̶ 2 )
1 5
Eg-15: Find 10 rational numbers between 6
and 12
Ans: LCM of 6 and 12 = 12 (LCM method)
1 5 1 2 5 1
6
and 12
= 6
x2 and 12
x 1
2 5
= 12
and 12
2 5
Between and we get only two rational numbers
12 12
2 10 5 10 20 50
Thus 12 x 10 and 12 x 10 = 120 and 120
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 5
Now we 120 , 120, 120 , 120, 120 , 120 , 120, 120 , 120 , 120 are between 6
and 12
Exercise 1.1 - ANSWERS page no. 14 and 15
−2 3 5 3 1 −2 3 3 1 5
1. i) 3
x 5
+2 ̶ 5
x 6
= ( 3 x5) ̶ 5 x6 + 2
[ Commutativity]]
3 2 1 5
= ̶ 5
( 3 +6 )+2 [ Distributivity]
3 2 2 1 5 3 2 2 1 5
= ̶ ( x + )+ = ̶ ( x + )+
5 3 2 6 2 5 3 2 6 2
3 4 1 5 3 5 5 −1 5
= ̶ ( + )+ = ̶ ( )+ = +
5 6 6 2 5 6 2 2 2
4
= 2
=2

2 −3 1 3 1 2 2 −3 1 2 1 3
ii) 5
x( 7
) ̶ 6
x 2
+ 14
x 5
= 5
x( 7
)+ 14
x 5
̶ 6
x 2
[Commutativity]

2 −3 1 1 3
= 5
[ 7
) + 14
] ̶ 6
x 2
[ Distributivity]
2 −3 2 1 1 3
= [ x + ] ̶ x [LCM]
5 7 2 14 6 2
2 −6 1 1 1
= [ + ] ̶ x
5 14 14 2 2
2 −5 1 −1 1
= 5
[ 14 ] ̶ 4 =[ 7 ] ̶ 4
[Cross multiplication]

−4−7 −11
= =
28 28

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
BOYS MIDDLE SECTION
E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 −2 −5 5
2. i) Additive inverse of 8
= 8 ii) Additive inverse of 9
= 9
−6 6 𝟐 2
iii) Additive inverse of −5
=(- 5
) iv) Additive inverse of −𝟗
= 9
19 19
v) Additive inverse of =
−6 6
11
3. Verify that ̶ ( ̶ x ) = x for i) ) x = 15
11 11
LHS = ̶ ( ̶ x ) = ̶ ( ̶ )= = x = RHS
15 15
13
ii) x = ̶ 17
13 13
LHS = ̶ ( ̶ x ) = ̶ [ ̶ ( ̶ )] = ̶ = x = RHS
17 17
−1 −𝟏𝟑 −𝟏𝟗
4. i) Multiplicative inverse of -13 = 13
ii) Multiplicative inverse of 𝟏𝟗
= 𝟏𝟑

1 5 −𝟓 −𝟑 𝟓𝟔
iii) Multiplicative inverse of 5
= 1
iv) Multiplicative inverse of 𝟖
x 𝟕
= 𝟏𝟓

−𝟐 𝟓
v) Multiplicative inverse of ( ̶ 1) x 𝟓
= 𝟐
v) Multiplicative inverse of ( ̶ 1)=(̶ 1)

5. i) 1 is the multiplicative identity ii) Commutativity

iiii) Multiplicative inverse

6 −𝟕 𝟔 𝟏𝟔 −𝟗𝟔
6. x Reciprocal of = x =
13 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟑 −𝟕 𝟗𝟏

7. Associativity

𝟏 −( 𝟏 𝒙 𝟖+ 𝟏) −𝟗
8. ̶ (1 𝟖
)= 𝟖
= 𝟖

𝟖 −𝟗
Product= 𝟗
x 𝟖
= ( ̶ 1 ) ≠ 1,NO

1 3 10
9. Yes, because Product =0.3 x 33 = 10
x 3
=1

10. i) 0 ii) 1 and ( -1 ) iii) 0

−1
11. i) no ii) 1 and ( -1 ) iii) 5
iv) x v) Rational number vi) Positive

EXERCISE 1.2 page number. 20

1. i)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

ii)
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
BOYS MIDDLE SECTION
E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

3. 5 rational numbers less than 2 = 1, 0,( ̶ 1 ) , ( ̶ 2 ) , ( ̶ 3 )

−2 1
4. and
5 2

LCM of 5 and 2 = 5 x 2 = 10
−2 2 1 5 −4 5
= x and x = and
5 2 2 5 10 10

−4 10 5 10 −40 50
= x and x = and
10 10 10 10 100 100

49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 −2 1
Thus , , , , , , , , are between and .
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 2

2 4
5. i) 3
and 5
LCM of 3 and 5 = 3 x 5 = 15
2 5 4 3 10 12
= 3
x 5
and 5 x 3
= 15
and 15

10 10 12 10 100 120
= x and x = and
15 10 15 10 150 150

101 102 103 104 105 2 4

Thus 150
, 150
, 150
, 150
, 150
are between 3
and 5
.
−3 5
ii) 2
and 3
LCM of 2 and 3 = 2 x 3 = 6
−3 3 5 2 −9 10 −9 10
= 2
x 3
and 3 x 2
= 6
and 6
= 6 and 6

9 8 7 6 5 −3 5
Thus 6
, 6
, 6
, 6
, 6
are between 2
and 3
.

1 1
iii) 4
and 2

LCM of 4 and 2 = 4
1 1 1 2 1 2
= 4
x 1
and 2 x 2
= 4
and 4

1 10 2 10 10 20
= 4
x 10
and 4
x 10
= 40
and 40

11 12 13 14 15 1 1
Thus 40
, 40
, 40
, 40
, 40
are between 4
and 2
.
6. 5 rational numbers greater than ( ̶ 2 ) = ( ̶ 1 ), 0, 1, 2, 3.
3 3
7. and
5 4
LCM of 5 and 4 = 20
3 4 3 5 12 15
= x and x = and
5 4 4 5 20 20

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
BOYS MIDDLE SECTION
E-LEARNING NOTES 2020-21
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS Prepared by: BIJI SHAHID
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
12 10 15 10 120 150
= 20
x 10
and 20
x 10
= 200
and 200

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 1 1
Thus 200
, 200
, 200
, 200
, 200
, 200
, 200
, 200
, 200
, 200
are between 4
and 2

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