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Chapter 6 (c)
4
=
4
Let x = −3.
Rational Expressions and x + 3 −3 + 3
4
Applications =
0
The expression is undefined for x = −3.
6.1 The Fundamental Property of Rational
Expressions x+2
2. (a)
x−5
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises Solve x − 5 = 0.
x +1 3 +1 Since x = 5 will make the denominator
1. (a) = Let x = 3.
2 x + 1 2(3) + 1 zero, the expression is undefined for x = 5.
4 We write the answer as x ≠ 5.
=
6 +1 3r
(b)
=
4 r + 6r + 8
2
7
Solve r 2 + 6r + 8 = 0.
x −3 3−3 (r + 4)(r + 2) = 0, so the denominator is
(b) = Let x = 3.
2 x + 1 2(3) + 1 zero when either r + 4 = 0 or r + 2 = 0,
0 that is, when r = −4 or r = −2. The
=
6 +1 expression is undefined for r = −4 and
0 r = −2. We write the answer as r ≠ −4,
= r ≠ −2.
7
=0 5z − 1
(c)
2 x + 1 2(3) + 1 z2 + 5
(c) = Let x = 3. This denominator will not equal 0 for any
x−3 3−3
6 +1 value of z, because z 2 is always greater
= than or equal to 0, and adding 5 makes the
0
sum greater than 0. Thus, there are no
7
= values for which this rational expression is
0 undefined.
The expression is undefined for x = 3.
k −4
2 x − 1 2(−3) − 1 N2. (a)
N1. (a) = Let x = −3. 2k − 1
x+4 −3 + 4
Solve 2k − 1 = 0.
−6 − 1
= 1
−3 + 4 Since k = will make the denominator
2
−7
= 1
zero, the expression is undefined for k = .
1 2
= −7 1
We write the answer as k ≠ .
x + 3 −3 + 3 2
(b) = Let x = −3.
4 4
0
=
4
=0
2x 21y 5 3⋅7⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y
(b) (b) = Factor.
x + 5 x − 14
2
7 y2 7⋅ y⋅ y
Solve x 2 + 5 x − 14 = 0. 3 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y (7 ⋅ y ⋅ y )
= Group.
( x + 7)( x − 2) = 0, so the denominator is 1(7 ⋅ y ⋅ y )
zero when either x + 7 = 0 or x − 2 = 0, 3⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y
= Fund. prop.
that is, when x = −7 or x = 2. The 1
expression is undefined for x = −7 and = 3y 3
6 p3 2⋅3⋅ p ⋅ p ⋅ p k 2 − 36
(b) = Factor. (b)
2 p2 2⋅ p⋅ p k 2 + 8k + 12
3 ⋅ p(2 ⋅ p ⋅ p) (k + 6)(k − 6)
= Group. = Factor.
1(2 ⋅ p ⋅ p ) (k + 6)(k + 2)
3p k −6
= Fund. property = Fundamental property
1 k+2
= 3p
z2 − 5 1( z 2 − 5) 1
5. = = = −1
20 2⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 5− z 2
−1( z 2 − 5) −1
N3. (a) = Factor.
48 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
5(2 ⋅ 2) 10 − a 2 1(10 − a 2 ) 1
= Group. N5. = = = −1
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3(2 ⋅ 2) a − 10
2
−1(10 − a ) 2 −1
5
= Fundamental property 5− y
2⋅ 2⋅3 6. (a)
y−5
5
= Since 5 − y and y − 5 are opposites, this
12
expression equals −1.
2x + 3 Step 3
3. ≠ −1 The given expression is undefined for 5. Thus,
2x − 3
x ≠ 5.
2 x − 3 −1(3 − 2 x)
= = −1
3 − 2x 3 − 2x 3 x + 1 3(2) + 1
9. (a) = Let x = 2.
2x + 3 5x 5(2)
= 1 ≠ −1
3 + 2x 7
=
2x + 3 2x + 3 10
= = −1
−2 x − 3 −1(2 x + 3) 3 x + 1 3(−3) + 1
B and D are equal to −1. (b) = Let x = −3.
5x 5(−3)
4 − r2 −8 8
4. is not equal to −1. = =
4 + r2 −15 15
5x − 2 5 ⋅ 2 − 2
3 − x −1(3 − x) −3 + x x − 3 10. (a) = Let x = 2.
5. = = = 4x 4⋅2
x − 4 −1( x − 4) − x + 4 4 − x
10 − 2
3 − x −1(3 − x) −3 + x x − 3 =
− = = = 8
4−x 4−x 4− x 4− x
8
x−3 x−3 x−3 x−3 = =1
− = = = 8
x − 4 −1( x − 4) − x + 4 4 − x
5 x − 2 5(−3) − 2
x−3 (b) = Let x = −3.
Since A, C, and D are equivalent to , B is 4x 4(−3)
4− x
−15 − 2
the one that is not. =
−12
5 + 2x −5 − 2 x −17 17
6. and are equivalent rational = =
3− x x−3 −12 12
expressions.
x 2 − 4 (2)2 − 4
7. Find the numerical value of the rational 11. (a) = Let x = 2.
2 x + 1 2(2) + 1
expression for x = −3.
0
x = =0
5
2x + 1
−3 x 2 − 4 (−3) 2 − 4
= Let x = −3. (b) = Let x = −3.
2(−3) + 1 2 x + 1 2(−3) + 1
−3 5
= = = −1
−6 + 1 −5
3
= 2 x 2 − 4 x 2(2) 2 − 4(2)
5 12. (a) = Let x = 2.
3x − 1 3(2) − 1
8. Find any values of the variable for which the 2(4) − 4(2)
rational expression is undefined. =
6 −1
x+2
8−8 0
x−5 = = =0
Step 1 5 5
x−5 = 0
Step 2
x=5
2 x 2 − 4 x 2(−3) 2 − 4(−3) 7 − 3x
(b) = Let x = −3. (b)
3x − 1 3(−3) − 1 3x − 7 x + 2
2
−64 64 5(2) + 2
= = = Let x = 2.
15 15 4(2)2 − 5(2) − 6
(−2 x)3 [−2(−3)]3 12 12
(b) = Let x = −3. = =
3x + 9 3(−3) + 9 16 − 10 − 6 0
Since substituting 2 for x makes the
216
= denominator zero, the given rational
0 expression is undefined when x = 2.
Since substituting −3 for x makes the
denominator zero, the given rational 5x + 2
(b)
expression is undefined when x = −3. 4x − 5x − 6
2
7 − 3(2) ( x − 2)( x + 3)
= Let x = 2. 18. (a)
1000 x
3(2)2 − 7(2) + 2
(2 − 2)(2 + 3)
7−6 1 = Let x = 2.
= = 1000(2)
12 − 14 + 2 0
0(5) 0
Since substituting 2 for x makes the = = =0
denominator zero, the given rational 2000 2000
expression is undefined when x = 2.
( x − 2)( x + 3) 12
(b) 23.
1000 x 5y
(−3 − 2)(−3 + 3) The denominator 5y will be zero when y = 0,
= Let x = −3.
1000(−3) so the given expression is undefined for y = 0.
−5(0) 0 We write the answer as y ≠ 0.
= = =0
−3000 −3000
−7
24. is undefined for z = 0. We write the
x2 − 4 22 − 4 3z
19. (a) = Let x = 2.
x2 − 9 22 − 9 answer as z ≠ 0.
4−4 0 x +1
= = =0 25.
4 − 9 −5 x−6
To find the values for which this expression is
x2 − 4 (−3) 2 − 4
(b) = Let x = −3. undefined, set the denominator equal to zero
x2 − 9 (−3)2 − 9 and solve for x.
9−4 5 x−6=0
= =
9−9 0 x=6
Since substituting −3 for x makes the Because x = 6 will make the denominator zero,
denominator zero, the given rational the given expression is undefined for 6.
expression is undefined when x = −3. We write the answer as x ≠ 6.
x2 − 9 22 − 9 m−2
20. (a) = Let x = 2. 26.
m−5
x2 − 4 22 − 4
4 − 9 −5 To find the values for which this expression is
= = undefined, set the denominator equal to zero
4−4 0 and solve for m.
Since substituting 2 for x makes the m−5=0
denominator zero, the given rational
m=5
expression is undefined when x = 2.
Because m = 5 will make the denominator
x2 − 9 (−3)2 − 9 zero, the given expression is undefined for 5.
(b) = Let x = −3. We write the answer as m ≠ 5.
x2 − 4 (−3) 2 − 4
9−9 0 4 x2
= = =0 27.
9−4 5 3x + 5
To find the values for which this expression is
5
21. − undefined, set the denominator equal to zero
x and solve for x.
The denominator x will be zero when x = 0, so 3x + 5 = 0
the given expression is undefined for x = 0. 3x = −5
We write the answer as x ≠ 0.
5
x=−
2 3
22. −
y 5
Because x = − will make the denominator
The denominator y will be zero when y = 0, so 3
the given expression is undefined for y = 0. 5
zero, the given expression is undefined for − .
We write the answer as y ≠ 0. 3
5
We write the answer as x ≠ − .
3
2 x3 x2 + 4 x
28. is undefined when 3 x + 4 = 0, that is, 35.
3x + 4 x+4
4 4
for x = − . We write the answer as x ≠ − . The two terms in the numerator are x 2 and 4x.
3 3 The two terms in the denominator are x and 4.
6m − 18 6(m − 3) 6t 2 − 6t 6t (t − 1)
45. = Factor. 54. =
7m − 21 7(m − 3) 5t − 5 5(t − 1)
6 6t
= Fundamental property =
7 5
5r + 20 5(r + 4) 9r 2 − 4s 2 (3r + 2 s )(3r − 2s )
46. = Factor. 55. =
3r + 12 3(r + 4) 9r + 6 s 3(3r + 2s )
5 3r − 2 s
= Fundamental property =
3 3
m 2 − n 2 (m + n)(m − n) 16 x 2 − 9 y 2 (4 x + 3 y )(4 x − 3 y )
47. = 56. =
m+n m+n 12 x − 9 y 3(4 x − 3 y )
=m−n 4x + 3y
=
3
a 2 − b 2 (a + b)(a − b)
48. =
a−b a−b x−6 x−6
57. =
= a+b x − 36
2 ( x + 6)( x − 6)
1
2t + 6 2(t + 3) =
49. 2 = x+6
t − 9 (t + 3)(t − 3)
2 x−8 x−8
= 58. =
t −3 x − 64
2 ( x + 8)( x − 8)
1
5s − 25 5( s − 5) =
50. = x+8
s 2 − 25 ( s + 5)( s − 5)
5 x2 − 9 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= 59. =
s+5 x − 6x + 9
2 ( x − 3)( x − 3)
x+3
12m 2 − 3 3(4m 2 − 1) =
51. = x−3
8m − 4 4(2m − 1)
3(2m + 1)(2m − 1) x 2 − 16 ( x + 4)( x − 4)
= 60. =
4(2m − 1) x − 8 x + 16
2 ( x − 4)( x − 4)
3(2m + 1) x+4
= =
4 x−4
20 p 2 − 45 5(4 p 2 − 9) 13 x 2 − 39 x3 13x 2 (1 − 3x)
52. = =
6p − 9 3(2 p − 3) 61.
