Srpski XX Vek PDF

476
ɄɈɋɌȺ ɇɂɄɈɅɂȶ, ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤ

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, Ɍɪɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɉɚɲɢʄɚ 11
ɋɊɉɋɄɂ 20. ȼȿɄ – ȼȿɄ „ɂɁȽɍȻȴȿɇȿ

ɂɋɌɈɊɂȳȿ“ *
ȺɉɋɌɊȺɄɌ: ɂΩɝɽɩ ɦ 20. ɜɝɢɩ ɢɚɦ ɜɝɢɩ „ɠɟΨɩɛɾɝɥɝ“ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɝ ɨɧΫɨɢɦΨ ɥɚɧɦ-
Ωɚ Ϋɧɜɠ ɨɩ ɠɟɥɝɣɠ ΫɦɽɝΩɠɥɠ ɨɧΫɨɢɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɚɧɠ. Ɍɚ ɠΩɝɽɚ ɽɦɮ ɩɜɝɢ ɥɝɤɚ ɨɜɦɽɝ
ɠɨΪɦɧɠɦΨɧɚɪɨɢɦ ɤɝɨΪɦ, ɢɚɦ ɮΪɦ ɽɦɮ ɩɜɝɢ ɥɝ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɠ ɥɠ Ϋɦɢɩɮɚɽ „ɨɜɦɷɝɿɚ
ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɨɢɦΨ ɛɠɣɚɥɨɚ“ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɝ Ϊɦɢɦɤ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɚɿɚ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɝ Ωɧ-
ɞɚɜɝ. ɍ ɦɜɦɤ ɧɚΩɩ Ωɚɽɩ ɨɝ ɦɨɥɦɜɥɠ ɝɣɝɤɝɥΪɠ ɢɦɽɠ ɛɠ ɦɛɽɚɨɥɠɣɠ ɮΪɚ ΫɦΩɧɚ-
ɟɩɤɝɜɚ ɠΩɝɽɚ ɦ „ɩɣɩΩɦ ΫɦΪɧɦɮɝɥɦɤ“ ɜɝɢɩ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɝ.
ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ȳɭɠɧɢɯ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɧɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ-

ɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɟ, ɩɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ
ɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɋɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ. ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɬɪɨɲɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɩɪɟɲɚɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɟɮɚɧɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ
ɝɭɛʂɟʃɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ – 1,247 ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ – 43% ɭɤɭɩ-
ɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɟ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ. ȼɟʄ 1917. ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟʃɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɦɭɲɤɨɝ ɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɭ ɪɚɬ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ
ɭ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɨ. Ɂɚ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚʃɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɬɚ ɪɚɬɚ, ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚɥɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢ-
ɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɦɟʃɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɭ – ɨɞɪɟɤɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɮɚɧɡɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɚ
ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ.1
ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɛɪɠɢ ɨɞ ɫɚɡɪɟɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɭɛʂɟɝ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ
ɫɚɦɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɡɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɟ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢʁɨɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ „ɩɥɟɦɟ“ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ. ɋɪɛɢ (ɢ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢ) ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɢ 1918. ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ. ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ
* Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ (ɇɝ)ɩɨΫɝɮɥɚ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɚɬɠɽɚ – (ɥɝ)Ωɦ-

ɜɧɮɝɥɚ ɤɦΩɝɧɥɠɟɚɬɠɽɚ: ɆɝɷɩɥɚɧɦΩɥɠ Ϋɦɣɦɞɚɽ ɠ ɩɥɩΪɧɚɮɿɠ ɧɚɟɜɦɽ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɠ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠ-
ɽɝ 1921–1991 (ɛɪ. 147039) ɤɨʁɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɭɤɭ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.
1 Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞ ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɋΪɜɚɧɚɿɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ 1790–1918, II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1989, 833–838.
ɋɧΫɨɢɠ 20. ɜɝɢ – ɜɝɢ „ɠɟΨɩɛɾɝɥɝ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɝ“ 477
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɯɨʄɟ ɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦ

ɛɭɞɭʄɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ. Ɍɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɪɚɧɨ ɫɭ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɚ, ɡɚ ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɥɨɝɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɝɚɪɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɢ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɨɝ 1914. Ʉɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨ, ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɨ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɨ ɩɨɬɢɫɤɢ-
ɜɚʃɭ ɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɱɢʁɟɝ ɬɭɻɟɝ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ.2 Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ʃɟɧɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɟɫɢɦɢɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ.
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ,
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɦ.
ȵɢɯɨɜɨ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ ɥɨʁɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ, ɚ
ɭ ʃɨʁ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɭ, ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ, ɞɪ-
ɠɚɜɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢ. ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɟ ɩɨɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɫɭ ɩɨ-
ɱɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚʁɭ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɨ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ
ɨɞɭɩɪɟ.3
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ. ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ: ɩɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɭʁɟɞɢ-
ʃɟʃɚ, ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɦ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɭ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɢ-
ɡɦɚ (ɬɪɨɢɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ) ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɢ
ɨɞɫɥɢɤɚɜɚɨ ɠɟʂɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ. ɑɢ-
ɧɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ ɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ. Ɍɚ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɜɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ: ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ „ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ“ ɢ ɩɚɫɢɜɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɋɪɛɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ɭɡ
ɧɟɫɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨ ɩɨɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.
Ɍɚɤɜɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɜɨɪɚ-
ɡɪɟɞɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ: ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜɟɫɧɚ „ɦɢɥɟɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɚ“ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɡɛɢɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟʃɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɰɢɜɢ-
ɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɜɟɪɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ
ɩɨɬɤɨɩɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɢ ɧɢɫɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ. ɂɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ „ɩɨɜɢʁɟɫɧɨɦ
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ“, ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɨɩɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɛɨʁɤɨɬɚ, ɫɥɚɥɢ ɟɦɢɫɚɪɟ ɭ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɭɩɥɟɥɚ ɭ ɡɚɦɤɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ.4
Ⱦɢɥɟɦɟ ɨɤɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɪɚɡʁɟɞɢɧɢɥɟ
ɫɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɏɋ. Ɍɚ ɩɨɞɟ-
ɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɬɪɚʁɚɧ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ. ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɭʁɭ, ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɧɟɝɢɪɚɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ
2 Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɉɧɜɠ ɨɜɝΪɨɢɠ ɧɚΪ, ɉɧɝɢɧɝΪɥɠɬɝ ɥɦɜɠɽɝ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɝ, I, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟ-
ɜɚɰ 1995, 91–92.
3 Aleksa Ĉilas, Osporavana zemlja, Beograd, 1990, 91–92.
4 Branko Petranoviü, Srbija u Drugom svetskom ratu, Beograd 1992, 20–21.
478 Ʉɨɫɬɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ, 2/2008
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɨɤɭɩɢɥɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ; ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɭʁɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɫɢ-

ɫɬɢɪɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɚɥɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. ɇɚʁɫɥɚɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɚ
ɡɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ.5
ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ, ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɤ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɦɨ-
ɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɛɨɪɛɭ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɭ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɭ ɧɢʁɚɧɫɚɦɚ
ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɰɢ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢɯ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ. ɍ ȳɭ-
ɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɭɧɟɬɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɨ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ, ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ,
Ȼɟɱ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɡɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɨ „ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ“ ɭʁɟɞɢ-
ʃɟʃɟ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɤɨɞ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɨ ɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɭɪɟɻɟ-
ʃɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ, ɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɰɢʂ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɚ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ.6
Ʉɨɪɟɧɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɧɚ-
ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɢɯ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɫɬɚ, ɪɟɝɪɭɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ, ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɚ
ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ ɨ ɨɬɰɟɩʂɟʃɭ ɨɞ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ. ɂɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ
ɫɭ ɞɚɥɢ ɫɚɛɨɪɫɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɂɜɚɧ ɉɟɪɲɢʄ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɚɰ ɞɪ Ʉɟɪɭɛɢɧ
ɒɟɝɜɢʄ. ɉɪɜɢ ɬɚʁɧɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɨɞɪɠɚɧ ʁɟ 12. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1918. ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ.7 ɍ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɚ
ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɡɚɠɢɜɟɥɚ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɡɦɚ: ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɢʂɭ, ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ „ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɥɭɻɟɧɢɯ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɚ“. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ
ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɢ, „ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ʄɟ ɨɞɢɫɚɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɞɭɯɨɦ“. ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ Ɋɚɞɢʄ
ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɪɯɢʁɨɦ ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɦ
ɫɟʂɚɲɬɜɭ, Ʉ. ɒɟɝɜɢʄ ɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ, ɞɪ Ʌɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ ɉɨɥɢʄ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɨʁ
ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɢ, ɚ ȼʁɟɤɨɫɥɚɜ Ʉɥɚɢʄ ɧɚɭɱɧɨʁ ɟɥɢɬɢ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɰɢʂ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ: ɩɨ
ɫɜɚɤɭ ɰɟɧɭ ɩɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɨɬɩɨɪ „ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɢɞɟʁɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ“, ɪɭɲɟʄɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢ
ɢ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɛɢɥɢɬɟɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ, ɚ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɬɢ „ɯɪɜɚɬ-
ɫɤɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɬɜɨ“.8
ɍ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ: ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɋɪɛɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱ-
ɤɨ ɫɥɚɦɚʃɟ ɪɚɡʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɬɨɬɚɥɧɚ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ
ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ɉɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɬɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ Ɋɚɞɢʄ. ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɨɦ ɧɟ-
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ, ɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ – ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɦɢɪɟʃɚ
ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ʁɟ ɭɲɚɨ ɭ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɟ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ.9
5 Ȼɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ, ɉɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɝ ɠ Ωɧɞɚɜɥɦ ɩɧɝɷɝɿɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ 1918–1929,

ȼɨʁɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ, 3/1991, 3, 84.
6 ɂɨΪɦ, 93.
7 ȭɨɪɻɟ ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɇɠɢɦɣɚ ɉɚɮɠʀ ɠ ɏɧɜɚΪɠ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995, 27.
8 ɂɨΪɦ, 28.
9 ɂɨΪɦ, 32–33.
Ɉɞ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ I Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ (1934) ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɢɞɟ-

ɨɥɨɲɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɨɤɪɟɬ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ
ɤɨɧɤɨɪɞɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ, ɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɭ
ɭ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɩɰɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ.
Ɉɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɟɪɭɩɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɠɟɬɢɯ ɧɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ. Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ „ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɯ“ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɧɚɞɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ,
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ,
ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɱɤɚ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɰɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɦɪɠʃɭ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɟɦɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɋɬɨʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ
ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧ-
ɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ʉɨɪɨɲɟɰ, ɋɬɨʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɟɜ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɨɧɢ ɩɚɪɬ-
ɧɟɪ, ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚɨ ɫɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɦɚ, ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ
ɪɚɞ ɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧ ɤɚ ɨɞɜɚʁɚʃɭ
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɨɞ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɛɢɜɲɟ ɯɚɛ-
ɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɥɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ.10
„ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ“ ɫɥɚɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞ-
ɧɢɰɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɋɬɨʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ,
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1930-ɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɨ Ⱥ.
Ʉɨɪɨɲɟɰ; ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɢɝɪɚɨ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ ɋɩɚɯɨ, ɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟ-
ɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ, ɜɚɧ ɞɨɦɟɬɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɢ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɜɚɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ „ɫɪɩɫɤɢ
ɟɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɢɡɚɦ“ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɰɟɩɚɧ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɢɞɟʁɧɨ.11
ȼɥɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɋɬɨʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɨɛɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɩɨɥɚɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɧɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ, ɞɟɡɚɜɭɢɫɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɋɜɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɭɝɪɨɡɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ʁɟɞɢɧ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɦɫɚɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɟ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ
ʁɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɥɚɞɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɢɲɟ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɢʄɚ.
ɍɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɪɢɝɚ ɡɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ
ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ. ɇɢɲɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɱɢʃɟ-
ɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɡɚɨɤɪɭɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. ɂɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɦɚɬɢɰɚ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɢɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɝɨ-
ɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ 1941. ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɢɧ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚɥɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ,
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.
ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɭ ɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ, ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɫɬ. Ɉɞ 1929. ʃɟɧɚ ɬɟ-
10 ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɀɭɬɢʄ, ɋɦɢɦɣɠ (ɂΩɝɦɣɦΨɠɽɚ ɩ ɪɠɟɠɭɢɦɽ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɠ Ʉɧɚɾɝɜɠɥɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ 1929–1941),

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1991, 139, 142–143, 145.
11 ɂɨΪɦ, 117–118.
ɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɬ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɭ-
ɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɨɡ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ, ɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɫɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɦ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɩɨɥɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɻɟɧ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ-
ɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ɪɚɫɭɬɢɯ ɟɧɤɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ
ɦɚɬɢɰɨɦ.12 Ɍɚʁ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧ.
ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɭɫɩɚɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. ȼɥɚ-
ɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɚ ɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɭɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɭ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ. Ȼɚɧɨɜɢɧɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɭ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ ɢ ɨɞ
ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɨɞ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɭ ɤɨɦɭ-
ɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɞɨ 1974. ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ, ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɜɨɻɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɟ
ɡɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɥɟ ɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɚɜɚʃɭ
ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɦɚʃɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ.
ɉɪɟɜɥɚɫɬ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɜɨʁɫɰɢ, ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ-
ɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɞ ɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨʁ ɦɨʄɢ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɝɭɛɧɚ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɚ. ɍ ɜɨʁɫɤɭ
Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɦʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ 2.500 ɛɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɦɧɨ-
ɝɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɰɢɜɢɥ-
ɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ 1914. ɭ Ɇɚɱɜɢ. ɉɪɢɦʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɤɨ 500 ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɨɮɢɰɢɪɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɩɪɟɜɥɚɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɭ
ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɢɡ ɛɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ (ɬɡɜ. ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɋɪɛɢ). ɍ 24
ɜɥɚɞɟ (ɨɞ 1918. ɞɨ 1929) ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɚ-
ɠɧɢʁɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ. ɇɚ ɱɟɥɭ 23 ɜɥɚɞɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ. ɋɚɦɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ
ɜɥɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɨ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɰ (Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ʉɨɪɨɲɟɰ). ɋɜɚ ɤʂɭɱɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɭɡɢ-
ɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢ – ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɦɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɨ ʁɟ ɏɪɜɚɬ (Ⱥɧɬɟ Ɍɪɭɦɛɢʄ) ɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ
ɞɟɥɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɰ (Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ʉɨɪɨɲɟɰ). ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɱɚɧɭ
ɩɪɟɜɥɚɫɬ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ.13 ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɥɢɛɟ-
ɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɞɨɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɜɟʄ ɛɢɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɟ (ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ) ʁɨɲ ɛɪɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭ, ɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɡɚɨ-
ɫɬɚɥɢʁɟ (ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ) ɫɩɨɪɢʁɟ. ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɚɦ ɩɭɬɚ ɜɟ-
ʄɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ; ɨɞ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ (2,5 ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɢ
ɞɢɧɚɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 1928) ɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɢɦ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɜɟ ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɟ.14
ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɬɢɦɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɩɨɪɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɟɝɟ-
ɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ. Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɭ ɉɪɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ. ɋɬɚɪɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ (ɲɤɨɥɨɜɚɧɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɤɚɞɚɪ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɜɟɤɚ), ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɟɥɚ ɬɟɪɟɬ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢɯ
12 Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɉɟɬɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɦ ɠɨɢɩɨΪɜɦ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɝ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɚɬɠɽɝ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

1993, 15.
13 Ȼɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ, ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨΪɜɦ ɠɟɤɝɷɩ Ωɜɚ ɧɚΪɚ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚ-
ɫɨɩɢɫ, ɛɪ. 1–4, 1986, 84.
14 ɂɨΪɦ, 87.
ɪɚɬɨɜɚ, ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱ-

ɤɢɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɨɦ.15 Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚɧ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɧɟɦɨʄ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɬɟɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɫɭɞɛɨɧɨɫɧɢɦ
ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢɦɚ ɭɨɱɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.
ȳɟɞɢɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɢɬɚ-
ʃɟɦ ɭ ɛɭɪɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɨɱɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ
ɤɥɭɛ (ɋɄɄ), ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1937. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ,
Ʉɥɭɛ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ,
ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɭɫɤɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɱɟɥɧɢɰɢ Ʉɥɭɛɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɡɚɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɋɪɛɢ-
ɦɚ. ɂɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɚʃɢɧɚ: ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ.16
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɤɥɭɛ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚɨ ɧɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɭ, ɧɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ. Ɉɲɬɪɨ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɬɟɦɟʂɟɧ ɧɚ
ɝɭɲɟʃɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ. ɂɞɟɨɥɨɡɢ Ʉɥɭɛɚ ɩɪɨɰɟʃɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɢɡ „ɬɟɲɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɭɠɞɟ“, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɨɩ-
ɫɬɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɭɬ ɞɨ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɋɄɄ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɭ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ, ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ. ȿɬɧɢɱɤɢ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɭ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɦɟɲɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ. ɉɢɫɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɟɬɧɨ-
ɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɢɦ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ („Ƚɞɟ ɝɨɞ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɚ, ɬɭ ʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ“). ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɧɚ-
ɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɬɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɧ
ɯɟɞɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɞɭɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ.
ɋɄɄ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɨ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɮɪɨɧɬ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ-
ɲɬɢɬɢɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ. Ⱦɨ ɬɨɝɚ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ-
ʃɚ Ȼɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ. ɋɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ-Ɇɚɱɟɤ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɧ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɰɢ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɬɜɨɪɰɢ ɋɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ
ɬɟɠɚɤ ɭɞɚɪɚɰ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ, ɩɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɩɪɜɚɤɚ Ʉɥɭɛɚ, ɡɚɞɚɥɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ
Ȼɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʃɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɦɢɥɢɨɧ ɋɪɛɚ. ɋɬɟɜɚɧ Ɇɨʂɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɨ
„ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ Ɇɢɧɯɟɧɭ“; ɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ
ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɦɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɟɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ; Ⱦɪɚɝɢɲɚ ȼɚɫɢʄ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɢɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.17
ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɢɡʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɢ-
ɰɟ Ȼɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɭ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɡɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞ Ʉɥɭɛ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɭ ɲɬɨ ɯɢɬɧɢʁɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1940. ɭɪɚɻɟɧ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ „ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ“. ɉɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ, ȼɪɛɚɫɤɚ, Ⱦɪɢɧɫɤɚ,
Ⱦɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ, Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɚ, Ɂɟɬɫɤɚ ɢ ȼɚɪɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɩɨʁɢɥɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ,
15 Ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɦ ɠɨɢɩɨΪɜɦ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɝ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɚɬɠɽɝ, 27.

