Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Æ. xi. 451.
January 2nd.
I went this afternoon, for the second time to-day, to the Soldiers’
Hospital. One of them asked me whether Paris was in Turkey. He
said the Turks were nice. Another asked me whether there wasn’t a
place where it was all water. I described Venice as best I could. On
my way to the hospital I went to the Hôtel Dresden. Metrofan has
been killed. His sister and his wife arrived in tears and in a terrible
state. He was shot by a shell.
January 3rd.
In the hospital a soldier told me two fairy tales; one was about a
wizard, and the other was in octosyllabic verse. It took twenty-five
minutes to tell. When he alluded to the “cloak of darkness” he called
it a “waterproof” cloak.
January 4th.
A cabman who drove me home last night drove me again to-day.
He said it was lucky I had taken him yesterday, because he had not
had another fare; and that he had told his comrades all about it, and
had said he would have been lost had not the Lord sent him a Barine,
and such a Barine too! (I had heavily overpaid him.) I said, “I
suppose you said, ‘God sent you a fool.’” “Oh! Barine, don’t offend
God,” he answered. The cabmen are a constant source of amusement
to me here. The other day, when I was driving, the cabman stopped
and made another one stop to admire his horse. After we drove on
again, we kept on meeting again, and every time we met we slowed
down, and the conversation about the horse and how much it had
cost was continued.
January 5th.
January 6th.
I came back to Moscow on the 10th. I saw the old year out (it is the
Russian New Year’s Eve) with the kind family who live on the floor
above mine, and with whom I always have my meals. They played
Vindt all night. When the New Year came “A happy New Year” was
drunk in champagne.
CHAPTER IX
THE BEGINNING OF THE REACTION
That is, they argue, the motto of the authorities, and that is exactly
the sentiment which arouses the indignation of the citizen. A cabman
asked some one the other day when they were going to punish “him.”
Who is “him”? he was asked. “Admiral Dubassov,” was the answer.
“Surely the Emperor will punish him for shooting at the houses.” The
energetic manner in which the rising was suppressed has, I am told,
produced a good effect in Europe; doubtless energetic measures were
not only necessary but imperative in the first instance; whether the
continuation of them now is a mistake or not only the future can
show. One fact, however, is certain, and that is that these measures
are being conducted with the same arbitrariness which has
characterised the action of the Russian police in the past, and are
causing intense exasperation. There is a word in Russian, “Proisvol,”
which means acting, like Wordsworth’s river, according to your “own
sweet will,” unheedful of, and often in defiance of, the law. It is
precisely this manner of acting which has brought about the
revolution in Russia. It is against the “Proisvol” that all the educated
classes and half the official class rebelled. And it is this very
“Proisvol” against which the whole country rose on strike, which the
Government promised should henceforth disappear, and which is at
the present moment triumphantly installed once more as the ruling
system.
Of course it may be objected that anarchy and lawless revolution
can only be met by severe repression; but the question is: Must it be
met by arbitrary and lawless repression? Hang the insurgents if you
like, but why shoot a doctor who has got nothing to do with it before
you know anything about him? To stop a newspaper like the Russkie
Viedomosti, for instance, is an act of sheer “Proisvol,” the reason
given being that it had subscription lists for workmen’s unions,
which it denies, saying that the money was for the wounded. Here I
point to my second text. All this repression seems to me utterly futile.
The future, however, can show whether this is indeed so.
In the meantime election programmes are appearing. That of the
Constitutional Democrats has come out, and is moderate in tone,
although its clauses are extensive. It insists, among other things, on
universal suffrage and an eight-hours’ day for the workmen. Here I
would point to text 3. Everybody whom I have seen in Russia in any
way connected with the working man is agreed in saying that an
eight-hours’ day is an absolute impossibility. That a Russian
workman’s eight hours means in reality about six hours. That no
factory in Russia could exist on these terms. The Constitutional
Democrats seem in this case to have omitted the factor of human
egoism and interest.
One of the gravest factors of the general situation is that Eastern
Siberia seems to be entirely in the hands of the revolutionaries, who
are apparently managing the railway and everything else with perfect
order, while the troops, anxious only to get home, are taking any
engines they can lay hands on and racing back, one train literally
racing another!
Altogether it cannot be said that the outlook is particularly
cheerful. There is one bright point so far, and that is that all parties
seem anxious to convoke the Duma. The Liberals want it, the
Conservatives want it, the Extreme Radicals sanction the elections.
The Radicals say it will be packed by the Government; but I do not
see how this is possible. They say they will let it meet, and that if it
proves “a Black Hundred Duma” they will destroy it. They call
everything which is not Radical “Black Hundred.” But, as I have said
before, and as I cannot tire of saying, it is useless to blame these
extreme parties for talking nonsense. They have been driven to this
nonsense by the still greater want of sense on the part of the
Government of Russia during the last twenty years, and in wanting to
wipe out this system altogether they are, after all, in the right. Unfair
they may be, hysterical, and absurd. So were the Jacobins; but the
absurdity, extravagance, and violence of the Jacobins were only the
logical result of the “Ancien Régime.” So it is here, although it is
misleading to compare the present movement in Russia with the
French Revolution.
And behind all the rumours and conflicts of various parties looms
the agrarian question; the ninety million peasants who till the land in
the same manner in which they tilled it four hundred years ago;
whose land from generation to generation dwindles by partition,
while the population increases. How and when is this question going
to be solved? It can only be solved by the education of the peasants
themselves; but the question is what can be done to gain time and to
make this education possible. My outlook is, perhaps, too
pessimistic. I do not know. I only feel that the whole revolutionary
movement is beyond all forces of control, and that no measures in
the world can put it back now; whether it could by wisdom be led
into safe channels is another question. Such a thing has seldom been
seen in the history of the world, and it is, after all, only out of the
past that we make the future.
To get rid of these gloomy ideas I went to the hospital, where New
Year’s Day was celebrated with great gusto; there was a Christmas-
tree, dancing and song, and it was delightful to see a little tiny boy
and a huge soldier dancing opposite each other. The Russian
peasants dance to each other, and separately, of course, like
Highlanders when they dance a reel or a schottische. It was gay and
yet rather melancholy; there were so many cripples, and it reminded
me a little of the Christmas feast described in Dostoievski’s “Letters
from a Dead House.”
January 18th.
January 20th.