7 x(1 − 3x)
7 x − 21x 2
5(2 p + 3)(2 p − 3)
= 13x 2
3(2 p − 3) =
7x
5(2 p + 3)
= =
13x
3 7
3m3 − 3m 3m(m − 1)
53. = 30 x3 − 15 x5 15 x3 (2 − x 2 )
5m − 5 5(m − 1) 62. =
22 x 2 − 11x 4 11x 2 (2 − x 2 )
3m
= 15 x3
5 =
11x 2
15 x
=
11
x(3x + 7)( x + 2) pr + qr + ps + qs
= 75.
x(3 x + 7)( x − 4) pr + qr − ps − qs
x+2 r ( p + q) + s( p + q)
= Fundamental property = Factor by grouping.
x−4 r ( p + q ) − s( p + q)
( p + q)(r + s )
2 x3 + 7 x 2 − 30 x =
70. ( p + q)(r − s )
2 x3 − 11x 2 + 15 x r+s
= Fundamental prop.
x(2 x 2 + 7 x − 30) r−s
=
x(2 x 2 − 11x + 15)
x(2 x − 5)( x + 6)
=
x(2 x − 5)( x − 3)
x+6
= Fundamental property
x−3
76. wt + ws + xt + xs 81.
x2 y + y + x2 z + z
wt − xs − xt + ws xy + xz
( wt + ws ) + ( xt + xs ) y ( x 2 + 1) + z ( x 2 + 1)
= = Factor by grouping.
wt + ws − xs − xt x( y + z )
w(t + s ) + x (t + s )
= Factor by grouping. ( x 2 + 1)( y + z )
w(t + s ) − x(t + s ) =
x( y + z )
(t + s )( w + x)
= x2 + 1
(t + s )( w − x) = Fundamental prop.
x
w+ x
= Fundamental prop.
w−x y 2 k + pk − y 2 z − pz
82.
yk − yz
ac − ad + bc − bd
77. k ( y 2 + p) − z ( y 2 + p)
ac − ad − bc + bd = Factor by grouping.
a (c − d ) + b(c − d ) y (k − z )
= Factor by grouping.
a (c − d ) − b (c − d ) ( y 2 + p)(k − z )
=
(c − d )(a + b) y (k − z )
=
(c − d )(a − b) y2 + p
= Fundamental prop.
a+b y
= Fundamental property
a−b
83. The numerator is the sum of cubes.
ac − bc − ad + bd 1 + p3 13 + p 3
78. =
ac − ad − bd + bc 1+ p 1+ p
c ( a − b) − d ( a − b) (1 + p )(1 − p + p 2 )
= Factor by grouping. =
a (c − d ) + b(c − d ) 1+ p
(a − b)(c − d ) = 1 − p + p2
=
(c − d )(a + b)
84. The numerator is the sum of cubes.
a−b
= Fundamental property 8 + x 3 23 + x 3
a+b =
2+x 2+x
m 2 − n 2 − 4m − 4n (2 + x)(4 − 2 x + x 2 )
79.
2m − 2n − 8 =
2+ x
(m + n)(m − n) − 4(m + n)
= = 4 − 2 x + x2
2(m − n − 4)
(m + n)(m − n − 4) 85. The numerator is the difference of cubes.
= x3 − 27 x3 − 33
2(m − n − 4) =
m+n x−3 x−3
=
2 ( x − 3)( x 2 + 3 x + 9)
=
x−3
x2 − y2 − 7 y − 7 x
80. = x 2 + 3x + 9
3 x − 3 y − 21
( x + y )( x − y ) − 7( y + x) 86. The numerator is the difference of cubes.
=
3( x − y − 7) r 3 − 1000 r 3 − 103
=
( x + y )( x − y − 7) r − 10 r − 10
=
3( x − y − 7) (r − 10)(r 2 + 10r + 100)
=
x+ y r − 10
=
3 = r 2 + 10r + 100
87. The numerator is the difference of cubes, and 91. The numerator is the sum of cubes. The
the denominator is the difference of squares. denominator has a common factor of z.
b3 − a 3 z 3 + 27 z 3 + 33
=
a 2 − b2 z 3 − 3z 2 + 9 z z ( z 2 − 3z + 9)
(b − a)(b 2 + ba + a 2 ) ( z + 3)( z 2 − 3z + 9)
= =
(a − b)(a + b) z ( z 2 − 3z + 9)
(b2 + ba + a 2 ) z+3
= (−1) ⋅ =
( a + b) z
b 2 + ba + a 2 92. The numerator is the sum of cubes. The
=− denominator has a common factor of t.
a+b
t 3 + 64 t 3 + 43
88. The numerator is the difference of cubes, and =
t 3 − 4t 2 + 16t t (t 2 − 4t + 16)
the denominator is the difference of squares.
8 y 3 − 27 z 3 (2 y )3 − (3z )3 (t + 4)(t 2 − 4t + 16)
= =
9z2 − 4 y2 (3z ) 2 − (2 y ) 2 t (t 2 − 4t + 16)
t+4
(2 y − 3z )(4 y 2 + 6 yz + 9 z 2 ) =
= t
(3 z − 2 y )(3 z + 2 y )
(4 y 2 + 6 yz + 9 z 2 ) 93. The numerator is the difference of cubes. The
= (−1) ⋅ denominator has a common factor of 2.
(3 z + 2 y )
1 − 8r 3 13 − (2r )3
4 y 2 + 6 yz + 9 z 2 =
=−
3z + 2 y
8r 2 + 4 r + 2 (
2 4r 2 + 2r + 1 )
89. The numerator is the sum of cubes, and the =
(
(1 − 2r ) 1 + 2r + 4r 2 )
denominator is the difference of squares. (
2 4r + 2r + 1
2
)
k3 + 8 k 3 + 23
= 1 − 2r
k 2 − 4 (k + 2)(k − 2) =
2
(k + 2)(k 2 − 2k + 4)
= 94. The numerator is the difference of cubes. The
(k + 2)(k − 2) denominator has a common factor of 3.
k 2 − 2k + 4 8 − 27 x3 23 − (3x )3
= =
k−2 27 x 2 + 18 x + 12 (
3 9 x2 + 6 x + 4 )
90. The numerator is the sum of cubes, and the
denominator is the difference of squares. =
(
(2 − 3x) 4 + 6 x + 9 x 2 )
r 3 + 27
=
r 3 + 33 (
3 9 x2 + 6 x + 4 )
r 2 − 9 (r + 3)(r − 3) 2 − 3x
=
(r + 3)(r − 3r + 9)
2 3
=
(r + 3)(r − 3) 6 − t −1(t − 6) −1
95. = = = −1
r 2 − 3r + 9 t − 6 1(t − 6) 1
=
r −3 Note that 6 − t and t − 6 are opposites, so we
know that their quotient will be −1.
2 − k −1(k − 2) −1
96. = = = −1
k − 2 1(k − 2) 1
Note that 2 − k and k − 2 are opposites, so we
know that their quotient will be −1.
1− m −1(m − 1) −( x + 4)
we have .
x−3
m +1
= −x − 4
−1 Distributing the negative sign gives us .
= −(m + 1) or − m − 1 x−3
Applying the negative sign to the denominator
98. a − b = (a + b )(a − b)
2 2
x+4
yields .
b−a b−a −( x − 3)
= −1(a + b) x+4
Again, we distribute to get .
= −(a + b) or − a − b −x + 3
Here, a − b and b − a are opposites, so their
x+6
quotient will be −1. 106. Answers may vary. − is equivalent to
x −1
q 2 − 4q q(q − 4) each of the following:
99. =
4q − q 2
q(4 − q ) −( x + 6) − x − 6
, ,
q−4 x −1 x −1
= = −1
4−q x+6 x+6
,
q − 4 and 4 − q are opposites. −( x − 1) −x + 1
z2 − 5z 2x − 3
100. = −1 107. Answers may vary. − is equivalent to
5z − z2 x+3
Since the numerator and denominator are each of the following:
opposites, we know that their quotient is −1. It −(2 x − 3) −2 x + 3
, ,
is not necessary to factor the numerator and x+3 x+3
denominator in this case. 2x − 3 2x − 3
,
p+6 −( x + 3) −x − 3
101. In the expression , neither numerator nor
p−6
5x − 6
denominator can be factored. It is already in 108. Answers may vary. − is equivalent to
x+4
lowest terms. Note: ( p + 6) and ( p − 6) are
each of the following:
not opposites.
−(5 x − 6) −5 x + 6
, ,
5− x x+4 x+4
102. In the expression , neither numerator nor
5+ x 5x − 6 5x − 6
,
denominator can be factored. It is already in −( x + 4) −x − 4
lowest terms. Note: (5 − x) and (5 + x) are not
opposites. 3x − 1
109. Answers may vary. − is equivalent to
5x − 6
−2m + 2n −2(m − n)
103. = each of the following:
m−n m−n
−(3x − 1) −3 x + 1
= −2 , ,
5x − 6 5x − 6
−5 p + 5q −5( p − q) 3x − 1 3x − 1
104. = ,
p−q p−q −(5 x − 6) −5 x + 6
= −5
105. Answers may vary. To write four equivalent
x+4
expressions for − , we will follow the
x−3
outline in Example 7.
=
(x 2
)(
+ 7 x2 + 3 ) 10
20 − 1
x +7
2
(c) p = Let x = 20.