16 ȴɭɛɨɞɪɚɝ Ⱦɢɦɢʄ, ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɥɠ ɢɣɩɛ ɠɟɤɝɷɩ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɝ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɢɝ, Ʉʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ, ɛɪ.
9–10, 1993, 858–903.
17 ɇɟɛɨʁɲɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɥɠ ɢɣɩɛ 1937–1941, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ, ɛɪ. 1–2, 1989,
120–121, 126.
ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ „ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ“, ɫɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟɦ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ „ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ“

ɜɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɡɨɜɢ Ȼɪɱɤɨ, Ɍɪɚɜɧɢɤ ɢ Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ Ȼɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ.
ɇɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɋΫɦɧɚɟɩɤɦɤ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟ-
ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɧɟɞɟɮɢɧɢ-
ɫɚɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɤɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɞ Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɪɚʁɯɚ, ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ
ʁɚɱɟɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚʃɚ Ʉɥɭɛɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢ ɦɨɝɭ
ɫɟ ɝɪɭɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ: ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɛɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɠɢɜɟ-
ɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɢ „ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɻɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢɦɚ“,
ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɦɭɞɪɨɲʄɭ ɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ;
ɢɫɤɪɟɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ; ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ; ɛɭɻɟʃɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɚ
ɢ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.
ɋɊɉɋɄɈ ȾɊɍɒɌȼɈ ɍ 20. ȼȿɄɍ

ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɨɦ
ɟɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɞɟʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ (1878). ɂɞɟʁɚ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɚ-
ɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧ ɨɞ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɢɡɪɨɞɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɧɨɫɬ
ɞɭɯɚ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɧɟɢɫɬɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɞɧɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ
ɡɚ ɨɞɪɢɰɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɬɟɤ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ ɞɨɧɟɥɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɢɡɨ-
ɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ.
ɉɪɜɢ ɧɨɜɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɲɚɨ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɢɨ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɨ „ɡɚɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ“, ɬʁ. ɨ „ɧɟɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɭɬɚ“ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ȵɟɝɨɜɢ ɫɥɟɞɛɟɧɢɰɢ, ɨɥɢɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɝɨ
ɜɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ, ɭɬɟɦɟʂɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟ-
ɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɨ ɭɛɪɡɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɤɪɚʄɟʃɭ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ,
ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɬɚʃɟ“.18
Ɍɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɢɡɚɡɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. ɂɡ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɢɤɚɨ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɟɧ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɚɧ
ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɥɢɧɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ ɤɚɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪ-
ɧɨ-ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɨɛɥɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ“ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɚɧɬɢɧɢɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ,
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɟɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ-ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɦɢɬɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ
ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞʃɚɱɤɢ ɫɨɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɩɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭ ɩɪɟ-
ɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɭ, ɱɢʁɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɡɦɚ,
18 Ʌɚɬɢɧɤɚ ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠ 19. ɜɝɢɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995, 18.

ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɬɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, ɜɟʄ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ

ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɭ ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɭɤʂɭ-
ɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɭɞɚ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɝɥɨɪɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɢɞɧɢ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɫɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɨɦ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ „ɧɚɪɨɞʃɚɱɤɨɝ“ ɭɫɦɟɪɟʃɚ ʁɨɲ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɤɚɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.19
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɚ ɫɜɟɫɬ. ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɤɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɟ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɯɜɚɬɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɨ „ɧɨɜɨɦ“ ɤɚɨ ɨ ɧɟɱɟɦɭ ɲɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɢ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ
ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɦ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ. ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɱɭɞɧɭ ɫɤɥɨ-
ɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɭɥɚɡɟ ɭɡ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞ-
ɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɢɤɚɞɚ ɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɟɲɚɨ
ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɬɫɤɨɝ, ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɭ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ. ɇɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɤ
ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ, ɤɚɨ ɧɨɜɨ ɪɚɻɚʃɟ. ɍɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢ
ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɨɱʂɢɜ ɤɨɞ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ.
Ɇɢɬɫɤɨ ɢ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɛɢɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧ-
ɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ, ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɮɚɤ-
ɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɱɢɧɢ ɨɧɚɤɜɢɦ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɨɧ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ
ɨɞ ɡɪɟɥɢɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɚ ɲɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɨɝ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ.
ɂɚɤɨ ɦɢɬɫɤɢ, ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬ-
ɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ, ɚ ɦɢɬɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɫɟ ɡɚɦɟʃɭʁɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ Ɇɢɨɞɪɚɝ
ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɢɫɮɨɪɫɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɟɝɡɚɥɬɚɰɢʁɟ: „ɋɚ-
ɜɧɝɤɝɥɦ ɤɠɮɾɝɿɝ, ɩ ɦɨɥɦɜɠ ɢɧɠΪɠɭɢɦ, ɩɨɤɝɧɝɥɦ ɽɝ ɠ Ϋɧɝɤɚ ɥɚɤɚ ɨɚɤɠɤɚ, Ϋɧɝ-
ɤɚ ɚɜɝΪɠɤɚ ɢɦɽɝ ɠɟɜɠɧɩ ɠɟ ɥɚɨ, ɢɚɦ ɠ Ϋɧɝɤɚ ɪɚɨɬɠɥɚɬɠɽɚɤɚ ɠ ɨΪɧɚɮɠɣɠɤɚ ɢɦɽɚ
Ωɝɣɩɽɩ ɠɟ ɟɚɦɨΪɚɣɝ ɨɧɝΩɠɥɝ ɥɚ ɭɦɜɝɢɦɜɩ ɨɜɝɨΪ. ȼɚɾɚ ΫɧɠɟɥɚΪɠ Ωɚ ɨɤɦ ɦɥɦ ɮΪɦ
ɽɝɨɤɦ Ωɚ ɛɠɨɤɦ, ɝɤɚɥɬɠΫɦɜɚɥɠ ɦΩ ɨɣɝΫɦΨ ɧɦɛɦɜɚɿɚ ɨɜɝɤɩ ɮΪɦ ɨɤɦ ɥɚɨɣɝΩɠɣɠ ɦΩ
ɠɨɢɦɥɚ, ɤɦΨɣɠ Ωɚ ɛɩΩɝɤɦ ɦɥɦ ɮΪɦ ɛɠɨɤɦ ɫΪɝɣɠ Ωɚ ɽɝɨɤɦ“.20
ɇɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɦɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ-
ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɢ, ɢɦɩɭɥɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɭʁɭ, ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɫɭ-
ɻɭʁɭ, ɫɤɥɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɦɟʃɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɚ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ, ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ
19 ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɚɲɢʄ ʁɟ 1887, ɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɭ, ɨɩɬɭɠɢɜɚɨ Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɭ ɢ ɇɚ-
ɩɪɟɞɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɭ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɠɟɥɟ, ɩɪɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ, ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ
„ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɦɚɥɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ, ɧɟ ɨɛɚɡɢɪɭʄɢ ɩɚɠʃɢ ɧɢ ɧɚɲɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ“.
ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ, ɉɚɲɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɢɦɚ „ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɛɪɢɯ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɩɭʃɚɜɚɬɢ ɨɧɢɦ ɞɢɜɧɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ-
ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɚ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɥɚɜɟɧɨɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɭɯɭ“. (ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ:
ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɚɲɢʄ, ɋɣɦΨɚ ɋɧɛɦ-ɏɧɜɚΪɚ. ɉɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ: ȭɨɪɻɟ ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 156).
20 Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ȼɠΩɦɜΩɚɥ ɠ ɭɚɨɥɠ ɢɧɨΪ. ɈΨɣɝΩɠ ɠɟ ɢɿɠɞɝɜɥɝ ɚɧɫɝɦɣɦΨɠɽɝ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1977, 136.
ɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ, ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɪɟʄɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ)

ɢ ɛɭɧɬɚ, ɬʁ. ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɍʁɟɞɢʃɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɤɨ ɜɨɻɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɟʄɚʃɚ,
ɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɚ ɨɛɟʄɚʃɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɟʃɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɜɨɻɟ. ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɟɦɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɨɮɨɪɦʂɟɧ ɜɟɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ, ɩɚ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɟ
ɢɧɮɟɪɢɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɻɭʁɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɚɦɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɚʁɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɧɢɠɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɢ
ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨɝ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ, ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ ɧɟɭɤɨɪɟʃɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɮɢ-
ɥɢɫɚɧɢ, ɲɬɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɟ ɡɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ.
ɂ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɟɥɢɬɭ ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɧɭ ɞɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ. ȳɨɲ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɢ ɭɨɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ
ɧɢɜɨɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɚ.21 ȼɢɲɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɚ. ɇɢɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɛɢɬɧɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɢ
ɩɪɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ „ɩɨɥɭɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ“ ɢ
ʃɟɧɨ „ɩɨɥɭɡɧɚʃɟ“ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɨ „ɬɭɦɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛʂɢɜɨɲʄɭ“, ɬʁ. „ɟɤɥɟɤ-
ɬɢɰɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɥɟɬɚɧɬɢɡɦɨɦ“ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟ-
ɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɜɨɻɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɜɨʂɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɚɧ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. Ɍɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɡɜ. ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɦ ɤɨ-
ʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɦɟʃɚ. ɋɜɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ
ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɫɚɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ
ɇɢɤɨɥɚʁɟɜɢʄ, ɬɚɤɜɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɚ ɞɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɋɪ-
ɛɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɛɨɤ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɜɟʄɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ. ɂɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ „ɡɚɩɚɞʃɚɱɤɨɦ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ“
ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ, ɫɜɟɫɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɜɟɫɧɨ, ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɢʁɟ „ɞɟɦɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɞʃɚɱɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɬɟ ɪɟɱɢ“ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɞɟɦɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɛɢɬɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ. 22
ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɧɟ-
ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɚɦɨ „ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɟ ɮɚɫɚɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ“. ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɤɭ
ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ. ɉɟ-
ɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢ-
ɜɢɡɦɚ. ɍ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɨɬɩɨɪɧɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ
ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɛɨʂɲɟɜɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɞɪɠɚɜ-
ɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ,
ɚɥɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɟɥɟ-
ɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɫɬ: ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɫɜɨʁɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ, ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ,
21 Ʌ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠ, 22.

22 ɂɨΪɦ, 23.
ʂɭɞɫɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ.23 ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞ-

ɫɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɥɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ,
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɨɦ, ɨɞɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ ȳ. Ȼ.
Ɍɢɬɚ 1972. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ „ɬɪɨɢɦɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“
ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ, ɧɚɞɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɧɟɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɠɟʂɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɧɢʁɟɞɧɚ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɲɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɫɟɦ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ. ɑɚɤ ʁɟ ɢ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɱɤɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚ-
ɬɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ, ɞɨɤ
ʁɟ ɉɨʂɫɤɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɍɫɬɚɜ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɨ
ɞɚ ɚɫɢɦɢɥɭʁɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɟ.24
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɚɮɢɪɦɢɫɚɥɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɢɯ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɤɚɨ „ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ“ ɨɞ „ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɯɟɝɟɦɨ-
ɧɢɡɦɚ“. Ɉɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧ
ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɧɟɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɬɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ – ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ
(ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢ ɢ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɰɢ) ɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟ-
ɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ (ɧɚɰɢʁɟ). Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ
ɫɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ“, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɨ „ɡɚɭɜɟɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɨɦ“
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ɬɟɦɟʂɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɮɟɞɟ-
ɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɨ ɨɬɰɟɩʂɟʃɚ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ.
ɍ ɪɚɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ ɭɱɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ (ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ), ɧɟɫɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɭɝʃɟɬɚɜɚ-
ʃɟ. Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ, ɩɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɬɪɨɲɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ, ɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɛɢ-
ɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɨɫɬ ɭɫɩɟɥɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɜɨ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ɤɚɤɜɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɢ
„ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ“ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ. ɉɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɚ
ɩɚɪɨɥɚ „ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ“ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɩɨɲɬɟɞɧɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ
ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ, ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ, ɛɢɥɟ ɨɩɲɬɟʁɭ-
ɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ.25
ɍɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɭ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɢ-
ɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɭɲɟɜʂɟʃɟɦ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɦɥɚɞɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɥɢ ɬɭ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭ. ɑɢɧɢɥɨ
23 Latinka Peroviü, Izmeÿu anarhije i autokratije. Srpsko društvo na prelazima vekova, Beograd
2007, 52–53.
24 Ɇ. Ɇɚzower, Dark Continen: Europe’s Twentieth Century, London 1998, 7.
25 A. Ĉilas, Osporavana zemlja, 233.
ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ „ɞɢɲɭ, ɦɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɫɟʄɚʁɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ“. ɋɜɚɤɨ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ

ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬiɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɤɚɠʃɚɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɩɚɤ „ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɞɭ“. Ɉɫɢɦ
ɬɨɝɚ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɋɪ-
ɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ jeɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ
ɢɡɛɪɢɫɚɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɬɢɫɤɢɜɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɚʁɧɢɦ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɦɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɩɪɟ
ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ Ʉɉȳ/ɋɄȳ. ɋɜɟ
ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɧɢʁɟ
ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɪɟ ɭ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.26
Ɍɚʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɪɭɲɚɜɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɪɚɧɨ, ɜɟʄ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ
50-ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɜɪɯ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɭ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɞɢɥɟɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɚɱɚɬɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ. Ɂɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɬɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɝ
ɧɚɞ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɛɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɲʄɭ ɨɞ
ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ (ɟɬɚɬɢ-
ɡɦɚ). ɋɢɝɧɚɥ ʁɟ ɞɚɨ ȿɞɜɚɪɞ Ʉɚɪɞɟʂ ɜɟʄ 1957. ɭ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ
Ɋɚɟɜɦɽ ɨɣɦɜɝɥɚɭɢɦΨ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɦΨ ΫɠΪɚɿɚ (ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ). Ɉɧ
ʁɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɟ „ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ“ ɢ ɚɮɢɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ „ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ“ ɤɚɨ „ɛɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ“ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ
ɫɚ „ɨɫɬɚɰɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɯɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɡɦɚ“, ɚ ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ
ɫɚ „ɨɫɬɚɰɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ“. ɂɞɟʁɚ „ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ“ Ʉɚɪ-
ɞɟʂɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ“ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɧ ɭ
ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ.
Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɜɨɝ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɢɫɬɪɚʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɚ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɐɄ ɋɄȳ 6. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1958. ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɚ „ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɩɨ
ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɭɞɚɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ“ ɢ ɞɚ ɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɤɚɨ ɨ
„ɧɟɤɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ, ɢɚɤɨ ɧɚɫ ɨɜɞɟ ɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ“.27 Ɂɚɯɬɟɜɚɨ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɋɄȳ ɜɪɚɬɢ „ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ.“ ɇɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɱɭɥɟ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɋɄȳ (ȴɭɛʂɚɧɚ, 22–26. ɚɩɪɢɥ 1958). Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɚ „ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɛɢʄɚ“ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɚ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢ (ɑɟɞɨ Ʉɚɩɨɪ ɢ ɇɢʁɚɡ Ⱦɢɡɞɚɪɟɜɢʄ) ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ
ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢ „ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɥɢʁɟɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ“.28 Ⱥɥɢ,
ɩɪɟɜɚɝɧɭɨ ʁɟ Ʉɚɪɞɟʂɟɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ – ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ. „Ȼɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ“ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɚɦɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚ „ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɯɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɡɦɚ“, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɚɥɨ ɧɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ „ɨɞɭɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ“ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɫɨɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ.
26 Isto, 260–261.
27 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ȴɭɛɨɞɪɚɝ Ⱦɢɦɢʄ, ɂɨΪɦɧɠɽɚ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ ΩɧɞɚɜɥɦɨΪɠ. ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɩ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɠ,
ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2001, 365.
28 ɂɨΪɦ, 366.
ɂɞɟʁɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɚ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢ-
ɫɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɜɟɡɢɜɧɨ ɬɤɢɜɨ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɭɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɢ ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ-
ɫɥɢɤɚɜɚɨ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɧɢɡɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɨ ɨɞɭɦɢɪɚʃɭ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ.
ɇɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ 1971. ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɭ-
ʁɭ ɤɚɨ „ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɢ“, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɭ ɩɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɬɭ ɨɩɰɢʁɭ
ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɥɨ ʃɢɯ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɢɥɢɨɧ ɢ ɩɨ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱ-
ɤɨɝ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɚ ɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɫɮɟɪɢ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɟɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɢ ɧɢ
ɩɨ ɦɨʁɭ ɰɟɧɭ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ
ʁɚɫɚɧ ɰɢɧɢɱɚɧ ɫɬɚɜ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ Ɇɢɥɟɧɬɢʁɟ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɢɱ-
ɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɚ: „ɉɦɢɚɟɚɣɦ ɨɝ, ɩ Ωɠɨɢɩɨɠɽɚɤɚ Ωɚ ɠ ɥɝɢɠ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠ Ωɚɾɠ ɧɚɟɜɦɽ ɥɚ-
ɮɝΨ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɚ ɟɚɤɠɮɾɚɽɩ ɦɜɚɢɦ: ɥɚɬɠɽɝ ɨɩ ɢɚɦ ɦɨΪɚΪɚɢ ɨΪɚɧɦΨ ɛɠʀɝ Ϋɧɝɜɚɟɠɷɝɥɝ
ɠ ɨΪɜɦɧɠʀɝ ɨɝ ’ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɚ’ ɠ ’ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɦ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɦ’, ’ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɦ ɦɨɝʀɚɿɝ’,
’ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥ’. ɇɚ ΫɠΪɚɿɝ ɢɦɽɠɤ ʀɝ ɽɝɟɠɢɦɤ ΨɦɜɦɧɠΪɠ ɦɜɠ ’ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɠ’, ɠɨΫɦɨΪɚɜɠ-
ɣɦ ɨɝ Ωɚ ɦɥɠ ɤɠɨɣɝ, ɭɚɢ ɠ ɥɝ ɤɠɨɣɝ, ɥɝΨɦ ɨɝ ɥɝɢɚɢɦ ɨɚɤɦ Ϋɦ ɨɝɛɠ ɧɚɟɩɤɝ, ɢɚɦ ɨΪɜɚɧ
ɦ ɢɦɽɦɽ ɥɝɤɚ ɮΪɚ ɥɠ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɧɚɟΨɦɜɚɧɚ, Ωɚ ʀɝ ɦɥɠ ΨɦɜɦɧɠΪɠ ɨɧΫɨɢɦɫɧɜɚΪɨɢɠɤ ɽɝɟɠ-
ɢɦɤ. Ⱥ ɟɚɮΪɦ? ɈɭɠΨɣɝΩɥɦ ɠɟɚ ɦɜɚɢɜɦΨ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨΪɜɚ ɨΪɦɽɠ ɠΩɝɽɚ ɦ ɚɨɠɤɠɣɚɬɠɽɠ
ɢɩɣΪɩɧɚ ɤɚɿɠɫ ɥɚɬɠɽɚ ɩ ɜɝʀɝ. Ⱥ ɮΪɚ ɽɝ Ϊɦ ɠ ɢɚɢɜɝ Ϊɦ ɜɝɟɝ ɠɤɚ ɨɚ ɤɚɧɢɨɠɟɤɦɤ?
ɍ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ ɽɝ ΩɦɨΪɚ ɧɚɮɠɧɝɥɦ ɨɫɜɚΪɚɿɝ, ɢɦɽɝ ɨɝ ɥɚɧɦɭɠΪɦ ɽɚɜɾɚ ɩ ɤɣɚΩɠɫ Ψɝɥɝɧɚ-
ɬɠɽɚ, (ɚɣɠ Ϊɦ ɞɠɜɠ ɠ ɩ ΩɧɩΨɠɤ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚɤɚ ɠ ɥɚɧɦΩɠɤɚ) Ωɚ ʀɝ ɨɝ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɠɟɚɤ
ɢɦɽɠ ɨɝ ɮɠɧɠ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɿɠɫ ΨɦΩɠɥɚ ɩ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɠ, Ϋɧɝɜɚɟɠʀɠ Ϊɠɤɝ ɮΪɦ ʀɝ ɨɝ ɨΪɜɦ-
ɧɠΪɠ ɥɝɮΪɦ ɠɟɥɚΩ ΫɦɽɝΩɠɥɚɭɥɠɫ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɠɟɚɤɚ ɠ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɠɫ ɦɨɝʀɚɿɚ, ɥɝɢɚ
ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɚ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɚ. Ɍɦ ɽɝ ɥɚɽɭɝɮʀɝ Ωɦɛɧɦɥɚɤɝɧɥɚ ɠ ΫɦɮΪɝɥɚ ɧɝɚɢɬɠɽɚ ɥɚ ɥɚ-
ɬɠɦɥɚɣɠɟɚɤ, ɚɣɠ ɽɝ Ϊɦ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɚ ɠɣɩɟɠɽɚ ɢɦɽɚ ɜɦΩɠ ɩ ɟɚɛɣɩΩɩ“.29
ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɬɡɜ. ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɤɨ-
ʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɧ ɤɚɨ „ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɟ“ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɭ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɫɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨ-
ɲɤɨʁ ɞɨɝɦɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɨ ɥɚɠɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɢ
ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɭ ɨ ɥɟɩɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɭ „ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɦ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɚ“. Ɍɚɤɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɢ ɢ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɦɭ ɋɎɊȳ. Ɂɚɞɭɠɢɜɚ-
ʃɟ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɬɢɯɢʁɟ: 1975. ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɞɭɝɨɜɚɥɚ 6,584 ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɟɡɚʁɚɠʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
ɢ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɭɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɭ ɧɟɪɟɧɬɚɛɢɥɧɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɧɟɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɢɜɚ. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ ɡɚ ɡɚ-
ɞɭɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɭ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɩɪɨɦɚ-
ɲɚʁɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ („Ɏɟɧɢ“ ɭ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɢ, ɠɟɥɟɡɚɪɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ
ɧɚɮɬɨɜɨɞ, „Ɉɛɪɨɜɚɰ“). Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɬɢɱɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɋɚɜɟ-
ɡɧɨ ɢɡɜɪɲɧɨ ɜɟʄɟ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1979. ɨɞɨɛɪɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ
29 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Branko Petranoviü-Momþilo Zeþeviü, Jugoslovenski federalizam. Ideje i

stvarnost, Beograd, 1987, II, 577.
ɨɞ ɩɪɟɤɨ 8 ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɜɟʄ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ 15

ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɢ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ 1983. ɞɭɝ ɛɢɨ ɜɟʄ 20,501 ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɢ
ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ.30
ɋɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɚɦʄɟɧ ɩɨ ɚɪɦɢʁɢ ɛɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ, ɨɞ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɚ ɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɤʂɭɱɭ, ɚ
ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 80-ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚɦɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɋɄȳ („ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬ“). Ʉɚɞɪɨɜɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ʁɟ ɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢʁɚ
ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬ. ȳɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ
ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ, ɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɧɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɤɨɧ-
ɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɞɚɪɭ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɧɟɫɥɭʄɟɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ, ɧɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɢɦɚ.
ȼɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɟɫɬɚɛɥɢɲɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɨ „ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ“ – ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɟ,
ɪɚɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ, ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚ – ɚɥɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɧɟ, ɫɟɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɟ ɩʂɚɱɤɟ.
________________________
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɢɡɦɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ
ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟʃɚ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ – ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɫɜɨʁɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ (ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥ
ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ) ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨʁ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ. Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤɥɢɰɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ
ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɭ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ – ɤɪɨɡ ɪɟɜɨ-
ɥɭɰɢʁɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɬɢ, ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ʁɟ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɚɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɧɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɝɚ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɱɭɜɚɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ
ɟɜɨɥɭɢɪɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɰɢʂɭ.
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ (ɬɢɬɨɢɡɚɦ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ „ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ“ (ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ)
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɨɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢ-
ɫɥɭ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɛɪɢɫɚʃɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ.
ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɧɚɫɢʂɟɦ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɬɨɬɚɥɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɦ ɬɟɪɨɪɭ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɡɧɚɬɧɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɥɚɱɧɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɤɚɨ ɧɨɜɢ, ɩɫɟɭɞɨɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɤɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.
Ɇɧɨɲɬɜɨ ʂɭɞɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɜɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɦɟ-
ʃɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɢ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɬɢ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɦ
ɞɭɲɚɦɚ. ɍ ɢɦɟ ɬɟ ɜɟɪɟ, ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ.
ɍ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɭ ɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢ
ɱɢɬɚɜɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɭ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɩɭɬ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ. ɉɪ-
ɜɢ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɟɪɚ ɭ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɭ ɤɥɚɫɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɬɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ, ɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɤɢɧɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ.
Ɍɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɢ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ
ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ, ɚ ɧɢ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɨɦ ɜɨ-
ɻɟ. ɋɚɦɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦ, Ʉɉȳ/ɋɄȳ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ
ɞɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɬɢ. ɂɡ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɚɲɥɚ ɢ Ɍɢɬɨɜɚ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ.
30 Branko Petranoviü-Momþilo Zeþeviü, Jugoslavija 1918–1988. Tematska zbirka dokumenata,

Beograd 1988, 1274–1275.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɥɢɱɚɜɚɨ Ɍɢɬɨ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁ-

ɫɬɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɥɚɤɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɪɡ ɭɫɩɟɯ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɚɜ ɨɡɛɢʂɚɧ ɧɚɩɨɪ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɧɟɞɪɢ ɩɨɛɭɧɭ,
ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ „ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɝɧɟɜɚ“. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɤɨɪɭɦɩɢɪɚɧ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɠɪɬɜɟ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ. ɉɨɛɭɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɟ ɛɟɡ
ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɠɪɬɜɟ. Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧ ȭɢɥɚɫ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɛɢɥɢɬɟɬ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɜɨɻɟ ɢɡ-
ɝɭɛɢɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɫɚɦɨɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɧɭɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɫɦɟʃɟɧ.
ɉɥɟɧɭɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟɧ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɚɞɢʁɚ, ɚ ɧɢɤɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɪɢɡɢ-
ɤɭʁɟ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɭ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɨ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɭ
ɚɤɰɢʁɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɨ ɝɪɟɲɤɭ. Ⱦɨɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ „ɩɟɫɧɢɤ
ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ“ Ɉɫɤɚɪ Ⱦɚɜɢɱɨ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɫɚ ȭɢɥɚɫɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɚɞɚ ɨɬɢɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɥɢ ɡɚ ɦɢɥɨɫɬ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɥɨʁɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɈΩɚ ɍΩɛɠ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɟ 13. ɦɚʁɚ 1954, Ⱦɚɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ
ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ.31
ɉɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɟɦɚɝɨɝɢʁɢ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɦɟɪʁɭ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɯ, ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ
ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɭ-
ɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɥɨ ɧɟɪɚɞ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ, ɚɦɨɪɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ, ɚɝɪɟ-
ɫɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɫɬ. ɇɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ʂɭɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɦɟʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɲɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ – ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɨɞ
ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɢ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɨ-
ɜɨʂɧɢʁɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɟɦ, ɭɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɞɚɛɚ.
Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɨ ɧɟɨɞɨʂɢɜɭ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɫɬ
ɤɚ ɥɚɠɢ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɝɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɜɢɞ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ
ɡɚ ɪɚɧɭ ɮɚɡɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ, ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ
ɫɬɟɤɧɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚɥɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɩɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɢɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ („ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ, ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ“). Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɥɚʃɚɥɚ
ɫɜɚɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɜɨɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ „ɥɨɝɢɱɚɧ“, ɫɜɚɤɢ
ɫɭɞ „ɧɟɩɨɝɪɟɲɚɧ“. ɂɞɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɋɄȳ ɞɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɢɥɢ,
ɞɚ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɢɥɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɟʃɚɥɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɧɟ-
ɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɢɦ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɫɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɞɨɦɚɲɚʁɚ
ɪɚɫɭɻɢɜɚʃɚ, ɫɭɦʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ.
Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɞɪɠɚɨ ɝɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɭɩɭ ɢ
ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɨ Ɍɢɬɭ ɞɚ ɭ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɫɚʃɭ ʂɭɞɢ ɢɞɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɬɥɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɠɪɬɜɨ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ Ɍɢɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ
ɨɤɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɲɢɪɢɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɭ ɜɟɪɭ. ɇɨɜɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɥɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɛɢɥɚ
ʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɚ: ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɭ ɧɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɤɢɦ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ: ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɢ
ɪɟɝɪɟɫɢʁɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɭ ɦɚɫɢ. ɇɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɛɨɠʃɟɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɦ ɨɫɟʄɚ-
ʃɭ, ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɦ ʂɭɞɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɥɚ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɭɩɥɢɬɚʃɟ ɧɟɤɚɤɜɨɝ
ɛɨɠɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɢʄɚ ɭ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ: ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨʁɚɤɚ ɛɢʄɚ (ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɭ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, ɨɬɚʇɛɢɧɭ, ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ) ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚ-
31 Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ȳɩɧɠɮ ɥɚ ɥɝɛɦ. ɋɝʀɚɿɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 201, 295.

ʁɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɨɦ. ɉɪɨɞɢɪɭʄɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɫɬɚɧɰɢʁɚ

ʂɭɞɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɛɟɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɭɦɢɪɟ.32
ɂɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɚɞɟ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɥɚ ʂɭ-
ɞɢɦɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɡ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɦɭɤɚ ɢɡɚʄɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɨ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɡɚɭɜɟɤ, ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɭ ɫɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ʃɢɯ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ. ɉɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɭɤɨɛ
ɫɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨɦ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧ ɬɟɲɤɟ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢɪɚ; ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ-
ɛɟɝɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ „ɫɤɪɟɧɟ“ ɫɚ „ɥɢɧɢʁɟ ɉɚɪɬɢʁɟ“, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ „ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ“ ɩɭɬɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ „ɦɚɫɟ“ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨʁ
„ɢɫɬɢɧɢ“ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɜɚɧ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɢɡɧɚɞ ʃɟɝɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ Ɍɢɬɨɜɨɝ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɢ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɢɱ-
ɤɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɭ ɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɜɨɻɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɭ
Ʉɉȳ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɜɢɡɢʁɭ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ ɜɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɢɫɧɟ
ɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ.
Ɍɢɬɨɜ ɤɭɥɬ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚɧ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɍɫɬɚɜ ɢɡ 1963. ɩɪɨɩɢ-
ɫɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɛɢɪɚ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɞɚ
ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚ
ɭɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ Ɍɢɬɚ.33 Ⱥɥɢ, ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ Ɍɢɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɜɟɦɨʄɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɢ ʃɨɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɨ
ɱɟɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɟɫɧɢɰɨɦ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 60-ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɫɬɚɫɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɭɝɨ-
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ, ɩɚ Ɍɢɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɧɚɤɚɜ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɭ ɨɱɢɦɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, „ɨɞɥɭɱɚɧ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛʂɢɜɢ ɜɨɻɚ, ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɜɢ ɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɚ“.34
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɜɨɻɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɜɨɻɟɧ ɭ ɧɟɭɝɨɞɧɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɢɦ ɢɫɬɭɩɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɮɨɪɭɦɢɦɚ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɭ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ. Ɍɚ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ, ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɟɛɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɥɢɱɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ Ɍɢɬɭ: „ɋɜɠ ɨɩ, ɠɨΪɠɥɚ, ɛɠɣɠ
ɦɛɟɠɧɥɠ, ΫɧɠɨΪɦɽɥɠ, ɦɛɚɜɝɟɥɦ ɨɩ Ψɦɜɦɧɠɣɠ ’ɢɚɦ ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɧɝɢɚɦ ΩɧɩΨ ɌɠΪɦ’, ɚɣɠ ɨɩ
ɠɟɥɦɨɠɣɠ ɨɜɦɽɚ ɤɠɮɾɝɿɚ ɢɦɽɚ ɨɝ ɥɠɨɩ ɩɜɝɢ ΫɦΩɩΩɚɧɚɣɚ ɨɚ ɿɝΨɦɜɠɤ ΨɣɝΩɠɮΪɠɤɚ.
Ɍɦ ɽɝ ɛɠɦ ɽɝΩɠɥɠ ΫɦɨɣɝɧɚΪɥɠ ΫɝɧɠɦΩ ɢɚΩɚ ɽɝ ɌɠΪɦ Ϊɝɮɢɦ ɩɨΫɝɜɚɦ Ωɚ ɨɜɝ ɢɦɥɬɝ
Ωɧɞɠ ɩ ɧɩɢɚɤɚ“.35
Ɋɨɞɨʂɭɛ ɑɨɥɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɢɬɨɜ ɫɚɛɨɪɚɰ ɢɡ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ, ɩɢɲɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ
ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɞɚ ɝɭɛɢ ɧɚɞɭ ɭ Ɍɢɬɚ ɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ. ɉɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɨ Ɍɢɬɨɜɢɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ: ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɨʂɭɛɢɜ,
ɫɭʁɟɬɚɧ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɤɪɚɬɚ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɟ ɛɢɪɚɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚ-
ɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ; ɫɜɚ ɤʂɭɱɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɭɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ
ɨɤɨ Ɍɢɬɚ ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ:
„ɒΪɚ ɽɝ ɦΩ ɿɝΨɚ ɦɨΪɚɣɦ? ɋɚɤɦ ɜɣɚɨΪɦɾɩɛɾɝ ɠ ΪɚɮΪɠɥɚ ɚ ɦɨΪɚɣɦ ɽɝ ɠɮɭɠɣɝ-
ɣɦ. ɉɦɨΪɚɦ ɽɝ ΫɦɜɦΩɾɠɜ, ɥɝɦΪΫɦɧɚɥ ɥɚ ɣɚɨɢɚɿɝ, ɥɝΫɧɠɥɬɠΫɠɽɝɣɚɥ ɠ ɢɦɣɝɛɾɠɜ.
ɇɚ ɧɝɭɠɤɚ ɨɝ ɽɚɜɠ ɦɥɚɽ ɋΪɚɧɠ, ɚɣɠ ɩ Ϋɧɚɢɨɠ, ΫɦΩ ɩΪɠɬɚɽɝɤ ɦɜɦΨɚ ɠɣɠ ɦɥɦΨɚ, ɦɥ
ΫɦɨΪɩΫɚ Ωɧɩɢɭɠɽɝ ɠ Ψɩɛɠ ɚɩΪɦɧɠΪɝΪ, ɮΪɦ ɥɠɽɝ ɨɚɤɦ ɿɝΨɦɜɚ ɮΪɝΪɚ ɥɝΨɦ ɟɚɽɝΩ-
32 ɋɟɪɠ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɢɫɢ, Ⱦɦɛɚ Ψɦɤɠɣɝ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, I, 298.