20
= x2 + 3 19
= = 0.95 or 95%
The width of the rectangle is x 2 + 3. 20
(
112. Volume = x 2 + 8 x + 15 ( x + 4) ) (d) No; if x is 0, the expression is undefined.
Then, simplify the rational expression. 6.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational
12 x 2 + 16 x + 5 Expressions
6x + 5
(2 x + 1)(6 x + 5) Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
=
6x + 5 2 5 2⋅5
1. (a) ⋅ =
= 2x +1 7 10 7 ⋅ 10
Both yield the expression 2 x + 1. 2⋅5
=
117. First, perform long division. 7⋅2⋅5
x2 +1 =
1
x + 1 x3 + x 2 + x + 1 7
x3 + x 2 8 p2 q 9 2⋅4⋅ p ⋅ p ⋅q ⋅3⋅3
(b) ⋅ 2 =
0 + x +1 3 pq 3⋅ p ⋅q ⋅q
x +1 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ p ⋅ 3 24 p
= =
0 q q
Then, simplify the rational expression.
7 9 7⋅3⋅3
x3 + x 2 + x + 1 N1. (a) ⋅ =
18 14 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7
x +1
1 1
=
(x 2
)
+ 1 ( x + 1)
= =
2⋅2 4
x +1
4k 2 14 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ k ⋅ k ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7
= x +1 2 (b) ⋅ =
7 11k 7 ⋅ 11 ⋅ k
Both yield the expression x 2 + 1. 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ k ⋅ 2 8k
= =
118. First, perform long division. 11 11
x2 +2 3( p − q ) q
2. ⋅
x + 1 x + x + 2x + 2
3 2
p 2( p − q)
x3 + x 2 3( p − q) ⋅ q
=
0 + 2x + 2 p ⋅ 2( p − q)
2x + 2 3 ⋅ q 3q
= =
0 p ⋅ 2 2p
Then, simplify the rational expression.
m−3 9m 2
x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 2 N2. ⋅
3m 8(m − 3) 2
x +1
(m − 3) ⋅ 9m 2
=
( )
x 2 + 2 ( x + 1) =
3m ⋅ 8(m − 3) 2
x +1 (m − 3) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m ⋅ m 3m
= =
= x +2 2
3 ⋅ m ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2(m − 3) 2
8(m − 3)
Both yield the expression x 2 + 2.
x 2 + 7 x + 10 6x − 6 3 11
3. ⋅ 2 N4. (a) ÷
3x + 6 x + 2 x − 15 10 20
( x + 2)( x + 5) 6( x − 1) = ⋅
3 20
= ⋅ Factor. Multiply by reciprocal.
3( x + 2) ( x + 5)( x − 3) 10 11
6( x + 2)( x + 5)( x − 1) 3 2⋅ 2⋅5
= = ⋅ Factor.
3( x + 2)( x + 5)( x − 3)
Multiply. 2 ⋅ 5 11
3⋅ 2 ⋅ 2⋅5
2( x − 1) = Multiply.
= Lowest terms 11 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
x−3
6
= Lowest terms
y 2 − 3 y − 28 y 2 − 7 y + 10 11
N3. ⋅
y 2 − 9 y + 14 y2 + 4 y 2x − 5 2x − 5
(b) ÷
( y − 7)( y + 4) ( y − 2)( y − 5) 3x2 12 x
= ⋅ Factor.
( y − 7)( y − 2) y ( y + 4) 2 x − 5 12 x Multiply by
= ⋅
( y − 7)( y + 4)( y − 2)( y − 5) 3x 2 2x − 5 reciprocal.
= Multiply.
( y − 7)( y − 2) y ( y + 4) 2x − 5 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x
= ⋅ Factor.
y −5 3⋅ x ⋅ x 2x − 5
=
y 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ (2 x − 5)
= Multiply.
3 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ (2 x − 5)
3 5 3 16
4. (a) ÷ = ⋅ 4
4 16 4 5 = Lowest terms
Multiply the first expression by the x
reciprocal of the second. 5a 2 b 10ab 2
3⋅4⋅4 5. ÷
= Factor. 2 8
4⋅5
5a 2 b 8
3 ⋅ 4 12 = ⋅ Multiply by reciprocal.
= = Lowest terms 2 10ab 2
5 5 5 ⋅ 8a 2 b
= Multiply.
9 p2 6 p3 2 ⋅ 10ab 2
(b) ÷
3p + 4 3p + 4 =
2a
Lowest terms
9p 3p + 4
2
Multiply by b
= ⋅
3 p + 4 6 p3 reciprocal. (3k )3 9k 2
N5. ÷
3⋅3⋅ p ⋅ p 3p + 4 2 j4 6j
= ⋅ Factor.
3p + 4 2⋅3⋅ p ⋅ p ⋅ p (3k )3 6 j
= ⋅ Multiply by reciprocal.
3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ p ⋅ p ⋅ (3 p + 4) 2 j 4 9k 2
= Multiply.
2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ p ⋅ p ⋅ p ⋅ (3 p + 4) 27k 3 ⋅ 6 j
Lowest = Multiply.
=
3 2 j 4 ⋅ 9k 2
2p terms 9k
= Lowest terms
j3
4 x( x + 3) − x 2 ( x + 3) 7−x x 2 − 49
6. ÷ N7. ÷ 2
2x + 1 4 x2 − 1 2x + 6 x + 6x + 9
4 x( x + 3) 4 x2 − 1 Multiply by 7 − x x2 + 6 x + 9
= ⋅ 2 = ⋅
2 x + 1 − x ( x + 3) reciprocal. 2x + 6 x 2 − 49
=
4 x( x + 3) (2 x + 1)(2 x − 1)
⋅ Factor. (7 − x) ( x 2 + 6 x + 9 )
2x + 1 =
− x 2 ( x + 3) (2 x + 6) ( x 2 − 49 )
4 x( x + 3)(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1)
= Multiply. (7 − x)( x + 3)( x + 3)
− x 2 (2 x + 1)( x + 3) =
2( x + 3)( x + 7)( x − 7)
4(2 x − 1)
=− Lowest terms (−1)( x + 3)
x =
2( x + 7)
N6. (t + 2)(t − 5) ÷ t − 25 x+3
2
=−
−4t (t + 5)(t + 2) 2( x + 7)
(t + 2)(t − 5) (t + 5)(t + 2) Multiply by
= ⋅
−4t t 2 − 25 reciprocal. Exercises
(t + 2)(t − 5) (t + 5)(t + 2) 5 x 3 10 x 7 5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ x 7
= ⋅ Factor. 1. (a) ⋅ =
−4t (t + 5)(t − 5) 10 x 4 4 x 10 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x
(t + 2)(t − 5)(t + 5)(t + 2) 5 x10
= Multiply. =
−4t (t + 5)(t − 5) 4 x5
(t + 2) 2 5x5
=− Lowest terms = (B)
4t 4
ab − a 2 a−b 10 x 4 10 x 7 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x 7
7. ÷ 2 (b) ⋅ =
a − 1 a + 2a + 1
2
5x3 4x 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x
ab − a 2 a 2 + 2a + 1 5 x11
= ⋅ =
a2 − 1 a−b 1x 4
(ab − a 2 ) ( a 2 + 2a + 1) = 5 x 7 (D)
=
(a 2 − 1)(a − b) 5x3 4x 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x
(c) ⋅ =
a(b − a )(a + 1)(a + 1) 4
10 x 10 x 7
5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x4 ⋅ x7
=
(a + 1)(a − 1)(a − b) 1x 4
a(−1)(a + 1) =
= 5 x11
a −1 1
= 7 (C)
a(a + 1) 5x
=−
a −1
10 x 4 4 x 10 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x
(d) ⋅ =
3
5 x 10 x 7
5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ x 7
4 x5
=
5 x10
4
= 5 (A)
5x
5 x 3 10 x 7 5x3 4x 12 x 4 −8 x5 −96 x9
2. (a) 4
÷ = ⋅ 5. ⋅ = Multiply.
10 x 4x 10 x 10 x 7
4
18 x3 4 x 2 72 x5
=
5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x
5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x7 =
−4 x 4 24 x5 ( ) Group common
1x 4
(
3 24 x 5
) factors.
= 11 4
5x 4x
=− Lowest terms
1 3
= 7 (D)
5x
12m5 6m 6 72m11
6. ⋅ = Multiply.
−2m 2 28m3 −56m5
4 7 4
10 x 10 x 10 x 4x
(b) ÷ = ⋅
5x3 4x 5 x3 10 x 7 9m 6 ( 8m5 ) Group common
=
=
10 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x −7 ( 8m5 ) factors.
5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ x 7
9m 6
4 x5 =
= 10 −7
5x
9m 6
4 =−
= 5 (C) 7
5x
2(c + d ) 18
5x3 4x 5 x3 10 x 7 7. ⋅
(c) 4
÷ 7
= ⋅ 3 6(c + d ) 2
10 x 10 x 10 x 4 4 x
3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2(c + d )
5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ x 7 = Multiply and factor.
= 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2(c + d )(c + d )
10 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x
2
5 x10 = Lowest terms
= c+d
4 x5
5x5 4( y − 2) 3x
= (A) 8. ⋅
4 x 6( y − 2) 2
12 x ( y − 2)
10 x 4 4x 10 x 4 10 x 7 =
(d) ÷ = ⋅ 6 x( y − 2)( y − 2)
5 x 3 10 x 7 5x3 4x
5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x7 2 Fundamental
= =
5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x y−2 property
5 x11 ( x − y)2 24
= 9. ⋅
1x 4 2 3( x − y )
= 5 x 7 (B)
6 ⋅ 4( x − y )( x − y )
=
15a 7 3⋅5⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ 7
2
Multiply 6( x − y )
3. ⋅ =
14 5a 2⋅7⋅5⋅a and factor. = 4( x − y )
3 ⋅ a (5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ a)
= ( a + b) 2 30
2(5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ a ) 10. ⋅
5 2(a + b)
3a
= Lowest terms 3 ⋅ 10(a + b)(a + b)
2 =
10(a + b)
21b 6 9 3⋅7⋅b ⋅b ⋅b ⋅b ⋅b ⋅b ⋅3⋅3 = 3(a + b)
4. ⋅ =
18 7b 4 2 ⋅3⋅3⋅ 7 ⋅b ⋅b ⋅b ⋅b
3 ⋅ b ⋅ b 3b 2
= =
2 2
t − 4 4t 2 6 x − 4 15 x − 10
11. ⋅ 16. ÷
8 t−4 3 9
4t 2 (t − 4) 6x − 4 9
= = ⋅
2 ⋅ 4(t − 4) 3 15 x − 10
2(3x − 2) 9
t2 = ⋅
= 3 5(3 x − 2)
2
2(3x − 2) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
z + 9 3z 2 =
12. ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5(3x − 2)
12 z + 9
6
3z 2 ( z + 9) =
= 5
3 ⋅ 4( z + 9)
z2 9 z 4 3z 2 9 z 4 5 z 3
= 17. ÷ = ⋅
4 3z 5 5 z 3 3 z 5 3 z 2
9 ⋅ 5z 7
3x ( x + 3) 2 =
13. ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3z 7
x+3 6 x2 =5
3 x( x + 3)( x + 3)
= 35 x8 5 x5 35 x8 9 x 6
2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x ( x + 3) 18. ÷ = ⋅
x+3 7 x8 9 x 6 7 x 9 5 x5
= 9 ⋅ 35 x14
2x =
35 x14
(t − 2) 2 2t =9
14. ⋅
4t 2 t−2
19. Rewrite the division as a multiplication
2t (t − 2)(t − 2)
= problem and simplify.
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⋅ t (t − 2) 4t 4 (2t )3 4t 4 −6
t−2 ÷ = 5⋅
= 2t 5 −6 2t (2t )3
2t 4t 4 −6
= ⋅
5 x − 10 9 2t 5 8t 3
15. ⋅
6 10 x − 20 −24t 4
=
5( x − 2) 3⋅ 3 16t 8
= ⋅
6 10( x − 2) −3 ( 8t 4 )
= 4 4
=
5( x − 2) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 2t ( 8t )
2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ( x − 2)
−3 3
3 = =− 4
= 2t 4
2t
4
−12a 6 (2a )3 −12a 6 27 a
20. ÷ = ⋅ 3
3a 2 27a 3a 2 8a
−4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 27 ⋅ a 7
=−
3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ a5
−4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 27 ⋅ a 5 ⋅ a 2
=
3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ a5
−27 a 2 27 a 2
= =−
2 2
3 6 3 y−3 y2 3y
21. ÷ = ⋅ 26. ÷
2y − 6 y − 3 2y − 6 6 y +1 y − 3
3 y−3 y2 y − 3
=− ⋅ = ⋅
2( y − 3) 6 y + 1 3y
3( y − 3) y ⋅ y ( y − 3) y ( y − 3)
= = =
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3( y − 3) 3 y ( y + 1) 3( y + 1)
1 1
= = ( x − 3) 2 x − 3
2⋅2 4 27. ÷ 2
6x x
4m + 16 3m + 12 ( x − 3) 2 x 2
22. ÷ = ⋅
10 18 6x x−3
4m + 16 18 x ⋅ x( x − 3)( x − 3) x( x − 3)
=− ⋅ = =
10 3m + 12 6 x( x − 3) 6
4(m + 4) 3⋅6
= ⋅ 2a a2
5⋅2 3(m + 4) 28. ÷
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 6(m + 4) 12 a + 4 (a + 4) 2
= =
5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3(m + 4) 5 2a (a + 4) 2
= ⋅
a+4 a2
7t + 7 4t + 4
23. ÷ 2a (a + 4)(a + 4) 2(a + 4)
−6 15 = =
a ⋅ a(a + 4) a
7t + 7 15
= ⋅
−6 4t + 4 5 x3 x5
29. ÷
7(t + 1) 3 ⋅ 5 x − 16 ( x − 4) 2
2
= ⋅
−2 ⋅ 3 4(t + 1) 5x3 ( x − 4)2
3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7(t + 1) 35 = ⋅
= =− x − 16 2
x5
−2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4(t + 1) 8 5 x 3 ( x − 4) 2
= 2
8 z − 16 3z − 6 ( x − 16) x 5
24. ÷
−20 40 5 x 3 ( x − 4) 2
=
8 z − 16 40 ( x + 4)( x − 4) x5
= ⋅
−20 3z − 6 5( x − 4)
= 2
8( z − 2) 2 ⋅ 20 x ( x + 4)
= ⋅
−20 3( z − 2)
8x4 x7
2 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 20( z − 2) 16 30. ÷
= =− x − 25 ( x − 5) 2
2
−3 ⋅ 20( z − 2) 3
8x 4 ( x − 5) 2
2 = ⋅
25.
2x
÷
x x − 25 2
x7
x −1 x + 2 8 x 4 ( x − 5) 2
= 2
2x x + 2 ( x − 25) x 7
= ⋅
x − 1 x2 8 x 4 ( x − 5) 2
=
2 x( x + 2) 2( x + 2) ( x + 5)( x − 5) x 7
= =
x ⋅ x ( x − 1) x( x − 1) 8( x − 5)
= 3
x ( x + 5)
−4t 3 t2 2−t t −2
31. ÷ 35. ÷
t 2 − 1 (t + 1) 2 8 6
−4t 3 (t + 1) 2 2−t 6
= ⋅ = ⋅ Multiply by reciprocal.
t 2 −1 t2 8 t−2
−4t (t + 1) 2
3 6(2 − t )
= = Multiply.
(t 2 − 1)t 2 8(t − 2)
−4t 3 (t + 1)2 6(−1)
= = Factor.
(t + 1)(t − 1)t 2 8
3
−4t (t + 1) =− Lowest terms
= 4
t −1
m−2 2−m m−2 6
32. Yes, it is permissible to divide out common 36. ÷ = ⋅
factors as follows. 4 6 4 2−m
( x + 3) 2 ( x + 5) 6(m − 2)
⋅ =
( x + 3) ( x + 5)3 4(2 − m)
1 6(−1)
= ( x + 3) ⋅ =
( x + 5) 2 4
The two rational expressions can now be 3
=−
multiplied together for a simplified form of 2
x+3
. 27 − 3 z 12
( x + 5) 2 37. ⋅
4 2 z − 18
5 x − 15 4 x + 12 3(9 − z ) 3⋅ 4
33. ⋅ = ⋅
3 x + 9 6 x − 18 4 2( z − 9)
5( x − 3) 4( x + 3) 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4(9 − z )
= ⋅ =
3( x + 3) 6( x − 3) 4 ⋅ 2( z − 9)
5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ( x − 3)( x + 3) 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ (−1)
= =
3 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ( x − 3)( x + 3) 2
10 9
= =−
9 2
8r + 16 6r − 6 35 − 5 x 12
34. ⋅ 38. ⋅
24r − 24 3r + 6 6 3x − 21
8(r + 2) ⋅ 6(r − 1) 5(7 − x) 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
= = ⋅
24(r − 1) ⋅ 3(r + 2) 2⋅3 3( x − 7)
2 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3(7 − x)
= =
3 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3( x − 7)
5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (−1)
=
3
10
=−
3
p2 + 4 p − 5 p −1 t 2 − 49 t 2 + 10t + 21
39. ÷ 44. ÷
p + 7 p + 10 p + 4
2
42 − 6t 6t + 42
p2 + 4 p − 5 p + 4 (t + 7)(t − 7) 6(t + 7)
= ⋅ = ⋅
p 2 + 7 p + 10 p − 1 6(7 − t ) (t + 7)(t + 3)
( p + 5)( p − 1) ⋅ ( p + 4) 6(t + 7) 2 (t − 7)
= =
( p + 5)( p + 2) ⋅ ( p − 1) 6(7 − t )(t + 7)(t + 3)
p+4 t+7
= =−
p+2 t +3
z 2 − 3z + 2 z − 1 2 x2 − 7 x + 3 x + 2
40. ÷ 45. ⋅
z2 + 4z + 3 z + 1 x−3 x −1
z 2 − 3z + 2 z + 1 (2 x − 1)( x − 3) x + 2
= ⋅ = ⋅
z2 + 4z + 3 z − 1 x−3 x −1
( z − 2)( z − 1) ⋅ ( z + 1) (2 x − 1)( x + 2)
= =
( z + 3)( z + 1) ⋅ ( z − 1) x −1
z−2 3x2 − 5x − 2 x − 3
= ⋅
z+3 46.