33 B. Petranoviü-M. Zeþeviü, Jugoslavija, 1092.
34 Slaboljub Ĉukiü, Slom srpskih liberala, Beograd 1990, 317–318.
35 Isto.
ɥɠɭɢɚ. ɂ ɥɠɢɦ ɥɝ ɨɤɝ Ωɚ ɤɩ Ϊɦ ɢɚɞɝ, ɽɝɧ ɨɜɚɢɦ ɟɥɚ Ωɚ ɛɠ Ψɚ ɦɥΩɚ ɛɚɬɠɦ Ϋɧɝɢɦ Ϋɚ-
ɣɩɛɝ, ɛɝɟ ɦɛɟɠɧɚ ɥɚ ɨɜɝ“.36
Ɉɛɪɚɱɭɧɢ ɫɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ Ɍɢɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-
ʃɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ
ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɨɧɢɡɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɍɢɬɭ. ɂ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ „ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɞɥɟɬɟɬɢ“, ɫɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ
Ɍɢɬɚ, ɢ ɫɜɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɚ Ɍɢɬɚ, ɢ ɫɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɭ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɭ ɛɟɫɤɪɚʁɧɭ ɨɞɚɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɍɢɬɭ ɢ ɫɜɟɫɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɜɚɥɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚ-
ɰɢʁɚɦɚ Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɢʁɟɞɟɫɬɚɥ ɛɨɠɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ
ɩɨɧɢɡɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɟ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦ
ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ, ɠɟɥɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɧɢɠɟʃɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ. ɇɚ
ɤɪɚʁɭ ɦɚɪɚɬɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɫɟɞɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ: „ȾɧɩΨɚɧɠɬɝ ɠ ΩɧɩΨɦɜɠ, ɨɢɦɧɦ ɨɜɚɢɚ
Ωɠɨɢɩɨɠɽɚ ɽɝ Ϋɦɭɠɿɚɣɚ ΨɦΪɦɜɦ ɟɚɢɣɠɿɚɿɝɤ ɥɚ ɜɽɝɧɥɦɨΪ ɤɝɥɠ. Ɇɝɥɠ Ϊɦ ɥɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚ.
ȼɽɝɧɥɦɨΪ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɬɠ ɋɄȳ Ωɦɢɚɟɩɽɝ ɨɝ ɿɝɥɠɤ ɠɟɜɧɮɚɜɚɿɝɤ“.37
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ Ɍɢɬɨɜɟ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɥɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɜɨɻɚ ʁɨɲ ɠɢɜ ɢ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɟ. ɋɜɢ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɍɢɬɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ-
ɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɫɧɚɝɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɞɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɐɟɧɚ ɬɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɚ ʁɟ „ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚ-
ʃɟɦ, ɩɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɨɲʄɭ, ɩɨɞɚɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɚɜɥɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ“. ɉɨɫɥɟ
1972. ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ „ɦɭɞɪɟ ɪɚʇɭɧʇɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɠɢɜɨɬɧɭ
ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬ, ɛɨʁɚɠʂɢɜ ɝɚɡɟʄɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɥɢʄɚɰɢɦɚ“.38
Ʉɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɟ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɭɤɥɟ ɫɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɚɫɧɭ ɩɨɭɤɭ.
ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɍɢɬɨ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɱɢɦɚ „ɪɚɞɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ“,
ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɧɟɝɨɜɚʃɟɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɱɭɜɚɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ʁɟ
ɍɫɬɚɜ ɢɡ 1974. ɨɬɢɲɚɨ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɞɚʂɟ ɭ ɞɟɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ ɞɚ Ɍɢɬɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨ-
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ. Ɉɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɭɥɨɡɢ“ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚʃɭ ɛɪɚɬ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ ɦɢɪ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɭ.39
ɇɚ 10. ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɋɄȳ (27–30. ɦɚʁ 1974) Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ
ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ. ɂ ɨɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ „ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɬɪɚ-
ʁɚʃɚ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ“. Ɉɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɚɧɞɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɩɭ-
ɛɥɢɤɟ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɨɧɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɄȳ ɭ ȳɇȺ.40 Ⱥɥɢ,
Ɍɢɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛʂɟɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɚ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɨ, ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭ ɩɨɥɭɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ
ʃɟɝɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ „ɭɠɢ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬ“ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ȴɭɛɢɱɢʄ,
ɋɬɚɧɟ Ⱦɨɥɚɧɰ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɲɟɮɨɜɚ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ɍɢɬɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧ ɤɚɨ
36 Ɋɨɞɨʂɭɛ ɑɨɥɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɥɝɜɥɠɢ (1971–1972), Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ-Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ, 2008, 307.

37 S. Ĉukiü, Slom srpskih liberala, 179.
38 ɋɥɚɜɨʂɭɛ ȭɭɤɢʄ, ɂɟɤɝɷɩ ɨɣɚɜɝ ɠ ɚɥɚΪɝɤɝ, ɉɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɚ ɛɠɦΨɧɚɪɠɽɚ ɋɣɦɛɦΩɚɥɚ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝ-
ɜɠʀɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1994, 25.
39 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: B. Petranoviü-M. Zeþeviü, Jugoslovenski federalizam, II, 529–530.
40 B. Petranoviü-M. Zeþeviü, Jugoslavija,1238.
ɢɤɨɧɚ ɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɱɚɤ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭɚ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ. ɍ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ʁɟ ɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɟʃɭ „ɬɢɦɟ ɲɬɨ
ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɢ ɞɨɤɥɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ“. ɍ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɭɩɢɦɚ ɫɜɟ ʁɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɨ ɧɟɞɨ-
ɫɬɚɬɤɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ; ɬɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɫɚɧɢ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ,
ɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ.41
Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɭ
ɨɞɛɨʁɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɞɟɦɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɨ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ,
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ. Ȼɨʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɜɢɞɟɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɢ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɨ „ɥɟɝɥɨ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ“, ɚ ɧɟ-
ɢɫɬɨɦɢɲʂɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɨ. Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɇɢɤɟɡɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢʁɢɦ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ (ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪ ɭ ɋȺȾ, ɲɟɮ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɐɄ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ)
ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭɧɰɭ ɦɨʄɢ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɨ „ɪɭɫɤɢɦ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ“ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɪɚɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ Ɍɢɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ:
„Ɍɦ ɽɝ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɨɢɦ, ɛɠɦɣɦɮɢɦ, Ϋɨɠɫɦɣɦɮɢɦ ɨΪɚɿɝ. Ɉɥ ɨɝ Ϊɩɢɚɦ ɩ ɦɢɜɠɧɩ Ʉɦɤɠɥ-
Ϊɝɧɥɝ ɠ ɛɠɦ ɽɝ ɨɧɝʀɚɥ ɢɚΩ ɽɝ Ωɦɮɣɦ Ωɦ Ϋɦɤɠɧɝɿɚ. ȼɦɣɝɦ ɽɝ Ϊɚɽ ɨɜɦɽ ɜɠɨɦɢɠ Ϋɦɣɦ-
ɞɚɽ ɩ ɤɝɷɩɥɚɧɦΩɥɦɤ ɧɚΩɥɠɭɢɦɤ ΫɦɢɧɝΪɩ ɠ ɜɚɥ ΪɦΨɚ ɥɠɽɝ ɜɠΩɝɦ ɨɜɦɽɝ ɤɝɨΪɦ. ɄɚΩ
ɽɝ ɫΪɝɦ Ωɚ ɤɝ ɦΫɦɤɝɥɝ, ɧɝɢɚɦ ɛɠ: – ’Ɉɥɦ ɽɝ ɠɤΫɝɧɠɽɚɣɠɟɚɤ, ɚ ɦɜɦ ɽɝ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɟɚɤ,
ɤɚɢɚɧ ɨɚ ɥɝΩɦɨΪɚɬɠɤɚ’. Ɍɦ ɤɠ ɽɝ Ψɦɜɦɧɠɦ ɽɦɮ Ωɦɢ ɨɚɤ ɛɠɦ ɚɤɛɚɨɚΩɦɧ ɩ Ⱥɤɝɧɠɬɠ,
ɨɤɚΪɧɚɦ ɽɝ Ωɚ ɛɧɚɥɠɤ Ⱥɤɝɧɠɢɚɥɬɝ. ɋɤɝɣɦ ɽɝ ɩɮɚɦ ɩ ɨɩɢɦɛ ɨɚ Ɋɩɨɠɤɚ, ɚɣɠ ɤɩ ɽɝ
ɢɚɨɥɠɽɝ ɦΨɧɦɤɥɦ ɣɚɢɥɩɣɦ. ɉɦɨΪɦɽɚɦ ɽɝ ɽɝΩɚɥ ɦɨɝʀɚɽ, ɠ Ϊɦ ɧɝɬɠɤɦ ɮɠɧɦɢɦ ɩ ɤɠɥɠ-
ɨΪɚɧɨΪɜɩ ɠɥɦɨΪɧɚɥɠɫ Ϋɦɨɣɦɜɚ, Ωɚ ɽɝ ɦɥ ΫɦΩ ɩΪɠɬɚɽɝɤ Ɋɩɨɚ. [...] ɍɜɝɢ ɨɚɤ Ϋɧɠɽɚ-
Ϊɝɾɠɤɚ Ψɦɜɦɧɠɦ: Ωɦɢ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɠ Ϊɚɽ ɜɝɣɠɢɠ ɣɝΩɝɥɠ ɛɧɝΨ, ɢɚɢɚɜ ɽɝ Ɋɩɨɠɽɚ, ɥɝɤɚ ΫɧɚɜɦΨ
ɢɧɚɜɾɝɿɚ ɥɠΨΩɝ, Ϋɚ ɥɠ ɢɦΩ ɥɚɨ. Ɂɥɚɤ, ɤɥɦΨɠ Ϊɦ ɥɝʀɝ ΫɧɠɫɜɚΪɠΪɠ, ɚɣɠ ɤɠɨɣɠɤ Ωɚ
ɽɝ ɧɝɞɠɤ ɩ Ɋɩɨɠɽɠ ɢɧɦɟ ɭɠΪɚɜɦ ɜɧɝɤɝ ɛɠɦ ΨɚɧɚɥΪ ɧɝɞɠɤɚ ɩ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɠ. ɑɚɢ ɠ
ɟɚ ɜɧɝɤɝ ɥɚɮɠɫ ɨɜɚɷɚ. Ɍɦ ɽɝ ΫɚɧɚΩɦɢɨɚɣɥɦ, ɚɣɠ ɽɝ Ϊɚɢɦ. ɉɧɝΩɨɝΩɥɠɢ ɽɝ, ɤɠɨɣɠɤ,
Ϋɦɨɣɝ Ϋɦɤɠɧɝɿɚ ɨɚ Ɋɩɨɠɤɚ ɠɤɚɦ ɠ ɥɝɢɩ ɪɦɧɤɚɣɥɩ Ψɚɧɚɥɬɠɽɩ“.42
Ɍɢɬɨɜɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɟɱɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɫɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɞɨɛɚɪ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ
ɨ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɭɦɨɪɭ, ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɭ ɩɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɚ. ɑɚɤ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚɨ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɨɤɪɟɬ
ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɩɚɫɚɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ. Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɇɢɤɟɡɢʄ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɨɧ ɬɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɪɚɞɢ: „ɄɦɥɟɝɧɜɚΪɠɜɬɠ ɥɝ ɛɠ ɤɦΨɣɠ ΫɧɦΪɠɜ ɿɝΨɚ. ȵɝ-
Ψɚ ɥɠɢɦ ɥɠɽɝ ΩɦɜɦΩɠɦ ɩ ΫɠΪɚɿɝ. Ɉɥ ɥɠɽɝ ɛɠɦ ΫɧɝΩɨɝΩɥɠɢ ɢɦɤɝ ɨɝ ɤɦɞɝ ΩɦΨɦΩɠΪɠ
Ωɚ ɛɩΩɝ ɥɝɠɟΨɣɚɨɚɥ. ɈΩ ɨɜɠɫ ɦɢɦ ɿɝΨɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɩ ɤɠɨɣɠɣɠ ɥɚ ɢɚɧɠɽeɧɩ, ɦɥ ɽɝ ɤɦΨɚɦ Ωɚ
ɤɠɨɣɠ ɥa ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɩ. ɇɠɽɝ ɤɦɧɚɦ ɥɠɢɦΨɚ Ωɚ ɞɧΪɜɩɽɝ, ɚ ɤɦΨɚɦ ɽe Ωɚ ɦΪɜɦɧɠ ɜɧɚΪɚ.
ɇɠɢɦ ɦΩ ɥaɨ ɥɠɽɝ ɞɝɣɝɦ Ωɚ Ψɚ ɤɠɥɠɧɚ“.43 ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɢ ɫɚɦ Ɍɢɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɨ ɭ
ɞɭɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ. ɇɚɜɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1971. ɩɪɟɞ ɜɟʄɨɦ ɝɪɭɩɨɦ
ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „ɄɚΩɚ ɛɠ ɨΪɝ ɜɠ ɟɥɚɣɠ ɢɚɢɦ ɽɚ ɜɠΩɠɤ ɛɩΩɩʀɥɦɨΪ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚ-
ɜɠɽɝ, ɜɠ ɛɠ ɨΪɝ ɨɝ ɟΨɧɦɟɠɣɠ“.44
41 Dejan Joviü, Jugoslavija – država koja je odumrla. Uspon, kriza i pad ýetvrte Jugoslavije
(1974–1990), Beogard-Zagreb, 2003, 149–150.
42 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: S. Ĉukiü, Slom srpskih liberala, 315–316.
43 Isto, 318.
44 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɋɥɚɜɨʂɭɛ ȭɭɤɢʄ, ɉɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɚ ɚɢɧɦɛɚΪɠɢɚ, ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 26. ɦɚʁ 2008, 5.
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɟʃɚ, ɚ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɱɟɫɬɢɯ ɩɪɨ-

ɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɫɜɟɠɢɥɚ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ
Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɇɢɤɟɡɢʄ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „ɋɜɝ ɽɝ Ϊɦ, ɩ ɨΪɜaɧɠ, ɛɠɣɦ Ϊɧɭɚɿɝ ɩ ɤɝɨΪɩ: ɨɜɠ ΫɦɢɧɝΪɠ
ɧɚΩɝ, Ϊɧɦɮɝ ɨɝ ɢɚɣɦɧɠɽe, ɚ ɨΪɦɽɠΪɝ Ϊɚɤɦ ΨΩɝ ɨΪɝ ɛɠɣɠ. ɆɥɦΨɦ Ϋɧɠɭɚ, ɚ ɢɦɭɥɠɬɝ
ɨɝ Ωɧɞɝ ΪɜɧΩɦ. ɂ ɢaΩɚ ɥɝɢɦ ɨΪɜaɧɥɦ ɫɦʀɝ Ωɚ ɢɧɝɥɝ, ɦɥΩɚ ɤɩ ɣɦɤɝ ɜɧɚΪ ɥɚ ɭɝɣɩ ɨɚ
ɥɚɮɠɤ Ψɣɚɜɥɠɤ ɧɝɪɦɧɤɚΪɦɧɦɤ ȿΩɜɚɧΩɦɤ KɚɧΩɝɾɦɤ. Ȼɠɣɦ ɽɝ ɠɨɢɧɝɥɠɫ Ϋɦɢɩɮɚɽɚ,
ɟɚɠɨΪɚ, Ωɚ ɨɝ ɥɝɮΪɦ ɤeɿɚ, ɢɚΩɚ ɨɝ ɜɠΩɠ Ωɚ Ϊɦ ΫɦΩɧɚɟɩɤɝɜɚ ɠɟɤɝɥɩ ɢɚɧɚɢΪɝɧɚ
ɜɣɚɨΪɠ, Ϊɩ ɨɝ ɨΪɚɥɝ. Ɍɦ Ϋɦɢɚɟɩɽɝ Ωɚ ɽɝ Ϊɦ, ɥɚ ɨɜɦɽ ɥɚɭɠɥ, ɛɠɦ ’ɨɚɜɧɮɝɥ ɨɠɨΪɝɤ’.
Ɉɥ ɽɝ ɟɚɦɢɧɩΨɾɝɥ, ɠɤɚ ɨɜɦɽɩ ɣɦΨɠɢɩ, ɥɠɽɝ ɦΪɜɦɧɝɥ, ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɛɠɣɚ ɿɝΨɦɜɚ ɨɥɚΨɚ ɠ ɮΪɦ
ɽɝ ɥɚ ɢɧɚɽɩ ɤɦɧɚɣɚ ΫɦɨΪɚΪɠ ɿɝΨɦɜɚ ΪɧaΨɝΩɠɽɚ. [...] ȾɠɢΪɚΪɩɧɚ ɨɝ ɜɧΪɠ ɩ ɢɧɩΨ. Ⱦɠ-
ɞɝ ɨɝ ɽeΩɥɦ ɜɧɝɤɝ Ϋɝɥɚ ɠ ɦɥΩɚ ɨΫɣɚɨɥɝ. ɈɥΩa Ϋɦɭɠɿɝɤɦ Ωɚ ɠɤɠΪɠɧɚɤɦ ɟɚΫaΩɥɚ
ΩɧɩɮΪɜɚ, Ϋɧɠ ɭɝɤɩ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɚ ɝɜɦɣɩɬɠɽɚ ɩɜɝɢ ɢaɨɥɠ“.45
ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɢɡɜɢɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɡ
ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ.
ɂɡɚ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɢɱɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɡɜ. ɮɟɭɞɚɥ-
ɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɜɥɚɞɚɧɟ, ɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɧɨɦ, ɧɢ ɧɚ
ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ.
Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ 4. ɦɚʁɚ 1980 ɭ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɢ, ɚ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧ ʁɟ 8. ɦɚʁɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ.
ɇɚ ɞɚɧ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɋɄȳ ɢ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɋɎɊȳ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɢ
ɫɭ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫ „ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɤɥɚɫɢ, ɪɚɞɧɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ, ɧɚɪɨɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ“ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɛɢɥɨ ɱɚɫɧɨ ɛɨɪɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɟɬɢ
ɫɚ Ɍɢɬɨɦ“. Ⱦɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ Ɍɢɬɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ „ɫɜɟɬɥɟɬɢ ɢ ɭ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ“. ɋɦɪɬ ɢ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɛɢɞɚɧ
ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥ ɡɚ ʃɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ. ɋɚɯɪɚ-
ɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ 209 ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɡ 127 ɡɟɦɚʂɚ: ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɜɥɚɞɚ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɢ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɟ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, „ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ
ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ“.46
ɍ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɭ Ɉɍɇ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ 152 ɡɟɦʂɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨ-
ɪɚɰɢʁɭ. ɋɚɯɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɨ 58 ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ 42 ɡɟɦʂɟ;
ɩɪɨɰɟʃɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɜɟ ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɚɰɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɧɨɫɨɦ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɧɨ.47 ɇɚ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧ Ⱦɨɪɨʃɫɤɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɢ Ʌɚɡɚɪ Ʉɨɥɢɲɟɜɫɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ „ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɢ“ Ɍɢɬɨɜ ɩɭɬ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ „ɧɟɭɦɪɥɨ ɞɟɥɨ“.
ɉɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɥɟɠɢ ɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɍɢɬɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɟɲɤɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɧɟɫɬɚɨ ɥɚɝɨɞɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ
ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɥɨ ɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɢɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɢ
ɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ.
45 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: S. Ĉukiü, Slom srpskih liberala, 317–318.

46 ɇɂɇ, 8. ɦɚʁ 1980, 7.
47 ɂɨΪɦ, 32.
ɋɊȻɂȳȺ ɂ ɊȺɋɉȺȾ ȳɍȽɈɋɅȺȼɂȳȿ

ɍ ɩɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɟ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ʂɟʃɟ ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ „ʁɟɞɚɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɝɥɚɫ“
ɭ ɩɪɟɭɪɟɻɟɧɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ. Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ
ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɩɨɱɢɜɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ
ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɛɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɟɜɥɚɫɬ, ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨ. ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɨ
ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ.
Ʉɧɚɽ ɋɚɜɝɟɚ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ

ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɫɰɟɧɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɱɟɪʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɨɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɟ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ɉɫɜɚ-
ʁɚʃɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɢ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɨɝ
ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ
ɛɢɬɢ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧ ɧɨɜɢ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ʁɟ-
ɞɚɧ ɱɥɚɧ – ʁɟɞɚɧ ɝɥɚɫ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɦɟʂ ɭɧɭɬɚɪɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ. ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ
ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 850.000 ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɤɨ 40% ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ.48
Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɭɡ ɦɚɥɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɋɪɛɚ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-
ɡɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ. ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɬɨɝ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɞɟɡɚɜɭɢɫɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɚ
ɛɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɭʁɟ ɋɄȳ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. ɐɟɥɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɫɚɧɚ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɱɟɥɨɦ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ Ɋɚɬɨɦɢɪ ȼɢɰɨ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɚ ɋɄ ɋɪ-
ɛɢʁɟ, ɪɟɤɚɨ: „Ⱦɦɥɦɮɝɿɝ ɦΩɣɩɢɚ ɜɝʀɠɥɦɤ Ψɣɚɨɦɜɚ ɩ ɦɧΨɚɥɠɟɚɬɠɽɠ ɠɨΪɦɤɠɮɾɝɥɠɢɚ,
ɩ ɢɦɽɦɽ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɠ ɧɚɜɥɦΪɝɞɚ ɠɟɤɝɷɩ ɠɥΪɝɧɝɨɚ ɬɝɣɠɥɝ ɠ Ωɝɣɦɜɚ, ɩ ɢɦɽɦɽ ɚɩΪɦɥɦɤɠɽɚ
Ωɝɣɦɜɚ ɥɝ ɩΨɧɦɞɚɜɚ ɥɝΨɦ ɽɚɭɚ ɬɝɣɠɥɩ, Ϊɦ ɥɠɽɝ ɥɠɢɚɢɜɚ Ωɦɤɠɥɚɬɠɽɚ ɥɚɽɨɥɚɞɥɠɽɝΨɚ,
ɥɝΨɦ ɥɦɧɤɚɣɥɚ ΫɧɦɬɝΩɩɧɚ ɩ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɦɽ ɦɧΨɚɥɠɟɚɬɠɽɠ“.49
ȼɚɧɪɟɞɧɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨʁ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɧɨɝ „ɭʁɟɞɢ-
ʃɚɜɚʃɚ“. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ „ɛɨʂɲɟɜɢɱɤɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ“ ɭ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (1987) ɞɨɲɥɟ
ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɜɚ (1989). ɋɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɭ ɮɟ-
ɞɟɪɚɥɧɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɋɄȳ, ɩɪɨ-
ɦɟɧɢɨ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɜ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɭ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜ ȳɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɢ ʁɨɲ 20. ʁɭɧɚ 1989: „ɉɧɦɤɝɥɚ ɍɨΪɚɜɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ Ϋɦ ɥɚɮɦɽ Ϋɧɦɬɝɥɠ
ɽɝ ɪɩɥΩɚɤɝɥΪɚɣɥɠ ɩɨɣɦɜ ɟɚ ΫɦɜɧɚΪɚɢ ɨΪɚɛɠɣɥɦɨΪɠ ɟɝɤɾɝ ɠ ɠɟɣɚɟ ɠɟ ɢɧɠɟɝ. ɋɣɦ-
ɜɝɥɬɠ, ɚ ɠɟΨɣɝΩɚ ɠ ɏɧɜɚΪɠ, ɩΫɦɧɥɦ ɠɟɛɝΨɚɜɚɽɩ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɨ Ϊɠɤ ɨɩɦɭɝ, ɽɝ ɠɤ Ϊɦ ɥɝ ɠΩɝ ɩ
ΫɧɠɣɦΨ: ɦɥɠ ɨɤɚΪɧɚɽɩ Ωɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɩ ɥɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚ ɽɚɭɚΪɠ ɥɚ ɧɚɭɩɥ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚ, ɚ ɨɜɠ-
ɤɚ ɽɝ ɽɚɨɥɦ Ωɚ ɦɜɚɢɦ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝɤɦ Ωɚ ɪɩɥɢɬɠɦɥɠɮɝɤɦ. ɊɚɟΨɦɜɚɧɚɤ ɨɚ ɋɣɦɛɦɤ. Ɉɥ
ɨɝ ɨɣɚɞɝ ɨ ɤɦɽɠɤ ɦɬɝɥɚɤɚ. ɍΫɦɟɦɧɚɜɚ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɟɚ Ϋɧɦɤɝɥɩ ɍɨΪɚɜɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ ɢɧɠ-
48 D. Joviü, Jugoslavija, 458.

49 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: D. Joviü, Jugoslavija, 458.
Ϊɠɭɚɥ ΪɧɝɥɩΪɚɢ ɄɦɥΨɧɝɨ ɋɄȳ. Ⱥɢɦ ɨΪɜɚɧɠ ɛɩΩɩ ɨɚɟɧɝɣɝ Ωɚ ɨɝ ΪɚΩɚ ɟɚɩɟɤɩ ɽɚɨɥɠ
ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɨΪɚɜɦɜɠ, Ϋɧɦɤɝɥɝ ɍɨΪɚɜɚ ʀɝ ɛɠΪɠ“.50
Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɨ ɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɟ ɢ
ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɤɥɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɥɟɬɨ 1989. ɢɡ ɋɥɨɜɟ-
ɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɋɄȳ ɭɤɢɧɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ,
ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ
ɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫɨɦ. Ɍɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɋɄȳ ɭɤɢɧɟ ɤɚɨ „ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ
ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɧɢ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬ“ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɨɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɫɰɟɧɟ. ɉɟɬɚɪ Ȼ. Ɇɚɧɞɢʄ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɐɄ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɚɞ,
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɦɨɪɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ „ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɨɦ
ɞɢɫɢɞɟɧɬɫɬɜɭ“ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ: „Ʉɦ ɨɝ ɩ Ϊɦ ɢɦɣɦ ɩɫɜɚ-
Ϊɠ, ɤɦɧɚ ɧɚɭɩɥɚΪɠ ɥɚ ɦΩΨɦɜɚɧɚɽɩʀɝ ɢɦɥɨɝɢɜɝɥɬɝ. ɁɚΪɦ ɠ ɠɤɚɤɦ Ϊɝɥɢɦɜɝ Ωɚ ɛɠ ɨɝ
ɤɦΨɣɠ ɛɧɚɥɠΪɠ ɦΩ ɨΫɦɾɥɝ ɚΨɧɝɨɠɽɝ ɠ ɩɥɩΪɧɚɮɿɝ ɢɦɥΪɧɚɧɝɜɦɣɩɬɠɽɝ. ɇɝɤɚɤɦ ɠɫ
ɜɚɾΩɚ Ωɚ ɛɠɨɤɦ ɩ ɿɠɤɚ ɠɮɣɠ ɥɚ ɠɟɣɝΪɝ. Ɍɦ ɨɝ ɤɦɧɚ ɽɚɨɥɦ ɨɜɠɤɚ ΫɧɝΩɦɭɠΪɠ. ɂ
ɩ Ϊɦɤ ΫɦΨɣɝΩɩ Ωɠɣɝɤɝ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɛɠΪɠ. ɂɟ ɠɨɢɩɨΪɜɚ ɟɥɚɤɦ Ωɚ ɨɝ Ϊɝɥɢɦɜɚ ɥɚɽɜɠɮɝ
ɛɦɽɝ ɦɥɠ ɢɦɽɠ ɟɥɚɽɩ Ωɚ ɨɩ ɠɫ ɟɚɨɣɩɞɠɣɠ“.51
ɋɄ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚʂɭ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɋɄȳ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ „ɋɚ-
ɜɟɡɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ“. ɉɚɪɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɞɟɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɋɄȳ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɥɚɛɚɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɄ ɭ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚɦɚ. Ɉɜɟ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɩɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɟ-
ɥɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɜɪɯ ɋɄȳ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢ-
ɧɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɚ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɟ-
ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɟ, ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ.52
Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢɫɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɫɚɥɟ 11. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1989. ɧɚ 26. ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɐɄ
ɋɄȳ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɢ. ɇɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ
ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɚʃɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥ ɋɄȳ ɢ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢɦ
ɩɥɭɪɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɭɡɛɢɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɢɡɚɦ, ɞɚ „ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɟ
ɞɟɨɛɟ“, ɞɚ ɦɚʃɢɧɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɜɨʂɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɬɢ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɟ. Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɢɪ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ
ɞɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɡɚɦ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ʁɟɪ ɨɞɛɚɰɭʁɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚ ɬɟɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɨ „ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɧɨʁ ɭɥɨ-
ɡɢ“ ɋɄȳ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɬɢ „ɫɥɟɩɭ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬ
ɭɬɨɩɢɡɦɭ“ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɋɄȳ ɦɨɪɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɭ, ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɭ.
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫɚ ɋɄȳ, ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ, ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɨʁɟ. Ɏɪɚɧɰ ɒɟɬɢɧɰ ʁɟ ɬɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „Ɇɦɧɚɤɦ ɨɝ ɛɧɟɦ ɦɨɣɦɛɚɷɚΪɠ ɨɜɝΨɚ
ɦɥɦΨɚ ɮΪɦ ɥɚɤ ɽɝ ɩɮɣɦ ΫɦΩ ɢɦɞɩ, ɢɚɦ ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɪɝΪɠɮ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɚ ɛɝɟ ɧɚɟɣɠɭɠΪɦ-
ɨΪɠ, ɪɝΪɠɮ ɚɜɚɥΨɚɧΩɝ, ɟɚΪɠɤ ɪɝΪɠɮ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ ɢɚɦ ɾɩΩɠ ΫɦɨɝɛɥɦΨ ɢɦɜɚ. Ⱦɚ
50 Ȼ. ȳɨɜɢʄ, ɉɦɨɣɝΩɿɠ Ωɚɥɠ ɋɎɊȳ, 25.