x−2 x +1
m2 − 4 m + 2 (3x + 1)( x − 2) x − 3
41. ÷ = ⋅
16 − 8m 8 x−2 x +1
(m + 2)(m − 2) 8 (3x + 1)( x − 3)
= ⋅ =
8(2 − m) m+2 x +1
8(m + 2)(m − 2)
= 2k 2 − k − 1 4k 2 − 1
8(m + 2)(2 − m) 47. ÷
2 k 2 + 5k + 3 2 k 2 + k − 3
= −1
2k 2 − k − 1 2k 2 + k − 3
= ⋅
r 2 − 36 r + 6 2 k 2 + 5k + 3 4k 2 − 1
42. ÷
54 − 9r 9 (2k + 1)(k − 1)(2k + 3)(k − 1)
=
(r + 6)(r − 6) 9 (2k + 3)(k + 1)(2k + 1)(2k − 1)
= ⋅
9(6 − r ) r+6 (k − 1)(k − 1)
=
9(r + 6)(r − 6) (k + 1)(2k − 1)
=
9(6 − r )(r + 6) (k − 1)2
=
= −1 (k + 1)(2k − 1)
m 2 − 4 m 2 + 3m + 2 3t 2 − 4t − 4 9t 2 + 21t + 10
43. ÷ 48. ÷
16 − 8m 8m + 16 3t 2 + 10t + 8 3t 2 − t − 10
(m + 2)(m − 2) 8(m + 2) 3t 2 − 4t − 4 3t 2 − t − 10
= ⋅ = ⋅
8(2 − m) (m + 2)(m + 1) 3t 2 + 10t + 8 9t 2 + 21t + 10
8(m + 2) 2 (m − 2) (3t + 2)(t − 2)(3t + 5)(t − 2)
= =
8(2 − m)(m + 2)(m + 1) (3t + 4)(t + 2)(3t + 5)(3t + 2)
m+2 (t − 2)2
=− =
m +1 (3t + 4)(t + 2)
2k 2 + 3k − 2 4k 2 − 5k + 1 z 2 − z − 6 z 2 + 7 z + 12
49. ⋅ 54. ⋅
6k 2 − 7 k + 2 k 2 + k − 2 z2 − 2z − 8 z2 − 9
(2k − 1)(k + 2) (4k − 1)(k − 1) ( z − 3)( z + 2)( z + 4)( z + 3)
= ⋅ =
(3k − 2)(2k − 1) (k + 2)(k − 1) ( z − 4)( z + 2)( z + 3)( z − 3)
(2k − 1)(k + 2)(4k − 1)(k − 1) z+4
= =
(3k − 2)(2k − 1)(k + 2)(k − 1) z−4
4k − 1
= y2 + y − 2 y+2
3k − 2 55. ÷
y + 3y − 4 y + 3
2
2m 2 − 5m − 12 m 2 − 9m + 18 y2 + y − 2 y + 3
50. ⋅ = ⋅
m 2 − 10m + 24 4m 2 − 9 y2 + 3y − 4 y + 2
(2m + 3)(m − 4) (m − 6)(m − 3) ( y + 2)( y − 1) y + 3
= ⋅ = ⋅
(m − 6)(m − 4) (2m − 3)(2m + 3) ( y + 4)( y − 1) y + 2
(2m + 3)(m − 4)(m − 6)(m − 3) y+3
= =
(m − 6)(m − 4)(2m − 3)(2m + 3) y+4
m−3
= r2 + r − 6 r+3
2m − 3 56. ÷
r 2 + 4r − 12 r − 1
m 2 + 2mp − 3 p 2 m 2 + 4mp + 3 p 2 (r + 3)(r − 2) r − 1
51. ÷ = ⋅
m 2 − 3mp + 2 p 2 m 2 + 2mp − 8 p 2 (r + 6)(r − 2) r + 3
m 2 + 2mp − 3 p 2 m 2 + 2mp − 8 p 2 r −1
= ⋅ =
m 2 − 3mp + 2 p 2 m 2 + 4mp + 3 p 2 r+6
(m + 3 p )(m − p)(m + 4 p)(m − 2 p)
= 2m 2 + 7 m + 3 m 2 + 3m
(m − 2 p)(m − p )(m + 3 p)(m + p) 57. ⋅
m −9
2
2m 2 + 11m + 5
m + 4p
= (2m + 1)(m + 3) m(m − 3)
m+ p = ⋅
(m − 3)(m + 3) (2m + 1)(m + 5)
x 2 − 2 xy − 3 y 2 x 2 + xy − 12 y 2 (2m + 1)(m + 3)m(m − 3)
52. ÷ =
x 2 + xy − 30 y 2 x 2 − xy − 20 y 2 (m − 3)(m + 3)(2m + 1)(m + 5)
x 2 − 2 xy − 3 y 2 x 2 − xy − 20 y 2 m
= ⋅ =
x 2 + xy − 30 y 2 x 2 + xy − 12 y 2 m+5
( x + y )( x − 3 y )( x + 4 y )( x − 5 y )
= 6s 2 + 17m + 10 s 2 − 2s
( x + 6 y )( x − 5 y )( x + 4 y )( x − 3 y ) 58. ⋅
s2 − 4 6s 2 + 29s + 20
x+ y
= (6s + 5)( s + 2) s ( s − 2)
x + 6y = ⋅
( s − 2)( s + 2) (6s + 5)( s + 4)
m 2 + 3m + 2 m 2 + 10m + 24 (6s + 5)( s + 2) s ( s − 2)
53. ⋅ =
m 2 + 5m + 4 m 2 + 5m + 6 ( s − 2)( s + 2)(6s + 5)( s + 4)
(m + 2)(m + 1) (m + 6)(m + 4) s
= ⋅ =
(m + 4)(m + 1) (m + 3)(m + 2) s+4
(m + 2)(m + 1)(m + 6)(m + 4)
=
(m + 4)(m + 1)(m + 3)(m + 2)
m+6
=
m+3
(q − 3) 4 (q + 2)(q + 2) 2 −1( x 3 + y 3 ) x2 − y2
= = ⋅ 2
(q + 2)(q + 1)(q − 3) 2 x − 2 xy + y 3 y − 3xy
2 2
(q − 3) 2 (q + 2) 2 −1( x + y )( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) ( x − y )( x + y )
= = ⋅
q +1 ( x − y )( x − y ) 3 y ( y − x)
−1( x + y )( x 2 − xy + y 2 )( x − y )( x + y )
( x + 4)3 ( x − 3) x 2 + 8 x + 16 =
62. ÷ 2 −1( x − y )( x − y )(3 y )( x − y )
x2 − 9 x + 6x + 9
( x + y ) 2 ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )
( x + 4)3 ( x − 3) x 2 + 6 x + 9 =
= ⋅ 2 3 y ( x − y)2
x2 − 9 x + 8 x + 16
If we had not changed y − x to −1( x − y ) in
( x + 4)3 ( x − 3)( x + 3)2
= the denominator, we would have obtained an
( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 4) 2 alternate form of the answer,
= ( x + 4)( x + 3) ( x + y )2 ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )
− .
3 y ( y − x)( x − y )
3a − 3b − a 2 + b 2 4a 2 − b 2
63. ⋅ 2
4a − 4ab + b
2 2
2a − ab − b 2 b 3 − 8a 3 4a 2 + 2ab + b 2
66. ÷
Factor 3a − 3b − a 2 + b 2 by grouping. 4a 3 + 4a 2 b + ab 2 − a3 − ab3
3a − 3b − a 2 + b 2 b 3 − 8a 3 −a 3 − ab3
= ⋅ 2
= 3(a − b) − (a 2 − b 2 ) 4a + 4a b + ab 4a + 2ab + b 2
3 2 2
x + 5 ⎛ x 2 + 10 x + 25 10 x ⎞ 4 y + 12 ? 2( y + 4)
67. ÷⎜ ⋅ 2 ⎟ 70. ÷ 2 =
x + 10 ⎝ x 2 + 10 x x + 15 x + 50 ⎠ 2 y − 10 y − y − 20 y−3
x+5 ⎡ ( x + 5) 2 ⋅ 10 x ⎤ 4 y + 12 y 2 − y − 20 2( y + 4)
= ÷⎢ ⋅ =
⎥ 2 y − 10 ? y−3
x + 10 ⎣ x ( x + 10)( x + 5)( x + 10) ⎦
4( y + 3) ( y − 5)( y + 4) 2( y + 4)
x + 5 ⎡10( x + 5) ⎤ ⋅ =
= ÷⎢ ⎥ 2( y − 5) ? y−3
x + 10 ⎣ ( x + 10) 2 ⎦
2( y + 3)( y + 4) 2( y + 4)
x + 5 ( x + 10) 2 =
= ⋅ ? y−3
x + 10 10( x + 5)
Compare the two rational expressions in the
x + 10 final equation. In order for them to be equal, we
=
10 must eliminate the factor ( y + 3) in the
numerator and insert the factor ( y − 3) in the
m − 8 ⎛ m 2 − 12m + 32 m 2 − 8m ⎞
68. ÷⎜ ⋅ 2 ⎟ denominator. We can do this by dividing the
m−4 ⎝ 8m m − 8m + 16 ⎠
numerator on the left by ( y + 3)( y − 3). Thus,
m − 8 ⎡ (m − 4)(m − 8) ⋅ m(m − 8) ⎤ the polynomial that is represented by the
= ÷⎢ ⎥
m−4 ⎣ 8m(m − 4)2 ⎦ question mark is ( y + 3)( y − 3) = y 2 − 9.
m − 8 ⎡ (m − 8) ⎤
2
= ÷⎢ ⎥
m − 4 ⎣ 8(m − 4) ⎦ 6.3 Least Common Denominators
m − 8 8(m − 4)
= ⋅ Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
m − 4 (m − 8) 2
8 7 1
= 1. (a) ,
m−8 10 25
Factor each denominator.
69. Use the formula for the area of a rectangle with 10 = 2 ⋅ 5, 25 = 5 ⋅ 5 = 52
5x2 y3 2xy Take each different factor the greatest
A= and L = to solve for W.
2 pq p number of times it appears as a factor in any
A = L ⋅W of the denominators, and use it to form the
least common denominator (LCD).
5 x y 3 2 xy
2
LCD = 2 ⋅ 52 = 50
= ⋅W
2 pq p
5 x 2 y 3 2 xy 9 11
W= ÷ (b) ,
2 pq p 8m 4 12m 6
Factor each denominator.
5x2 y3 p
= ⋅ 8m 4 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ m 4 = 23 ⋅ m 4
2 pq 2 xy
12m6 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m 6 = 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m 6
5x2 y3 p
= Take each factor the greatest number of
4 pqxy times it appears in any denominator; then
5 xy 2 multiply.
= LCD = 23 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m 6 = 24m6
4q
5 xy 2 5 1
Thus, the rational expression represents N1. (a) ,
4q 48 30
the width of the rectangle. Factor each denominator.
48 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3, 30 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
Take each different factor the greatest
number of times it appears as a factor in any
of the denominators, and use it to form the
least common denominator (LCD).
LCD = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 = 240
3 1 3t t+4
(b) , N3. (a) , 2
10 y 6 y 2t − 10t t − 25
2
7k ? 5k + 1 ?
(b) = (b) = 3
5 30k k + 2k k + k 2 − 2k
2
Factor the denominator on the right; then Factor and compare the denominators.
compare it to the denominator on the left. 5k + 1 ?
7k ? =
= k (k + 2) k (k + 2)(k − 1)
5 5⋅6⋅k
The factor k − 1 is missing on the left, so
The factors 6 and k are missing on the left,
k −1
6k multiply by .
so multiply by . k −1
6k
5k + 1 5k + 1 k − 1
7k 7k 6k 42k 2 = ⋅
= ⋅ = k 2 + 2k k (k + 2) k − 1
5 5 6k 30k
(5k + 1)(k − 1)
=
2 ?
N4. (a) = k (k + 2)(k − 1)
9 27
First factor the denominator on the right. 8k ?
N5. (a) =
Then compare the denominator on the left 5k − 2 25k − 10
with the one on the right to decide what Factor the denominator on the right.
factors are missing. 8k ?
2 ? =
= 5k − 2 5(5k − 2)
9 3⋅9
The factor 5 is missing on the left, so
2 5
A factor of 3 is missing, so multiply by multiply by .
9 5
3 8k 8k 5 40k
, which is equal to 1. = ⋅ =
3 5k − 2 5k − 2 5 25k − 10
2 2 3 6
= ⋅ = 2t − 1 ?
9 9 3 27 (b) =
t 2 + 4t t 3 + 12t 2 + 32t
4t ?
(b) = Factor and compare the denominators.
11 33t 2t − 1 ?
Factor the denominator on the right; then =
t (t + 4) t (t + 4)(t + 8)
compare it to the denominator on the left.
4t ? The factor t + 8 is missing on the left, so
=
11 3 ⋅ 11 ⋅ t t +8
multiply by .
The factors 3 and t are missing on the left, t +8
3t 2t − 1 2t − 1 t + 8
so multiply by . = ⋅
3t t + 4t t (t + 4) t + 8
2
4t 4t 3t 12t 2 (2t − 1) (t + 8)
= ⋅ = =
11 11 3t 33t t (t + 4) (t + 8)
9 ?
5. (a) = Exercises
2a + 5 6a + 15
Factor the denominator on the right. 1. The factor x appears at most one time in any
denominator as does the factor y. Thus, the
9 ?
= LCD is the product of the two factors, xy.
2a + 5 3(2a + 5) The correct response is C.
The factor 3 is missing on the left, so
2. If x is a factor of y, then y can be written as a
3 product xz. The denominators are now x and xz,
multiply by .
3 and the LCD is xz, which is y. The correct
9 9 3 27 response is B.
= ⋅ =
2a + 5 2a + 5 3 6a + 15
−2 13 6 5
13. , 18. ,
5p 6p 35t 49t 6
2
4 7 1 1 1
16. , 21. 2 3
, 5
, 9 2
3 4 r t r t r t
25m 10m
Factor each denominator. Factor each denominator.
25m3 = 52 ⋅ m3 r 2t 3 = r 2 ⋅ t 3
10m 4 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ m 4 r 5t = r 5 ⋅ t
Take each factor the greatest number of times it r 9t 2 = r 9 ⋅ t 2
appears; then multiply. Take each factor the greatest number of times it
LCD = 2 ⋅ 52 ⋅ m 4 = 50m 4 appears; then multiply.
LCD = r 9 ⋅ t 3 = r 9 t 3
5 7
17. ,
21r 12r 5
3 5 5 5
22. , ,
Factor each denominator. x y x y xy 2
8 4 9 3
21r = 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ r
3 3
Factor each denominator.
12r 5 = 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ r 5 x8 y 4 = x8 ⋅ y 4
Take each factor the greatest number of times it x9 y 3 = x9 ⋅ y 3
appears; then multiply.
xy 2 = x ⋅ y 2
LCD = 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ r 5 = 84r 5
Take each factor the greatest number of times it
appears; then multiply.
LCD = x9 ⋅ y 4 = x9 y 4
7 9 7 11
23. , 29. ,
x +1 x −1 5b − 10 6b − 12
Since there is only one factor in each Factor each denominator.
denominator, take each factor the greatest 5b − 10 = 5(b − 2)
number of times it appears; then multiply. 6b − 12 = 6(b − 2) = 2 ⋅ 3(b − 2)
LCD = ( x + 1) ⋅ ( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
Take each factor the greatest number of times it
appears; then multiply.
3 2
24. , LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5(b − 2) = 30(b − 2)
y +3 y −3
Since there is only one factor in each 3 2
denominator, take each factor the greatest 30. ,
7 x + 21x 5 x + 15 x
2 2
number of times it appears; then multiply. Factor each denominator.
LCD = ( y + 3) ⋅ ( y − 3) = ( y + 3)( y − 3)
7 x 2 + 21x = 7 x( x + 3)
25.
7
,
15 5 x 2 + 15 x = 5 x( x + 3)
6p 4p −8 Take each factor the greatest number of times it
Factor each denominator. appears; then multiply.
6 p = 2 ⋅ 3⋅ p LCD = 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x( x + 3) = 35 x( x + 3)
4 p − 8 = 4( p − 2) = 22 ( p − 2) 37 25
Take each factor the greatest number of times it 31. ,
6r − 12 9r − 18
appears; then multiply. Factor each denominator.
LCD=22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ p ( p − 2) = 12 p( p − 2) 6r − 12 = 6(r − 2) = 2 ⋅ 3(r − 2)
7 −28 9r − 18 = 9(r − 2) = 32 (r − 2)
26. ,
8k 12k − 24 Take each factor the greatest number of times it
Factor each denominator. appears; then multiply.
8k = 23 ⋅ k LCD = 2 ⋅ 32 (r − 2) = 18(r − 2)
4 8 9 −2
34. , 40. ,
y−x x− y y − 9 2y + 6
2
−2 −6 10 2 15
46. , 2 52. , ,
9m − 18 m − 7m + 10 y − 10 y + 21 y − 2 y − 3 y − 6 y − 7
2 2 2
y 2 − 2 y − 15 = ( y − 5) ( y + 3) 4 5
A factor of 5 is missing, so multiply by ,
11 5
LCD = y ( y − 5) ( y + 3)
which is equal to 1.
5 3 12 4 5 20
51. , , ⋅ =
p + 8 p + 15 p − 3 p − 18 p − p − 30
2 2 2 11 5 55
Factor each denominator. 8 ?
56. =
p 2 + 8 p + 15 = ( p + 5) ( p + 3) 7 42
p 2 − 3 p − 18 = ( p − 6)( p + 3) First factor the denominator on the right. Then
compare the denominator on the left with the
p 2 − p − 30 = ( p − 6)( p + 5) one on the right to decide what factors are
LCD = ( p + 3) ( p + 5) ( p − 6) missing.
8 ?
=
7 7⋅6
19 z ? 6(k + 1)
= =
2( z − 3) 6( z − 3) k (k − 4) (k + 1)
Comparing the two factored forms, we see that
the denominator of the fraction on the left side
66.
25
=
? y 4 − z 3 y = y y3 − z3( )
m − 9m
2 m(m − 9) (m + 8)
25 25
= y ( y − z ) y 2 + yz + z 2 ( )
=
m(m − 9) m(m − 9) 2( z − y ) ?
=
=
25
⋅
(m + 8) y + yz + z
2 2
(
y ( y − z ) y 2 + yz + z 2 )
m(m − 9) (m + 8) 2( z − y ) 2( z − y ) y( y − z )
= ⋅
=
25(m + 8)
m(m − 9) (m + 8)
y + yz + z
2 2
(y 2
+ yz + z 2
) y( y − z )
2 y( z − y ) ( y − z )
=
67.
4r − t
=
?
(
y ( y − z ) y 2 + yz + z 2 )
r + rt + t
2
t −r
2 3 3
2 y ( z − y )( y − z )
=
( )
Factor the second denominator as the difference
of cubes. y y3 − z3
t − r = (t − r ) t + rt + r
3 3
( 2 2
) =
2 y ( z − y )( y − z )
,
4r − t (4r − t ) (t − r ) y 4 − z3 y
= ⋅
r 2 + rt + t 2 (r 2
+ rt + t 2 ) (t − r )
or
−2 y ( y − z )2
y4 − z3 y
(t − r ) (4r − t )
=
t3 − r3 2 p + 3q ?
70. =
68.
3x − 1
=
? p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 ( p + q) p3 + q3 ( )
x + 2x + 4 x − 8
2 3
2 p + 3q
Factor the second denominator as the difference ( p + q) ( p + q )
of cubes. ?
(
x3 − 8 = ( x − 2) x 2 + 2 x + 4 ) =
(
( p + q) ( p + q) p 2 − pq + q 2 )
3x − 1 (3x − 1)
( x − 2)
= ⋅ Therefore, the following is true.
x + 2x + 4
2 2
(
x + 2 x + 4 ( x − 2) ) 2 p + 3q
(3x − 1) ( x − 2) p 2 + 2 pq + q 2
=
x3 − 8
=
(2 p + 3q)
⋅
p 2 − pq + q 2 ( )
69.
2( z − y )
=
? ( p + q)( p + q) p 2 − pq + q 2 ( )
y 2 + yz + z 2 y 4 − z 3 y
=
(
(2 p + 3q ) p 2 − pq + q 2 )
( )
Factor the second denominator.
( p + q) p + q 3 3
36 ?
71. =
r2 − r − 6 (r − 3) (r + 2) (r + 1)
36 ?
=
(r − 3) (r + 2) (r − 3) (r + 2) (r + 1)
36r 36r (r + 1)
= ⋅
r − r − 6 (r − 3) (r + 2) (r + 1)
2
36r (r + 1)
=
(r − 3) (r + 2) (r + 1)
4m ? 2x + 5 ? ?
72. = 78. = =
m +m−2
2 (m − 1) (m − 3) (m + 2) x − 4 7 x − 28 7( x − 4)
4m 4m (m − 3) The expression 7 x − 28 is factored as
= ⋅
(m + 2) (m − 1) (m − 1) (m + 2) (m − 3) 7( x − 4), so the multiplier is 7.
4m(m − 3)
= 2x + 5 ? ?
(m − 1) (m + 2) (m − 3) 79. = =
x − 4 7 x − 28 7( x − 4)
a + 2b ? To form the new denominator, 7 must be used
73. = 3 as the multiplier for the denominator. To form
2a + ab − b
2 2
2a b + a 2 b 2 − ab3
an equivalent fraction, the same multiplier must
a + 2b ?
= be used for numerator and denominator. Thus,
2a + ab − b
2 2 2
(
ab 2a + ab − b 2 ) 7
the multiplier is , which is equal to 1.
a + 2b (a + 2b) ab 7
= ⋅
2a 2 + ab − b 2 (
2a 2 + ab − b 2 ab ) 80. The identity property of multiplication is being
used when we write an algebraic fraction as an
ab(a + 2b)
= equivalent one with a larger denominator.
2a 3b + a 2 b2 − ab3
m−4 ? 6.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational
74. =
6m + 7 m − 3 12m + 14m − 6m
2 3 2 Expressions
Factor the denominators.
m−4 ?
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
=
(3m − 1) (2m + 3) 2m (3m − 1) (2m + 3) 7 3 7+3
1. (a) + =
m−4 (m − 4) 2m 15 15 15
= ⋅
(3m − 1) (2m + 3) (3m − 1) (2m + 3) 2m =
10 2
=
Therefore, the following is true. 15 3
m−4 2m(m − 4) 2x + 2 y
= (b)
2x
+
2y
=
6m + 7m − 3 12m3 + 14m 2 − 6m
2
x+ y x+ y x+ y
3 ? 2( x + y )
75. = =
4 28 x+ y
To change 4 into 28, multiply by 7. If you =2
multiply the denominator by 7, you must
multiply the numerator by 7. 2 4 2+4
N1. (a) + =
3 3 7 21 7k 7k 7k
76. = ⋅ = 6
4 4 7 28 =
Note that numerator and denominator are being 7k
3 4y 12 4 y + 12
multiplied by 7, so is being multiplied by the (b) + =
4 y+3 y +3 y+3
7
fraction , which is equal to 1. 4( y + 3)
7 =
y+3
7 =4
77. Since has a value of 1, the multiplier is 1.
7
1 1
The identity property of multiplication is being 2. (a) +
used when we write a common fraction as an 10 15
equivalent one with a larger denominator. Step 1
LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 = 30
Step 2 Step 1
1 1(3) 3 LCD = 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x = 35 x
= = Step 2
10 10(3) 30
3 3(7) 21
1 1(2) 2 = =
= = 5 x 5 x(7) 35 x
15 15(2) 30
2 2(5) 10
Step 3 = =
3 2 3+ 2 7 x 7 x(5) 35 x
+ = Step 3
30 30 30
21 10 31
=
5 + =
30 35 x 35 x 35 x
Step 4 −2 4p
5 1(5) 1 3. + 2
= = p + 1 p −1
30 6(5) 6
−2 4p
= +
m 2 p + 1 ( p + 1) ( p − 1)
(b) +
3n 7n −2( p − 1) 4p
= +
Step 1 ( p + 1) ( p − 1) ( p + 1) ( p − 1)
LCD = 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ n = 21n
−2( p − 1) + 4 p
Step 2 =
m m(7) 7m ( p + 1) ( p − 1)
= = −2 p + 2 + 4 p
3n 3n(7) 21n =
2 2(3) 6 ( p + 1) ( p − 1)
= = 2p+ 2
7n 7n(3) 21n =
Step 3 ( p + 1) ( p − 1)
7m 6 7m + 6 2( p + 1)
+ = =
21n 21n 21n ( p + 1) ( p − 1)
2
5 3 =
N2. (a) + p −1
12 20
Step 1 6t −3
LCD = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 = 60 N3. +
t2 − 9 t +3
Step 2
6t −3
5 5(5) 25 = + Factor.