51 Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 7. ʁɭɥ 1989, 6.
52 D. Joviü, Jugoslavija, 459, 461.
ɣɠ ʀɝɤɦ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɝ ΨɩɧɚΪɠ Ωɚ ɛɩΩɩ ɠɟɦɣɦɜɚɥɠ ɦΩ Ψɣɚɜɥɠɥɝ ɨɜɦΨ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ, ɠɣɠ ɨɜɦɽɝ
ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɝ? Ⱦɚ ɣɠ ʀɝɤɦ ɠ ɢɦΩ ɥɚɨ ɩɜɦΩɠΪɠ Ϊɝɦɧɠɽɩ ɦΨɧɚɥɠɭɝɥɝ ɨɩɜɝɧɝɥɦɨΪɠ ɥɚɧɦ-
Ωɚ? ɑɚɢ ɠ ɩ ɋɦɜɽɝΪɨɢɦɤ ɋɚɜɝɟɩ ɨɩ Ϊɦ ɦΩɛɚɬɠɣɠ ɢɚΩ ɨɩ Ωɦɞɠɜɝɣɠ Ψɦɧɢɦ ɠɨɢɩɨΪɜɦ
Ϋɦɢɩɮɚɽɝɤ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɨɦɜɽɝΪɨɢɠ ɥɚɧɦΩ ɨɣɠɽɝ ɩ ɽɝΩɚɥ – ɨɦɜɽɝΪɨɢɠ ɥɚɧɦΩ. ɋɚΩ ɨɝ ɞɚɿɝ
ɦɥɦ ɮΪɦ ɨɩ ɥɝɢɚΩɚ ɨɝɽɚɣɠ“.53
Ɂɚɜɪɲɟɧ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɋɄȳ ɭɫɥɟɞɢ-
ɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɨɦ, 11. ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ
ɫɥɨɦ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. Ɍɨɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨʁ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɦ, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɨɞɛɚ-
ɰɢɥɚ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɂɞɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ
ɤɚɨ ɩɥɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ“ ɛɨʂɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪ-
ɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ. ɍɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ, ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ, ɩɨɧɭɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ „ɪɚɜɧɨ-
ɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɭɬɚɤɦɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɩɰɢʁɚɦɚ“, ɭɡ „ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɝɪɟ“ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɍ ɩɪɟɬɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɧɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɭɻɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɫɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ:
„ɄɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɨɩ ɟɚ Ϊɚɢɚɜ ɋɄ ɢɦɽɠ ɥɝʀɝ ɠɤɚΪɠ ɤɦɥɦΫɦɣ ɜɣɚɨΪɠ, ɚɣɠ ɢɦɽɠ
ɨɝ ɠɨΪɦɜɧɝɤɝɥɦ ɟɚɣɚɞɝ Ωɚ Ϊɚɽ ɤɦɥɦΫɦɣ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɠɤɚΪɠ ɥɠ ɛɠɣɦ ɢɦ ΩɧɩΨɠ. Ɉɥ ɽɝ
ɟɚ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɩ ɜɣɚɨΪ ɢɦɽɚ ʀɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɩΪɝɤɝɾɝɥɚ ɥɚ Ωɦɤɠɥɚɬɠɽɠ ɠɥΪɝɧɝɨɚ Ϋɧɦɠɟ-
ɜɦɷɚɭɚ. ɋɚɜɝɟ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɥɠɽɝ ɥɠ ɟɚ ɽɝΩɥɦΫɚɧΪɠɽɨɢɠ ɤɦɥɦΫɦɣ, ɚɣɠ ɥɠ ɟɚ
ɜɠɮɝΫɚɧΪɠɽɨɢɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ Ϋɣɩɧɚɣɠɟɚɤ, ɽɝɧ ɦɥɠ Ωɚɥɚɨ ɩ ɨɚɜɧɝɤɝɥɠɤ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɨɢɠɤ
ɨɠɨΪɝɤɠɤɚ ɥɝ ɟɚΩɦɜɦɾɚɜɚɽɩ ΫɦΪɧɝɛɝ ɾɩΩɠ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɠɟɧɚɟɝ ɠ ɠɨΫɦɾɝ ɨɜɦɽ Ϋɩɥɠ ɚɥΨɚ-
ɞɤɚɥ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɠɥΪɝɧɝɨ“.54
Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɧ ɨɞ 15. ɞɨ 17. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1989. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ
ɭɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɭ ɞɚɨ ɫɪɠ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ. ɋɥɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ
ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɰɢʂ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɭ-
ɧɢɫɬɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɭ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ
ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨ. Ɉɫɦɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ
ɩɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɪɚɫɤɢɞɚʃɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ ɛɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨ-
ɝɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ „ɞɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɧɚɪɨɞ“ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɞɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ.55
Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɧɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɦ; ɬɪɠɢɲɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄ ɫɚɦɨ
ɭɡ ɩɭɧɭ ɚɮɢɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɋɄɋ ɧɟʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ-
ɬɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ: „ɋɚɜɝɟ ɢɦ-
ɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ ɥɝ Ϋɦɣɚɞɝ Ϋɧɚɜɦ ɥɚ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɤɦɥɦΫɦɣ. ȵɝΨɦɜɚ ɩɣɦΨɚ ɩ ɥɚɮɝɤ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɩ
ɥɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɛɩΩɝ ɩɨΪɚɜɦɤ ΨɚɧɚɥΪɦɜɚɥɚ“.56 ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ „ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ“, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɫɚɧɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.57
53 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 12. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 5.

54 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 15. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 3.
55 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 16. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 1.
56 ɂɨΪɦ, 3.
57 ɂɨΪɦ. – ɇɨɜɢɧɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄɟɜ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚɧ ɚɩɥɚɭɡɨɦ ɭɤɭɩ-
ɧɨ 25 ɩɭɬɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɨ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɢɞɟʁɚɦɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɦ
ɭ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɭ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɜɨʁɟ ȭɭɪɨɜɢʄ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɦɟɞɢʁɢɦɚ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „ɇɝ ɦɨΫɦɧɚɜɚɤ ɦɥɦ ɮΪɦ
ɽɝ ɋɄ Ωɦ ɨɚΩɚ ɩɧɚΩɠɦ, ɥɠ ɨɣɩɭɚɽɥɦ, ɥɝ ɛɠɫ ɨɤɝɦ Ωɚ ɠɟΩɚɤ Ϋɧɜɦ ɨɝɛɝ. Ⱥɣɠ, ɢɚΩɚ ɤɝ ɽɝ ɽɝΩɚɥ
Ⱦɪɭɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɮɨɪ-

ɦɭ ɋɄ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɋɚɞɨɲ ɋɦɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɯɬɟɨ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ: „ɁɚɮΪɦ ɛɠɨɤɦ ɨɝ
ΫɦɜɦΩɠɣɠ ɟɚ ɟɚΫɚΩɿɚɭɢɠɤ ɜɠɮɝΫɚɧΪɠɟɤɦɤ ɢɚΩɚ ɨɤɦ ɨɝ ɽɦɮ ɧɚɥɠɽɝ ɦΫɧɝΩɝɣɠɣɠ ɟɚ
ɫɩɤɚɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɠɽɩ ɜɚɧɠɽɚɥΪɩ ɢɦɽɚ Ϋɧɝɜɚɟɠɣɚɟɠ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɨɢɦ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦ ɦɧΨɚɥɠɟɦɜɚ-
ɿɝ? ɍ ɨɠΪɩɚɬɠɽɚɤɚ ɢɚΩɚ ɨɝ ɩ ΫɚɧɣɚɤɝɥΪɚɧɥɠɤ ɨɠɨΪɝɤɠɤɚ ɟɚΫɚΩɚ ΫɧɝɠɨΫɠΪɩɽɝ
ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɨɠɨΪɝɤ ɦɧΨɚɥɠɟɦɜɚɿɚ, ɭɠɽɩ ɦɨɥɦɜɩ, Ϊɝɤɝɾ ɠ ɨɩɮΪɠɥɩ ɭɠɥɠ ɜɠɮɝΫɚɧ-
Ϊɠɟɚɤ, ɢɚΩɚ ɨɝ ΫɧɝɠɨΫɠΪɩɽɝ, ɧɚɟɤɠɮɾɚ ɠ ɧɚɟΨɦɜɚɧɚ ɦ ɨɚɤɦɩΫɧɚɜɾɚɿɩ, ɤɠ ɩ ɥɝ-
ɢɠɤ ɥɚɮɠɤ ɨɧɝΩɠɥɚɤɚ, ɥɚ ɥɝɢɠɤ ɥɚɮɠɤ ɥɠɜɦɠɤɚ, ɦΩ ɨΪɧɚɥɝ ɥɝɢɠɫ ɥɚɮɠɫ ɾɩΩɠ
ΨɦΪɦɜɦ Ωɚ ɫɦʀɝɤɦ Ωɚ ɟɚɛɦɧɚɜɠɤɦ ɨɚɤɦɩΫɧɚɜɾɚɿɝ“.58
Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɨ ɧɨɜɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ; ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢ-
ɲɬɜɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ʁɟ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ, ɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚ ɐɄ Ɇɢɥɨɦɢɪ Ɇɢɧɢʄ. Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ
ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɢɤɭʁɟ, ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɭ
„ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ“ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ. Ƚɥɨɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɨɫɢɥɚɰɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚ ɰɪɬɚ: „ɂɤɚɤɦ Ωɦɜɦɾɥɦ ɨɣɩɫɚ ɟɚ Ωɦɛɚ ɢɦɽɝ ɥɚɨΪɩΫɚ,
ɟɚ Ϊɝɫɥɦɣɦɮɢɝ ɠ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɝ ɨɥɦɜɝ ɢɦɽɠ ʀɝ ɟɚ ɨɣɝΩɝʀɝ Ϋɦɢɦɣɝɿɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɧɝɚɣɥɦɨΪ.
ɇɚ Ϊɦɤ ɜɝɣɠɢɦɤ, Ϊɝɮɢɦɤ ɠ ɣɝΫɦɤ Ϋɦɨɣɩ ɥɚʀɠ ʀɝ ɨɝ ɟɚɽɝΩɥɦ ɨɜɠ ΫɧɦΨɧɝɨɠɜɥɠ ɾɩΩɠ
ɋɧɛɠɽɝ. ɒΪɦ ɨɝ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ Ϊɠɭɝ, ɿɠɤɚ ʀɝ ΫɧɠΫɚɨΪɠ ɥɚɽΪɝɞɠ Ωɝɦ ΪɦΨ ɜɝɣɠɢɦΨ
Ϋɦɨɣɚ, ɩ ɦɜɦ ɜɧɝɤɝ ɩ ɢɦɤɝ ɨɜɠ Ϊɧɚɞɝ ɧɝɮɝɿɝ ɟɚ ɥɦɜɠ, ɛɦɾɠ ɨɜɝΪ. ɄɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠ ɋɧ-
ɛɠɽɝ ɨɩ ɥɚ ɦɜɦɤ ɢɦɥΨɧɝɨɩ ɠɟɚɮɣɠ ɨɚ ɧɝɮɝɿɠɤɚ ɢɦɽɚ ɨɩ Ϋɦ ɥɚɮɝɤ ɭɜɧɨΪɦɤ ɩɜɝɧɝɿɩ
ɥɚɽΫɧɦΨɧɝɨɠɜɥɠɽɚ, ɢɦɽɚ ɨɩ ɦɨΪɜɚɧɾɠɜɚ ɠ ɥɚ ɢɦɽɚ ɨɝ ɥɝʀɝ ΫɧɝΩɩΨɦ ɭɝɢɚΪɠ“.59
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ 11. ɩɨ ɪɟɞɭ, ɨɞɪ-
ɠɚɧ ʁɟ 22. ɢ 23. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɭ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɢ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢ-
ɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢɯ
ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤɚ ɨɞɪɟɤɥɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ. Ɍɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ
ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɭ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɚ ɋɄȳ ɢ
ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʉɭɱɚɧ ʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ
ɨɩɫɬɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ: „Ɋɚɟɩɤɝɤɦ ɠ ΫɧɠɫɜɚΪɚɤɦ
ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɩ ɢɚɦ ɨɜɦɽɩ Ωɧɞɚɜɩ ɠ ɥɝ Ωɦɟɜɦɾɚɜɚɤɦ Ωɚ ɥɚɤ ɽɝ ɩɟɤɩ, ΫɦɮΪɦ ɨɤɦ ɨɝ ɢɚɦ
ɠ ɨɜɠ ΩɧɩΨɠ ɟɚ ɿɝɥ ΩɧɩΨɠ ɥɚɨΪɚɥɚɢ ɠ ɧɚɟɜɦɽ Ωɦɜɦɾɥɦ ɞɧΪɜɦɜɚɣɠ. Ɂɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠ-
ɽɩ ɨɩ ɟɚɠɥΪɝɧɝɨɦɜɚɥɝ ɠ ɨɜɝ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɝ ɨɠɣɝ ΫɦɨΪɫɝɣɨɠɥɮɢɝ ȿɜɧɦΫɝ. ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɚ
ʀɝ, ɤɝɷɩΪɠɤ, ɛɠΪɠ ɦɥɦ ɮΪɦ ɨɝ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠ ɠ ɛɝɟ Ϋɧɠɨɠɣɝ ɦ ɿɦɽ ΩɦΨɦɜɦɧɠɤɦ,
ɨɜɠ ɢɦɽɠ ɩ ɿɦɽ ɞɝɣɠɤɦ ɞɠɜɝΪɠ. ɂɤɚʀɝ ɥɚΩɣɝɞɥɦɨΪɠ ɢɚɢɜɝ ɦΩɧɝΩɠ Ϊɚɽ ΩɦΨɦɜɦɧ
ɠ ɿɠɫ ʀɝ ɝɪɠɢɚɨɥɦ ɦɨΪɜɚɧɠɜɚΪɠ ɠ ɟɚ Ϊɦ ʀɝ ɠɤɚΪɠ ɦΩΨɦɜɚɧɚɽɩʀɝ ɢɦɤΫɝΪɝɥɬɠɽɝ
ɥɦɜɠɥɚɧ ɊɚΩɠɦ ȻɝɦΨɧɚΩɚ ΫɠΪɚɦ ɮΪɚ ɤɠɨɣɠɤ ɦ ɧɝɪɝɧɚΪɩ ΩɧɩΨɚ Ɍɧɠɪɩɥɦɜɠʀɚ, ɧɝɢɚɦ ɨɚɤ
Ωɚ ɽɝ Ϊɚɽ ɧɝɪɝɧɚΪ ɦΩɣɠɭɚɥ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɛɠɦ Ϋɧɝ 10 ΨɦΩɠɥɚ, ɦɥΩɚ ɛɠ Ωɚɥɚɨ ɛɠɣɠ Ωɜɚ ɢɦɧɚɢɚ ΫɧɝΩ
ȿɜɧɦΫɦɤ. Ⱥɢɦ ɤɠ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠ ɨɤɚΪɧɚɤɦ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɨɜɝ ɩ ɧɝΩɩ ɮΪɦ ɧɚΩɠɤɦ, ɮΪɦ ɨɝ ɛɦɽɠɤɦ ɦΫɦ-
ɟɠɬɠɽɝ? Ⱦɚ ɨɤɦ ɤɠ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠ ɠɤɚɣɠ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɩ Ϋɧɝ ΩɝɨɝΪ ΨɦΩɠɥɚ, ɢɦɨɦɜɨɢɚ Ωɧɚɤɚ ɥɝ ɛɠ
Ϊɧɚɽɚɣɚ ɦɨɚɤ ΨɦΩɠɥɚ. Ɇɦɣɠɤ ɜɚɨ, ɽɝɧ ɦɥɚɽ ɢɦ ɽɝ ɛɠɦ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɚ, ɦɥ ɛɠ ɭɝɢɚɦ ɨɜɚɢɠ ɤɦɤɝɥɚΪ
Ωɚ ɨɢɠɥɝ ɦɥɦΨɚ ɨ ɜɣɚɨΪɠ ɠ Ωɚ ɧɝɮɠ ɢɦɨɦɜɨɢɩ Ωɧɚɤɩ“. (ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 18. ɞɟɰɟɦ-
ɛɚɪ 1989, 6).
58 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 18. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 6.
59 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 18. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 1–2.
ɠ ɤɝɫɚɥɠɟɤɝ. Ȼɠɣɦ ɛɠ ɤɦɧɚɣɥɦ ɨɩɤɿɠɜɦ ɠ ɠɨΫɦΩ ɨɜɚɢɦΨ ɥɠɜɦɚ ɋɄ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɠɽɝ ɚɢɦ