= = (t + 3)(t − 3) t + 3
12 12(5) 60
6t −3(t − 3)
3 3(3) 9 = +
= = (t + 3)(t − 3) (t + 3)(t − 3)
20 20(3) 60
6t + [−3(t − 3)]
Step 3 = Add numerators.
25 9 25 + 9 (t + 3) (t − 3)
+ =
60 60 60 6t − 3t + 9
= Dist. property
34 (t + 3) (t − 3)
=
60 3t + 9
= Combine terms.
Step 4 (t + 3) (t − 3)
34 17(2) 17 3(t + 3)
= = = Factor numerator.
60 30(2) 30 (t + 3) (t − 3)
3 2 3
(b) + = Lowest terms
5x 7 x t −3
2k 3 5t 5 + t
4. + 6. −
k − 5k + 4 k − 1
2 2 t −1 t −1
2k 3 5t − (5 + t )
= + = Use parentheses.
(k − 4) (k − 1) (k + 1) (k − 1) t −1
2k (k + 1) 3(k − 4) 5t − 5 − t
= + =
(k − 4) (k − 1) (k + 1) (k − 4) (k − 1) (k + 1) t −1
2k (k + 1) + 3(k − 4) 4t − 5
= =
(k − 4) (k − 1) (k + 1) t −1
2k 2 + 2k + 3k − 12 2x x +1
= N6. −
(k − 4) (k − 1) (k + 1) x+5 x+5
2k 2 + 5k − 12 2 x − ( x + 1)
= = Use parentheses.
(k − 4) (k − 1) (k + 1) x+5
2x − x −1
(2k − 3) (k + 4) =
= x+5
(k − 4) (k − 1) (k + 1)
x −1
=
x −1 4x x+5
N4. +
x + 6 x + 8 x + x − 12
2 2
6 1
x −1 4x 7. −
= + a +2 a −3
( x + 2) ( x + 4) ( x + 4) ( x − 3) 6(a − 3) 1(a + 2)
( x − 1) ( x − 3) 4 x( x + 2) = −
= + (a + 2) (a − 3) (a − 3) (a + 2)
( x − 2) ( x + 4) ( x − 3) ( x + 4) ( x − 3) ( x + 2) 6(a − 3) − 1(a + 2)
( x − 1)( x − 3) + 4 x( x + 2) =
= (a + 2)(a − 3)
( x + 4)( x + 2)( x − 3) 6a − 18 − a − 2
=
x 2 − 4 x + 3 + 4 x2 + 8 x (a + 2)(a − 3)
=
( x + 4)( x + 2)( x − 3) 5a − 20
=
5x2 + 4 x + 3 (a + 2)(a − 3)
=
( x + 4)( x + 2)( x − 3) 5(a − 4)
=
(a + 2)(a − 3)
m n
5. +
2m − 3n 3n − 2m 6 2
N7. −
m n(−1) y−6 y
= +
2m − 3n (3n − 2m)(−1) 6( y ) 2( y − 6)
= − LCD = y ( y − 6)
m −n ( y − 6)( y ) y ( y − 6)
= +
2m − 3n 2m − 3n 6 y − 2( y − 6)
=
m−n n−m y ( y − 6)
= , or
2m − 3n 3n − 2m 6 y − 2 y + 12
=
2k 5 y ( y − 6)
N5. +
k −7 7−k 4 y + 12
=
2k 5(−1) y ( y − 6)
= +
k − 7 (7 − k )(−1) 4( y + 3)
=
2k −5 y ( y − 6)
= +
k −7 k −7
2k − 5 5 − 2k
= , or
k −7 7−k
4 x 3x + 1 5(t + 3) − 2t (t − 3)
= − =
x −1 x −1 (t − 3)2 (t + 3)
4 x − (3x + 1) 5t + 15 − 2t 2 + 6t
= =
x −1
(t − 3) 2 (t + 3)
4 x − 3x − 1
= −2t 2 + 11t + 15
x −1 =
x −1 (t − 3) 2 (t + 3)
= =1
x −1 2 3
10. −
N8. The denominators are opposites, so either may p −5p + 4
2
p −12
be used as the common denominator. We will
2 3
choose m − 4. = −
2m m − 12 ( p − 4)( p − 1) ( p + 1)( p − 1)
− 2( p + 1) 3( p − 4)
m−4 4−m = −
2m (m − 12) (−1) ( p − 4)( p − 1)( p + 1) ( p − 4)( p − 1)( p + 1)
= −
m − 4 (4 − m) (−1) 2( p + 1) − 3( p − 4)
=
2m − m + 12 ( p − 4)( p − 1)( p + 1)
= −
m−4 m−4 2 p + 2 − 3 p + 12
=
2m − (− m + 12) ( p − 4)( p − 1)( p + 1)
=
m−4 14 − p
=
2m + m − 12 ( p − 4)( p − 1)( p + 1)
=
m−4
3m − 12 q 3q + 4
= N10. −
m−4 2q + 5q − 3 3q + 10q + 3
2 2
3(m − 4) q 3q + 4
= =3 = −
m−4 (2q − 1)(q + 3) (3q + 1)(q + 3)
q(3q + 1) (3q + 4)(2q − 1)
3r 4 = −
9. − (2q − 1)(q + 3)(3q + 1) (2q − 1)(3q + 1)(q + 3)
r − 5r r − 10r + 25
2 2
q(3q + 1) − (3q + 4)(2q − 1)
=
3r
−
4
Factor. =
r (r − 5) (r − 5)2 (2q − 1)(q + 3)(3q + 1)
3 4 3q 2 + q − 6q 2 − 5q + 4
= − Reduce. =
r − 5 (r − 5)2 (2q − 1)(q + 3)(3q + 1)
3(r − 5) 4 −3q 2 − 4q + 4
= − LCD = (r − 5) 2 =
(r − 5) 2
(r − 5)2 (2q − 1)(q + 3)(3q + 1)
3(r − 5) − 4
=
(r − 5) (r − 5)
3r − 15 − 4
=
(r − 5) (r − 5)
3r − 19
=
(r − 5) 2
Exercises x 8 x −8
− =
x 8 x +8 x +8 x +8
1. + Choice B is correct.
x +8 x +8
The denominators are the same, so the sum is 1 1
found by adding the two numerators and 6. +
x 8
keeping the same (common) denominator. The LCD is 8x. Now rewrite each rational
x 8 x+8 expression as a fraction with the LCD as its
+ = =1
x+8 x+8 x+8 denominator.
Choice E is correct. 1 8 8
⋅ =
2x 16 x 8 8x
2. − 1 x x
x −8 x −8 ⋅ =
The denominators are the same, so the 8 x 8x
difference is found by subtracting the two Since the fractions now have a common
numerators and keeping the same (common) denominator, add the numerators and use the
denominator. LCD as the denominator of the sum.
2x 16 2 x − 16 1 1 8 x 8+ x
− = + = + =
x −8 x −8 x−8 x 8 8x 8x 8x
2( x − 8) Choice D is correct.
= =2
x −8 1 1
Choice A is correct. 7. −
8 x
8 x The LCD is 8x. Now rewrite each rational
3. − expression as a fraction with the LCD as its
x −8 x −8
denominator.
The denominators are the same, so the
1 x x
difference is found by subtracting the two ⋅ =
numerators and keeping the same (common) 8 x 8x
denominator. 1 8 8
⋅ =
8 x 8− x x 8 8x
− =
x −8 x −8 x −8 Since the fractions now have a common
−1( x − 8) denominator, subtract the numerators and use
= =1 the LCD as the denominator of the sum.
x −8
1 1 x 8 x−8
Choice C is correct. − = − =
8 x 8x 8x 8x
8 x Choice G is correct.
4. −
x+8 x+8
1 1
The denominators are the same, so the 8. − =0
difference is found by subtracting the two 8x 8 x
numerators and keeping the same (common) This is because we are just subtracting a term
denominator. from itself. Choice F is correct.
8 x 8− x
− = 9.
6
+
9
x +8 x +8 x +8 5x 2x
Choice H is correct. 6(2) 9(5)
= +
x 8 5 x(2) 2 x(5)
5. −
x+8 x+8 12 + 45
=
The denominators are the same, so the 10 x
difference is found by subtracting the two
57
numerators and keeping the same (common) =
denominator. 10 x
t2 −3t t 2 − 3t y 2 − x2
22. + = Add numerators. =
t −3 t −3 t −3 x2 − y 2
t (t − 3) −1( x 2 − y 2 )
= Factor numerator. =
t −3 x2 − y2
=t Lowest terms = −1
28. The denominators are the same, so the
y2 − 3 y −18 y 2 − 3 y − 18
23. + = difference is found by subtracting the two
y+3 y+3 y+3 numerators and keeping the same (common)
( y − 6)( y + 3) denominator.