ɛɠ ɞɝɣɝɣɠ Ϊɚɢɜɩ ɟɚɽɝΩɥɠɭɢɩ Ωɧɞɚɜɩ ɢɦɽɩ ɛɠ ɨɜɚɢɠ ΪɧɝɥɩΪɚɢ ɤɦΨɣɠ ɛɣɦɢɠɧɚΪɠ ɠ
ɦɥɝɨΫɦɨɦɛɾɚɜɚΪɠ ɟɚ ɝɪɠɢɚɨɥɦ Ωɝɣɦɜɚɿɝ – ɤɠ ɠɣɠ ɥɝɢɦ ΩɧɩΨɠ. Ⱥɣɠ Ϊɚɢɚɜ ΩɦΨɦɜɦɧ
ɤɦΨɩʀ ɽɝ ɨɚɤɦ ɩ ɦɢɜɠɧɩ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɦΨ ɧɝΩɚ ɠ Ϋɧɚɜɠɣɚ Ωɚ ɥɠɽɝΩɚɥ ɥɚɧɦΩ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ
ɛɠΪɠ ΫɧɝΨɣɚɨɚɥ. ɍ ɩɧɝɷɝɿɩ ɢɚɢɜɦ ɠɤɚɤɦ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɠ ɨɚɤɦ ɽɝΩɥɦ ɤɝɨΪɦ ɜɣɚɨΪɠ ɢɦɽɝ
ɤɦɞɝ ɦɥɝɤɦΨɩʀɠΪɠ ɢɚɢɦ ɥɚɨΪɚɥɚɢ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɽɝ ɟɚ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɠɥɚ, Ϊɚɢɦ ɠ ɨɚɭɩɜɚΪɠ
ɧɚɜɥɦΫɧɚɜɥɦɨΪ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ – Ϊɦ ɽɝ ɤɦɥɦΫɦɣ ɜɣɚɨΪɠ ɋɄȳ“.60
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ȳɇȺ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɬɚ-
ɜɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɪɨʁɚ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɋɄȳ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ
ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ. Ɍɪɚɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ
ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɭɞɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɦɢɪɭ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɄȳ
ɭ ȳɇȺ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɫɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ʁɟ 10. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1990. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ
ȼɟʂɤɨ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ, ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ, ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɋɄȳ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɛɭɞɟ „ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɫɤɢ ɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɨ ɨʁɚɱɚɧ ɚ ɧɟ ɨɫɥɚɛʂɟɧ“ ʁɟɪ ɛɢ „ɛɢɬɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɨ-
ɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ“ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɚ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɡɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ: „ɁɚΪɦ
ɤɠ ɤɦɧɚɤɦ ɩʀɠ ɩ ɦΩɣɩɭɥɩ ɠ ΫɦΪΫɩɥɦ ɦΪɜɦɧɝɥɩ ɛɠΪɢɩ, ɛɝɟ ɠɢɚɢɜɠɫ ɧɩɢɚɜɠɬɚ“.61
ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɭɨɱɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ 10. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1990.
ɧɚ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɤɨɞ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜ ȳɨɜɢʄ,
ɉɟɬɚɪ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɧ, Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ɂɨɪɚɧ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɠɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɋɂȼ-ɚ
ɡɚ ɫɭɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɢɧɮɥɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨɪɢɝɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɞɜɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ – ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɡɚ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɩɥɚɬɚ: „ɉɧɝɢɠɥɩʀɝ ɨɝ ɠɟɦɣɚɬɠɽɚ ȺɥΪɝ Ɇɚɧɢɦɜɠʀɚ, ɛɠʀɝ
Ϋɧɠɤɾɝɥ ɥɚ ɧɚɟΨɦɜɦɧ. ɉɧɠɤɠʀɝ Ψɚ ɠ ɋɣɦɛɚ. ɉɦɨɝɛɥɦ ʀɝ ɨɝ ΩɧɞɚΪɠ ɭɜɧɨΪɚ ɜɝɟɚ ɠ
ɨɚɧɚΩɿɚ ɨɚ Ⱥɧɤɠɽɦɤ“.62 Ʉɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɨɦ:
„Ƚɣɚɜɥɚ ɛɠΪɢɚ Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɦΩɠΨɧɚ ɥɚ 14. ɢɦɥΨɧɝɨɩ, Ωɚ ɨɝ ɨɚɭɩɜɚ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɠΪɝΪ ɋɄȳ
ɠ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠ ɬɝɥΪɧɚɣɠɟɚɤ, ɛɚɧ ɨΪɚΪɩΪɚɧɥɦ (ɪɦɧɤɚɣɥɦ). ɐɠɾ ɽɝ Ωɚ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɬɠ
ɦɨΪɚɥɩ ɨɚɤɠ, Ωɚ ɠɤ ɨɝ ɥɝ Ϋɧɠɢɾɩɭɝ ɏɧɜɚΪɨɢɚ ɠ ɆɚɢɝΩɦɥɠɽɚ, ɚ ɝɜɝɥΪɩɚɣɥɦ ɠ Ȼɦ-
ɨɥɚ. Ȼɚɧɽɚɢ ʀɝ ɥɦɨɠΪɠ ΫɧɝΩɨΪɚɜɥɠɬɠ ȳɇȺ, ɚ ɤɠ ʀɝɤɦ ΫɦΩɧɞɚɜɚΪɠ, Ωɚ ɥɝ ɛɩΩɝɤɦ
ɤɠ ɥɚ ɭɝɣɩ, ɽɝɧ ɛɠ Ωɝɣɦɜɚɣɦ ɦΩɛɦɽɥɦ ɟɚ ɏɧɜɚΪɝ ɠ ɆɚɢɝΩɦɥɬɝ. Ⱥɧɤɠɽɚ ΫɧɠɫɜɚΪɚ
Ϊɚɢɜɩ ɩɣɦΨɩ“.63
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ, 14. ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ 20
ɞɨ 22. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1990. ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ „ɋɚɜɚ“. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢ
ɢɡ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚ ȳɇȺ. ɍɤɭɩɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
1.601 ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɫɚ.64 ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɐɄ ɋɄȳ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢ-
ɥɚɧ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɫɤɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ. Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɫɚɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɞɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚɥɨ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɚ ɢ ɯɪ-
ɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ Ⱦɝɢɣɚɧɚɬɠɽɚ ɦ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɦɤ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɟɤɩ ɩ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚ-
ɜɠɽɠ, ɤɚɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧ ɨɞ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɛɭɞɟ
60 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 23–24. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 12.

61 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Davor Marijan, Slom Titove armije. JNA i raspad Jugioslavije 1987–1992,
Zagreb 2008, 127–128.
63 ɂɨΪɦ.
64 Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 21. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1990, 1.
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ

ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɧɢɤɚɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ.65 Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ ɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɞɟɥɟ-
ɝɚɬɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɪɟɝɥɚɫɚɧɢ. ɉɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ:
ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɢɡɭ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ, ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ; ɞɨ-
ɫɬɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɤɟ ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɭɜɨɞɧɨɝ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɩɥɭɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɥɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚ-
ɰɢʁɚ. ɉɪɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ „ʁɟɞɚɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ – ʁɟɞɚɧ ɝɥɚɫ“, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ (ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ) ɞɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɋɭɲɬɢɧɚ
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɥɭɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ – ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ
ɩɪɜɟ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ. Ɍɪɚɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɛɚɰɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ
ɨ ɬɡɜ. ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɢɤɬɭ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɦɭɱɟʃɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɭɻɟʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɟ
ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɚ ɦɚʁɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ.
Ɋɚɞ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɤɨɛ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ Ʉɭɱɚɧɚ
ɢ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ, ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɚɰɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ.
Ʉɭɱɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɧɚʁɛɨɥɧɢʁɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɭ ɬɪɚɭɦɭ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ – ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ. Ɋɟɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɭ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɧɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ, ɚ ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɢ-
ɜɨɭ „ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ“. Ɍɪɚɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ
ɏɟɥɫɢɧɲɤɨɝ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɨ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ, ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɨɜɨɝ
ɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɡɚ ɩɭɧɨ ɩɨ-
ɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ: „ɋɩΫɧɝɤɚɬɠɽɚ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɢɝ ɥɚΩ Ϋɧɚɜɦɤ
ɨΪɚɜɾɚ Ϋɧɚɜɦ ɩ ɪɩɥɢɬɠɽɩ ɜɣɚɨΪɠ, ɚ ɥɝ ɜɣɚɨΪ ɩ ɪɩɥɢɬɠɽɠ Ϋɧɚɜɚ. Ⱥ Ϊɦɣɝɧɠɧɚɿɝ
ɛɦɽɢɦΪɚ, ΫɧɝΪɿɠ ɤɠΪɠɥɟɠɤɚ ɽɝΩɥɦɤ ɥɚɧɦΩɩ ɠ ɿɝΨɦɜɦɤ ɨɩɜɝɧɝɥɠΪɝΪɩ ɦΩ ɨΪɧɚ-
ɥɝ ΩɧɩΨɦΨ Ϋɦɢɚɟɩɽɩ ɧɚɨΫɚΩ ΫɧɚɜɥɦΨ ɨɠɨΪɝɤɚ. ɇɠɢɚɢɦ ɨɝ ɥɝ ɛɠɫ ɤɦΨɚɦ ɨɣɦɞɠΪɠ ɨɚ
ɨΪɚɜɦɜɠɤɚ ɠɟɧɝɭɝɥɠɤ ɥɝΩɚɜɥɦ ɥɚ ΨɧɚΩɨɢɦɤ ɢɦɤɠΪɝΪɩ ȻɝɦΨɧɚΩɚ ɠ ɽɩɭɝ ɦɜΩɝ, Ωɚ ɨɩ
ɩΫɧɚɜɦ ɋɄ ɠ ȳɇȺ ɦɨɥɦɜɥɝ ΫɦɣɩΨɝ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ. Ⱥɢɦ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɨΪɜɚɧɥɦ
ɟɚɜɠɨɠ ɦΩ ɦɜɝ Ωɜɝ ΫɦɣɩΨɝ, ɦɥΩɚ Ϊɦ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɥɝɤɚ ɛɚɮ ɥɠɢɚɢɜɝ ΫɝɧɨΫɝɢΪɠɜɝ. ɇɠ-
ɽɝ ɧɝɮɝɿɝ ɨɠΨɩɧɥɦ ɩ ɽɚɭɚɿɩ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɚ ɩɥɩΪɚɧ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ, ɜɝʀ ɩ ɿɝɥɦɤ ɦΪɜɚɧɚɿɩ
ɠ ɦΪɜɚɧɚɿɩ ɿɝɥɠɫ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɚ ɢɚɢɦ ɛɠ ɦɥɚ ɨɚ ɨɜɠɤ ɨɜɦɽɠɤ ɥɚɬɠɽɚɤɚ ɩɮɣɚ ɩ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɚ-
ɬɠɦɥɝ Ϋɧɦɬɝɨɝ ɩ ȿɜɧɦΫɠ. ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɚ ɥɠɽɝ Ωɚɥɚɨ ɨΫɦɨɦɛɥɚ ΫɧɠɫɜɚΪɠΪɠ ȿɜɧɦΫɩ.
Ⱥɣɠ, ɟɚɮΪɦ ɛɠ ɨɝ ɦɥɚ, ɥɚ ɥɝɨɧɝʀɩ ɨɜɠɫ, ɤɦɧɚɣɚ ɢɧɝΪɚΪɠ ɛɚɮ ɣɦΨɠɢɦɤ ɢɦɥɜɦɽɚ
ɢɦɽɠ Ϋɣɦɜɠ ɛɧɟɠɥɦɤ ɥɚɽɨΫɦɧɠɽɝΨ Ϊɚɥɢɝɧɚ. ɋɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠɭɢɚ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɠɽɚ,
ɚɢɦ Ϊɦ ɥɠɽɝ ɽɚɨɥɦ, ɽɝɨΪɝ ɨɩɜɝɧɝɥɚ Ωɧɞɚɜɚ ɨɣɦɜɝɥɚɭɢɦΨ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ. ɂ ɦɥɚ, ɢɚɦ ɠ Ωɧɩ-
Ψɝ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɝ, ɨɜɦɽɝ ɦΩɥɦɨɝ ɧɝΨɩɣɠɧɚ ɩ ɥɚɽɚΩɝɢɜɚΪɥɠɽɦɽ ɩɨΪɚɜɥɦ-Ϋɧɚɜɥɦɽ ɪɦɧɤɠ, ɚ
65 Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɨɜɟ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɪɚɧɢɨ ɢ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ȼɢɥɚɧʇɢʄ, ɢ ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ

ɪɟɱɢɦɚ: „ɉɧɝΩ ɥɚɤɚ ɨɝ ɦΩɜɠɽɚ Ϋɧɦɬɝɨ ΪɦΪɚɣɥɦΨ ɧɚɨΫɚΩɚɿɚ ɨΪɚɧɦΨ ΫɦɧɝΪɢɚ ɦΩ Ȼɝɧɣɠɥɚ Ωɦ
ɏɚɛɚɧɦɜɨɢɚ ɠ ɦΩ ɅɝɿɠɥΨɧɚΩɚ Ωɦ ɋɦɪɠɽɝ. ȻɩΩɠɤɦ ɠ ɤɠ ɧɝɜɦɣɩɬɠɦɥɚɧɥɠ ɠ ɦɨΪɚɜɠɤɦ Ϋɧɚɜɦ
ɛɩΩɩʀɠɤ ɫɠɨΪɦɧɠɭɚɧɠɤɚ Ωɚ ɢɚɞɩ Ωɚ ɨɤɦ ɩɨɜɚɽɚɿɝɤ ɦɜɝ Ⱦɝɢɣɚɧɚɬɠɽɝ Ϋɦɥɦɜɦ ΫɦΪɜɧΩɠɣɠ
ɥɚɮɩ ɨɽɚɽɥɩ ΪɧɚΩɠɬɠɽɩ“. (Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 21. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1991, 2).
Ϊɦ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɩɥɠΪɚɧɥɦ ɠ ɬɝɥΪɧɚɣɠɨΪɠɭɢɦ ɩɧɝɷɝɿɝ ɪɝΩɝɧɚɬɠɽɝ ɨɚ ɠɟɜɦɧɥɠɤ

ɨɩɜɝɧɝɥɠɤ ɪɩɥɢɬɠɽɚɤɚ ɠ ɨɩɜɝɧɝɥɠΪɝΪɦɤ. ɁɚɣɚΨɚɿɝ ɟɚ Ϊɚɢɜɩ ɟɚɽɝΩɥɠɬɩ ɦΩɜɝɣɦ ɛɠ
ɥɚɨ ɩ Ϋɧɚɜɬɩ ɨɩΫɧɦΪɥɦ ɦɥɦɤɝ ɢɦɤɝ ɨɝ ɦɢɧɝʀɝ ȿɜɧɦΫɚ“.66
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢ-
ʁɢ – ɪɟɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ „ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ“ ɱɟɤɚɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ
ɜɢɞɟɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɢɡ
ɤɪɢɡɟ. ȳɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ „ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ“ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɲɚɨ ɧɚ ɫɭ-
ɲɬɢɧɭ: ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɜɟʄ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ:
„ȳɝΩɠɥɚ ɚɢΪɠɜɥɦɨΪ ɢɦɽɩ ɥɝɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɝɥɠ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠ ɤɦΨɩ Ωɚ ɦɛɚɜɝ ɽɝɨΪɝ Ωɚ ɩɢɠɥɩ
ɨɜɦɽɩ ɦɧΨɚɥɠɟɚɬɠɽɩ. Ⱥ ΩɦɨΪɚ ɦΩ ɦɥɦΨɚ ɮΪɦ ɨɤɦ ɭɩɣɠ ɨɚ ɦɜɝ Ψɦɜɦɧɥɠɬɝ ɨɜɝΩɦɭɠ Ωɚ
ɥɝɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɢɚɦ ɨΪɜɚɧɥɠ Ωɥɝɜɥɠ ɧɝΩ ɦɜɦΨ ɄɦɥΨɧɝɨɚ ɥɠɽɝ ɥɝɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ,
ɥɝΨɦ ɿɠɫɦɜɠɫ ɧɩɢɦɜɦΩɨΪɚɜɚ. ɉɧɝΩɣɦΨ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɋɄȳ ΫɧɝΪɜɦɧɠ ɩ ɋɚɜɝɟ ɨɚɜɝɟɚ ɨɚɤɦ
ɽɝ ɩ ɠɥΪɝɧɝɨɩ ɛɠɧɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠɫ ɝɣɠΪɚ ɠɟ Ϋɦɨɝɛɥɠɫ ɋɚɜɝɟɚ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ. ɂɟ ɿɠɫɦɜɠɫ
ɮΪɚɛɦɜɚ ɢɩɽɩ ɨɝ Ϋɣɚɥɦɜɠ ɟɚ ɤɝɷɩɨɦɛɥɠ ɧɚΪ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɠɫ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ, ɚ ɽɚ ɛɠɫ
ɧɝɢɚɦ ɠ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɠɫ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ. [...] Ɇɠ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ ɥɝɤɚɤɦ ɜɠɮɝ ɢɦɤΫɣɝɢɨɚ Ωɚ ɟɚΪɦ
ɮΪɦ ɋɧɛɚ ɠɤɚ ɥɚɽɜɠɮɝ ɩ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɠ Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɨɝΩɠɤɦ ɩ ɤɠɮɽɦɽ ɧɩΫɠ ɠ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɥɝ
ɨɣɚɞɝɤɦ ɨɚ ɦɥɠɤ ɮΪɦ ɥɠɽɝ ɩ ɥɚɮɝɤ ɠɥΪɝɧɝɨɩ, Ωɚ ɨɝ ɥɝ ɛɠ ɦɨɝΪɠɣɠ ɪɧɩɨΪɧɠɧɚ-
ɥɠɤ ɦɥɠ ɢɦɽɠɫ ɽɝ ɤɚɿɝ“.67
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɡɪɟɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɟ
ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɨɞɫɥɢɤɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɰɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɭɠɢɥɨ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ: „ɇɝɤɚ ɥɠɢɚɢɜɝ ɦɨɥɦɜɝ ɟɚ ɨΪɚɜɾɚɿɝ ɟɥɚɢɚ ɽɝΩɥɚɢɦɨΪɠ ɠɟɤɝɷɩ ΩɦΨɚɷɚɽɚ
ɩ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɠ ɠ ΩɦΨɚɷɚɽɚ ɩ ΩɧɩΨɠɤ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠɭɢɠɤ ɟɝɤɾɚɤɚ. Ɉɥɝ ɧɩɮɝ Ωɚɥɚɨ ɽɝ-
Ωɚɥ ɨɜɝΪ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɤɦ ɤɠ ɨɧɩɮɠɣɠ ɽɦɮ 1948. Ɉɥɠ Ϊɚɽ ɨɜɝΪ ɧɩɮɝ Ϊɝɞɝ ɽɝɧ ɽɝ Ωɩɞɝ
Ϊɧɚɽɚɦ, ɚ ɤɥɦΨɠ ɨɩ Ψɚ ɠ Ωɩɞɝ ɤɧɟɝɣɠ ɥɝ ɨɚɤɦ ɟɚΪɦ ɮΪɦ ɨɩ ɿɠɤ ɛɠɣɠ ɥɝɟɚΩɦɜɦɾ-
ɥɠ, ɜɝʀ ɠ ɟɚΪɦ ɮΪɦ Ψɚ ɥɠɨɩ ɨɚɤɠ ɠɟɚɛɧɚɣɠ. Ɇɠ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɠ ɨɤɦ ɨɜɦɽɩ ɟɝɤɾɩ ɩɜɝɢ
ΨɧɚΩɠɣɠ ɨɚɤɠ. ɉɦɮΪɦ ɥɚɤ ɽɝ ɥɠɢɦ ɨɚ ɨΪɧɚɥɝ ɥɠɽɝ ΨɧɚΩɠɦ, ɥɝʀɝ ɽɝ ɥɠɢɦ ɨɚ ɨΪɧɚɥɝ
ɥɠ ɧɩɮɠΪɠ. Ȼɚɧ ɤɠ Ϊɦ ɥɝʀɝɤɦ ΩɚΪɠ. Ɉɥɦɤ ɨɥɚΨɦɤ ɢɦɽɦɤ ɨɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɚ ɨΪɜɚɧɚ-
ɣɚ, ɤɦɧɚ ɛɠΪɠ ɠ ɨɚɭɩɜɚɥɚ“.68
ɉɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ, ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɤɨ-
ʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɨɲɬɪɢɥɚ ɢɨɧɚɤɨ ɭɡɚɜɪɟɥɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ. Ƚɥɚɫɚʃɟɦ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɠɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ 1. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1989. ɭɜɟɥɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ.
ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨ Ȼɭɥɰ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɤɨɦɨɪɟ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ
ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɭ ɛɨʁɤɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɟ ɪɨɛɟ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɬɚɧɤɨ Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭ, ɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɨɝɚ, ɡɚ Ȼɭɥɰɨɜ ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧ
ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɨ 755 ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ ɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ 589. ɂɩɚɤ, Ɇɨɦɢɪ Ȼɭɥɚɬɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɯɥɚɞ-
ɧɨɤɪɜɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɞɜɨɬɪɟ-
ʄɢɧɫɤɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ ɨɞ 807 ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ.69 ɉɟɬɚɪ ɒɢɦɢʄ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɚɪɦɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɟ
66 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 22. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1990, 3.