=
y+3 3a 2 + b 2 4a 2 3a 2 + b 2 − 4a 2
− =
= y−6 a 2 − b2 a 2 − b2 a 2 − b2
b2 − a 2
r 2 − 8r 15 r 2 − 8r + 15 =
24. + = a 2 − b2
r −5 r −5 r −5
(r − 5)(r − 3) −1(a 2 − b2 )
= =
r −5 a 2 − b2
=r −3 = −1
z 1
25. The denominators are the same, so the sum is 29. +
found by adding the two numerators and 5 3
keeping the same (common) denominator. The LCD is 15. Now rewrite each rational
x −3 x+3 expression as a fraction with the LCD as its
− 2 = 2 denominator.
x −9 x −9 x −9
2
z 3 3z
x+3 ⋅ =
= 5 3 15
( x + 3)( x − 3) 1 5 5
1 ⋅ =
= 3 5 15
x−3 Since the fractions now have a common
denominator, add the numerators, and use the
26. The denominators are the same, so the sum is
LCD as the denominator of the sum.
found by adding the two numerators and
z 1 3 z 5 3z + 5
keeping the same (common) denominator. + = + =
−4 −y −4 + y 5 3 15 15 15
− 2 = 2
y − 16 y − 16 y − 16
2
y−4
=
( y + 4)( y − 4)
1
=
y+4
p 4 x + 1 3x + 3
30. + 37. +
8 5 6 9
The LCD is 40. Now rewrite each rational First reduce the second fraction.
expression as a fraction with the LCD as its 3 x + 3 3( x + 1) x + 1
denominator. = =
9 9 3
p 5 5p x +1 x +1
⋅ = Now the LCD of and is 6. Thus,
8 5 40 6 3
4 8 32
⋅ = x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 2
5 8 40 + = + ⋅
6 3 6 3 2
Since the fractions now have a common
x + 1 + 2x + 2
denominator, add the numerators and use the =
LCD as the denominator of the sum. 6
p 4 5 p 32 5 p + 32 3x + 3
+ = + = =
8 5 40 40 40 6
3( x + 1) x + 1
5 r 5 2 r 7 = = .
31. − = ⋅ − ⋅ LCD = 14 6 2
7 2 7 2 2 7
10 7r 2x − 6 x + 5
= − 38. +
14 14 4 6
10 − 7r 2( x − 3) x + 5
= = +
14 4 6
x−3 x+5
20 z 20 z 3 = +
32. − = − ⋅ LCD = 9 2 6
9 3 9 3 3
x−3 3 x+5
20 − 3z = ⋅ +
= 2 3 6
9
3x − 9 + x + 5
=
3 1 3 ⋅ x 1⋅ 2 6
33. − − =− − LCD = 4 x
4 2x 4 ⋅ x 2x ⋅ 2 4x − 4
=
−3 x − 2 6
= 2(2 x − 2) 2 x − 2
4x = =
2⋅3 3
7 3 −7 a 3 4
34. − − = ⋅ − ⋅ LCD = 8a
8 2a 8 a 2a 4 x + 3 2 x + 2 x + 3 2( x + 1)
39. + = +
−7a − 12 3x 4x 3x 4x
=
8a x + 3 x +1
= +
3x 2x
7 3 7 7 3 4
35. + = ⋅ + ⋅ LCD = 28t x + 3 2 x +1 3
4t 7t 4t 7 7t 4 = ⋅ + ⋅
3x 2 2x 3
49 + 12
= 2 x + 6 + 3x + 3
28t =
6x
61
= 5x + 9
28t =
6x
8 2 8 5 2 3
36. + = ⋅ + ⋅ LCD = 15r
3r 5r 3r 5 5r 3
40 + 6
=
15r
46
=
15r
x + 2 6 x + 3 x + 2 3(2 x + 1) x −8
40. + = + 45. + 2
5x 3x 5x 3x x−2 x −4
x + 2 2x + 1 −8
= + =
x
+
5x x x − 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
x + 2 2x + 1 5
= + ⋅ x x+2 −8
5x x 5 = ⋅ +
x − 2 x + 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
x + 2 + 10 x + 5
= x( x + 2) − 8
5x =
11x + 7 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
=
5x x2 + 2 x − 8
=
( x + 2)( x − 2)
7 2 7 2 3p
41. − = − ⋅ LCD = 3 p 2 ( x + 4)( x − 2) x + 4
3 p2 p 3 p2 p 3 p = =
( x + 2)( x − 2) x + 2
7 − 6p
=
3 p2 2x −4
46. +
x − 1 x2 − 1
12 5 12 5 5m −4
42. 2
− = 2
− ⋅ LCD = 5m 2 =
2x
+
5m m 5m m 5m x − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
12 − 25m
= 2x x + 1 −4
5m 2 = ⋅ +
x − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1 2 1 k 2 k+4 2 x( x + 1) − 4
43. − = ⋅ − ⋅ =
k+4 k k+4 k k k+4 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
k 2(k + 4) 2x2 + 2 x − 4
= − =
k (k + 4) k (k + 4) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
=
k − 2k − 8
k (k + 4) =
(
2 x2 + x − 2 )
( x + 1)( x − 1)
−k − 8
= 2( x + 2)( x − 1) 2( x + 2)
k (k + 4) = =
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1
3 4
44. − 4m 2m − 1
m +1 m 47. +
m + 3m + 2
2
m + 6m + 5
2
3 m 4 m +1
= ⋅ − ⋅ LCD = m(m + 1) 4m 2m − 1
m +1 m m m +1 = +
(m + 2)(m + 1) (m + 1)(m + 5)
3m 4(m + 1)
= − 4m(m + 5)
m(m + 1) m(m + 1) =
(m + 2)(m + 1)(m + 5)
3m − 4m − 4
= (2m − 1)(m + 2)
m(m + 1) +
(m + 1)(m + 5)(m + 2)
−m − 4
=
m(m + 1)
=
( 4m 2
) (
+ 20m + 2m 2 + 3m − 2 )
(m + 2)(m + 1)(m + 5)
6m 2 + 23m − 2
=
(m + 2)(m + 1)(m + 5)
a 4a t 5−t 4
48. + 51. + − 2
a + 3a − 4
2
a + 7 a + 12
2 t+2 t t + 2t
a 4a t 5−t 4
= + = + −
(a + 4)(a − 1) (a + 4)(a + 3) t+2 t t (t + 2)
a (a + 3) t t 5−t t +2 4
= = ⋅ + ⋅ −
(a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3) t+2 t t t + 2 t (t + 2)
4a(a − 1) t ⋅ t + (5 − t )(t + 2) − 4
+ =
(a + 4)(a + 3)(a − 1) t (t + 2)
=
(a 2
) (
+ 3a + 4a 2 − 4a ) =
t 2 + 5t + 10 − t 2 − 2t − 4
(a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3) t (t + 2)
3t + 6
5a 2 − a =
= t (t + 2)
(a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3)
3(t + 2) 3
a(5a − 1) = =
= t (t + 2) t
(a + 4)(a − 1)(a + 3)
2p 2+ p −6
4y 5 52. + − 2
49. − p−3 p p − 3p
y2 − 1 y2 + 2 y + 1
2p 2+ p 6
4y 5 = + +
= − p−3 p p( p − 3)
( y + 1)( y − 1) ( y + 1)( y + 1)
2p p 2 + p p − 3 6
4 y ( y + 1) 5( y − 1) = ⋅ + ⋅ +
= − p−3 p p p − 3 p ( p − 3)
( y + 1) 2 ( y − 1) ( y + 1)2 ( y − 1)
2 p ⋅ p + (2 + p)( p − 3) + 6
=
=
(4 y 2
)
+ 4 y − (5 y − 5) p( p − 3)
( y + 1) 2 ( y − 1) 2 p2 + 2 p − 6 + p2 − 3 p + 6
=
4 y2 − y + 5 p ( p − 3)
=
( y + 1) 2 ( y − 1) 3 p2 − p
=
p( p − 3)
2x 3
50. − p(3 p − 1) 3 p − 1
x − 16
2
x + 8 x + 16
2 = =
p( p − 3) p−3
2x 3
= −
( x + 4)( x − 4) ( x + 4)( x + 4) 53.
10
+
5
2 x( x + 4) 3( x − 4) m−2 2−m
= − Consider the following.
( x + 4) ( x − 4) 2
( x + 4) 2 ( x − 4)
2 − m = −1(m − 2)
=
(2x 2
)
+ 8 x − (3x − 12) Therefore, either m − 2 or 2 − m could be
( x + 4)2 ( x − 4) used as the LCD.
2 x 2 + 5 x + 12 4 4(−1)
= 54. =
( x + 4)2 ( x − 4) k − 3 (k − 3)(−1)
−4 −4 4
= = or −
−k + 3 3 − k 3−k
−4 4
Alternative forms are or .
3−k 3−k
4 6 −1 4y − 3
55. + 57. −
x−5 5− x 1− y y −1
The two denominators, x − 5 and 5 − x, are The LCD is either 1 − y or y − 1.
opposites of each other, so either one may be We will use y − 1.
used as the common denominator. We will −1 4y − 3 −1 ⋅ − 1 4y − 3
work the exercise both ways and compare the − = −
answers. 1− y y − 1 −1 ⋅ (1 − y ) y −1
4 6 4 6(−1) 1 − (4 y − 3)
+ = + =
x − 5 5 − x x − 5 (5 − x)(−1) y −1
4 −6 1 − 4y + 3
= + =
x−5 x−5 y −1
−2 4 − 4y
= =
x−5 y −1
4 6 4(−1) 6 4(1 − y )
+ = + = = −4
x − 5 5 − x ( x − 5)(−1) 5 − x y −1
−4 6
= + −4 p +1
5− x 5− x 58. −
p−3 3− p
2 The LCD is either p − 3 or 3 − p.
=
5− x We will use p − 3.
The two answers are equivalent as shown.
−4 p +1 −4 p + 1 −1
−2 −1 2 − = − ⋅
⋅ = p − 3 3 − p p − 3 3 − p −1
x − 5 −1 5 − x
−4 −p −1
= −
10 5 p−3 p−3
56. +
m−2 2−m −4 − (− p − 1)
=
The two denominators, m − 2 and 2 − m, are p−3
opposites of each other, so either one may be p−3
used as the common denominator. We will = =1
p−3
work the exercise both ways and compare the
answers. 2 7
10 5 10 5 −1 59. +
+ = + ⋅ x−y 2
y −x2
m − 2 2 − m m − 2 2 − m −1
LCD = x − y 2 or y 2 − x
10 −5
= + We will use x − y 2 .
m−2 m−2
5 2 7
= +
m−2 x − y2 y2 − x
10 5 10 −1 5 2 −1(7)
+ = ⋅ + = +
m − 2 2 − m m − 2 −1 2 − m x− y 2
−1( y 2 − x)
−10 5 2 −7
= + = +
2−m 2−m x− y 2
− y2 + x
−5 2 −7
= = +
2−m x− y 2
x − y2
The two answers are equivalent as shown. 2 + (−7) −5
5 −1 −5 = =
⋅ = x−y 2
x − y2
m − 2 −1 2 − m