67 ɂɨΪɦ.
68 ɂɨΪɦ.
69 Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 23. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1990, 4.
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɭ Ʉɨɧɪɚɞɭ Ʉɨɥɲɟɤɭ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ: „Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɋɥɨɛɚ

ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɧ „Ɂɚ“, ɩɢɬɚɦ ɝɚ: – ɋɥɨɛɨ, ɡɚɪ ɢ ɬɢ? Ɉɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ: – ɂ ʁɚ. – ɉɚ ɞɨɤɥɟ
ɬɚɤɨ? – ɤɚɠɟɦ. – Ⱦɨɤ ʁɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɯɬɟɨ“.70
ɋɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɟ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧɢ, ɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɚ ɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ ɢɧɫɢ-
ɫɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɋɄȳ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ „ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɚ
ɨɚɡɚ“ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɏɨɪɜɚɬ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ-
ʁɚɫɧɟ ɡɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɻɭ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɧɭ
ɫɚɥɭ; ɇɢʁɚɡ Ⱦɭɪɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɻɭ ɢɡ ɋɄȳ
ɜɪɚɬɚ „ɲɢɪɨɦ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ“. Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɭɞɚɪɚɨ ɪɭɤɨɦ ɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɭ ɢ
ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɲɟɧɢɦ ɬɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɨ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ: „Ɇɠ ɨɤɦ ɨɝ ɜɝʀ ɠɟɽɚɨɥɠɣɠ ɦ Ϋɣɩɧɚɣɠɟɤɩ
ɚ ɟɚ ΩɧɩΨɝ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɝ ɠɤɚ ɜɧɝɤɝɥɚ. Ʉɦ ɽɝ ɟɚ ɪɦɧɤɠɧɚɿɝ ΩɧɩΨɠɫ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ, ɥɝɢɚ ɨɚɭɝɢɚ
ɟɚɜɧɮɝΪɚɢ ɦɜɦΨ ɄɦɥΨɧɝɨɚ, ɚ ɦɥΩɚ ɩ ɨɜɦɽɠɤ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚɤɚ ɠ Ϋɦɢɧɚɽɠɥɚɤɚ ɥɝɢɚ ɪɦɧ-
ɤɠɧɚ Ϊɝ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɝ. Ʉɦ ɤɠɨɣɠ Ωɧɩɢɭɠɽɝ, ɤɠɨɣɠɤ Ωɚ ɤɩ ɦɜΩɝ ɥɠɽɝ ɤɝɨΪɦ“.71
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɲɬɪɢɯ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ, ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ
ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ 22. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɭɜɟɱɟ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɧɭ ɞɜɨɪɚɧɭ, ɢɫɩɪɚʄɟɧɚ ɚɩɥɚɭɡɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ. ɂɡʁɚɜɭ ɨ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɭ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɐɢɪɢɥ Ɋɢɛɢɱɢɱ, ɭ 22,30 ɫɚ-
ɬɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɬɨ-
ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɟ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ
ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧɢ. ɉɪɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɥɭ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʉɭɱɚɧ, ɒɬɟɮɚɧ
Ʉɨɪɨɲɟɰ ɢ ɋɨʃɚ Ʌɨɤɚɪ. ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɟ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɟ Ɇɨɦɢɪ Ȼɭɥɚɬɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ,
ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɭɡɛɭɻɟʃɚ, ɭɡ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɞɚ ɧɚɞʁɚɱɚ ɚɩɥɚɭɡɟ, ɪɟɤɚɨ: „ɑɩɣɠ ɨɤɦ ɠɟɽɚɜɩ ɠ
ΫɧɝΩɣɚɞɝɤ Ωɚ ɥɚɨΪɚɜɠɤɦ ɧɚΩ. Ɇɦɣɠɤ ɜɚɨ, ɤɠ ɨɤɦ ɩɮɣɠ ɩ ɪɚɟɩ ɩɨɜɚɽɚɿɚ Ⱦɝɢɣɚ-
ɧɚɬɠɽɝ. ɊɚΩɠɣɠ ɨɤɦ ɭɠΪɚɜ Ωɚɥ ɠ ɽɚ ɜɚɤ ΫɧɝΩɣɚɞɝɤ Ωɚ 14. ɜɚɥɧɝΩɥɠ ɢɦɥΨɧɝɨ ɋɄȳ,
ɛɝɟ ɦɛɟɠɧɚ ɥɚ ɦɜɩ ɦΩɣɩɢɩ, ɥɚɨΪɚɜɠ ɨɚ ɨɜɦɽɠɤ ɧɚΩɦɤ“.72
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɲɬɪɨ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ
ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɭɥɨɝɭ „ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ʉɭ-
ɱɚɧɚ ɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ“.73 ɂɜɢɰɚ Ɋɚɱɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɟ
ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɭ ɋɄȳ: „Ɍɝɮɢɦ ɽɝ ɩ ɥɦɜɦɥɚɨΪɚɣɦɽ
ɨɠΪɩɚɬɠɽɠ ΫɧɠɫɜɚΪɠΪɠ ɥɚɨΪɚɜɚɢ ɄɦɥΨɧɝɨɚ ɢɚɦ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɥɠɽɝ ɥɠɮΪɚ ΩɦΨɦΩɠɣɦ. Ɇɠ-
ɨɣɠɤ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɨɠΪɩɚɬɠɽɚ Ϊɚɢɜɚ Ωɚ ΩɦɜɦΩɠ ɩ ΫɠΪɚɿɝ ɣɝΨɠΪɠɤɥɦɨΪ ɥɚɨΪɚɜɢɚ ɧɚΩɚ
ɢɦɥΨɧɝɨɚ“.74 Ɉɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ: „ɋɤɚΪɧɚɤ Ωɚ ɄɦɥΨɧɝɨ
ɥɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ΫɧɠɫɜɚΪɠ ɛɠɣɦ ɢɚɢɚɜ ΫɧɝΩɣɦΨ ɥɚ Ϋɧɝɢɠɥɝ ɨ ɧɚΩɦɤ, ɜɝʀ Ωɚ ɩ ɨɚɨΪɚɜɩ
ɩ ɢɦɤɝ Ψɚ ɭɠɥɝ ΩɝɣɝΨɚΪɠ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɝ ɦɨɝʀɚɽɩ ɦɛɚɜɝɟɥɠɤ Ωɚ ɨɚɭɩɜɚɽɩ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɝɥɠ ɋɄȳ,
ɥɚɨΪɚɜɝ Ωɚ ɧɚΩɝ ɠ Ωɦɥɝɨɩ ɦΩΨɦɜɚɧɚɽɩʀɝ ɦΩɣɩɢɝ, ɠɟɚɛɝɧɩ ɐɝɥΪɧɚɣɥɠ ɢɦɤɠΪɝΪ ɠ
ɩΪɜɧΩɝ ɨɤɝɧɥɠɬɝ ɟɚ Ωɚɾɠ ɧɚΩ, ɛɝɟ ΫɧɝɢɠΩɚɿɚ ɄɦɥΨɧɝɨɚ“.75
70 Konrad Kolšek, Prvi pucnji u SFRJ. Seüanja na poþetak oružanih sukoba u Sloveniji i Hrvat-
skoj, Beograd 2005, 28.
72 ɂɨΪɦ, 1.
73 ɋ. ȭɭɤɢʄ, ɂɟɤɝɷɩ ɨɣɚɜɝ ɠ ɚɥɚΪɝɤɝ, 143.
75 ɂɨΪɦ.
ɇɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɟʃɟ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɭ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɟ-

ɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɟ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɤɨɧɚɱɚɧ ɤɪɚʁ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧ-
ɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ, ɩɨɪɚɡ ɬɢɬɨɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɤɪɚʁɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. ȿɜɪɨɩɚ
ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ ɨɰɟɧɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɛɨɪɛɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ:
ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ; ɋɪɛɢ ɯɨʄɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ,
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ; ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɠɟɥɢ ɥɚɛɚɜɭ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ, ɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ-
ɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɨɦ.76 Ɉɜɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɧɚ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɧ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ
ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢɦɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ.
Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɱɢɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɄȳ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɬɚ-
ɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ, ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɚɲɚʁɟ ɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɧ ɤɪɚʁ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ
ɫɚɦɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɛɭɡɟɥɨ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɟ. Ɋɚɢɮ Ⱦɢɡɞɚɪɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ
ɪɟɤɚɨ: „ɑɩɜɚɽɤɦ ɨɝ ɥɝɢɦΨ Ϊɧɠɽɩɤɪɚɣɠɟɤɚ. ɋΪɧɚɮɥɦ ɤɠ ɨɝ Ωɦɽɤɠɣɚ ɦΩɣɩɢɚ ɠ ɦΩɣɚ-
ɟɚɢ ɨɣɦɜɝɥɚɭɢɠɫ ΩɝɣɝΨɚΪɚ ɠɟ ɨɚɣɝ, ɚɣɠ ɠ ɚΫɣɚɩɟ ɧɚɨΪɩɧɚɿɩ ɋɚɜɝɟɚ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ ȳɩ-
Ψɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ. ɁɚΫɚɿɝɥ ɨɚɤ. Ⱦɦɮɣɦ ɤɠ ɽɝ Ωɚ ɟɚΫɣɚɭɝɤ“.77 ɋɨʃɚ Ʌɨɤɚɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ
ɡɚɞɪɠɢ ɫɭɡɟ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɞɟɥɟ-
ɝɚɬɢ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɱɭ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ. Ⱥɧɬɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɛɢɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢ-
ɫɬɚ: „ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɚ ʀɝ ɪɩɥɢɬɠɦɥɠɨɚΪɠ ɠ Ωɚɾɝ“.78 ȼɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɫɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ
ɭ ɤɚɤɜɨʁ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɢ ɛɢɨ.
ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɨ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɨɦ „ɛɨʂɲɟɜɢɡɦɭ“, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɢʄ. ɋɄ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɟɧ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɨ ɋɄȳ ʁɟɪ ɫɥɨɜɟ-
ɧɚɱɤɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ „ɱɟɬɜɪɬɟ“ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ
„ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɛɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɬɪɟʄɭ, ɬɡɜ. ɛɪɢɨɧɫɤɭ, ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɚɧɬɢɛɨʂɲɟɜɢɡɦɚ – ɛɨʂɲɟ-
ɜɢɱɤɭ“. ɋɄ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɨɩɬɭɠɟɧ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ. ɂɩɚɤ, Ⱥɧɻɟɥɢʄ
ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɋɄȳ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɬɢ, ɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ
„ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ“ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɡɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɨɩɰɢʁɭ: „Ɋɚ-
Ωɠɢɚɣɥɦ ɧɚɟΨɧɚɥɠɭɝɿɝ ɨɚ ɨɣɦɜɝɥɚɭɢɠɤ ɥɝɦɛɦɾɮɝɜɠɟɤɦɤ ɨɚɤɦ ɽɝ ΩɧɩΨɠ ɠɟɧɚɟ ɟɚ
ΩɧɩɮΪɜɦ ɭɠɽɠ Ϋɣɩɧɚɣɠɟɚɤ ɥɝʀɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɽɝΩɥɦΨɣɚɨɚɥ, ɽɝΩɥɦɩɤɚɥ, ɥɝΨɦ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠ.
ɍ Ϊɚɢɜɦɤ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɦɤ ɚɤɛɠɽɝɥΪɩ, ɠ ɨɚɤ Ψɚ ɩΪɝɤɝɾɩɽɩʀɠ, ɨɜɚɢɠ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɠ ɨɚ-
ɜɝɟ ɣɝɜɠɬɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɨɚɤɦ Ωɚ Ωɦɛɠɽɝ“.79
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɚɜɟɡ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɭɨɱɢɥɢ, ɛɢɨ ɩɪɜɚ
ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ. ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɭɧɭ-
ɬɪɚɲʃɢ ɪɚɬ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɟɧ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɲɚɧɫɚ
ɡɚ ɦɢɪɧɨ ɩɪɟɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ. ɍɦɟɫɬɨ
ɬɨɝɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ, ɜɨʁɧɟ, ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɧɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-
ɲɤɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ.80 Ɉɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ, ɢɡɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɟ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ 24. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɫɭɻɟʃɚ Ⱥɡɟɦɭ ȼɥɚɫɢʁɭ. ɋɢɬɭ-

77 ɂɨΪɦ.
78 ɂɨΪɦ.
79 ɇɂɇ, 28. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1990, 9.
80 Miroslav Hadžiü, Jugoslovenska narodna agonija, 70.
ɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɚ, ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɭ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɢ; 31. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɩɨɞ ɩɚɪɨɥɨɦ
„ɇɟ ɞɚɦɨ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ“. ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɋɎɊȳ ʁɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ, 31. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ
ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɜɨʁɫɤɭ ɢ ɭɜɟɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ. ȿɫɤɚɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɢʂɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɥɭ, ɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɫɟ ɭɩɥɚɲɢɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɯ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ Ȼɟ-
ɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜ ȳɨɜɢʄ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ: „ɋɣɦɛɦΩɚɥ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ,
ɨɚɜ ɩɟɛɩɷɝɥ, ɟɦɜɝ ɤɝ ɩɜɝɭɝ ɢɩʀɠ. Ʉɚɞɝ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɝɪɝɢɚΪ ɠɟɣɚɨɢɚ ɜɦɽɨɢɝ ɟɚɥɝɤɚɧɩɽɩʀɠ.
Ʉɦɣɦɥɝ ɨɧΫɨɢɠɫ ɞɝɥɚ ɠ Ωɝɬɝ ɥɚΫɩɮΪɚɽɩ Ʉɦɨɦɜɦ, ɜɦɟɦɜɠ ɠ ɚɩΪɦɛɩɨɠ ɨɩ Ϋɩɥɠ. ɇɚ
ɨɜɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɝ ɨɝ Ωɧɞɝ ɤɠΪɠɥɟɠ, Ϋɧɠɽɚɜɾɩɽɩ ɨɝ Ωɦɛɧɦɜɦɾɬɠ, Ϊɧɚɞɝ ɨɝ ɦɨΪɚɜɢɝ. Ɇɦ-
Ψɩ ɣɠ ɥɝɮΪɦ Ωɚ ɩɭɠɥɠɤ“.81
Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɜɢɰɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɬɚ. Ⱥɥɛɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɚ ɭ
ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɢ, ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɡɚ-
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɤɚ „ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɢʂɟ ɧɢɬɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɬɨ“. Ⱦɚʂɟ ʁɟ
ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ, ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɥɧɨ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ
ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɭɞɪɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚʃɟ „ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ
ɞɢɫɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ“. Ɍɪɚɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɜɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɨɤɨ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ.82
ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɢ – ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ ɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɨɦ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɨɝ
ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɋɄȳ „ɞɚɥɢ ɤɪɢɥɚ“ ɟɫɤɚɥɚɰɢʁɢ „ɲɨɜɢɧɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɚ“. ɍ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɫɚ
ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɨɦ 1. ɢ 2. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨ ʁɟ 27 ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ (54 ɪɚʃɟɧɚ) ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (43 ɪɚʃɟɧɚ). ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɜɪɯ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɫɬ, ɧɟɨɞɥɭɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛʂɢɜɨɫɬ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ
ʁɟ 5. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɭ
ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ „ɬɟɪɨɪ“ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɚɰɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ: „Ƚɥɝɜ ɩ ɨɧɬɩ ɨɜɚɢɦΨ Ψɧɚ-
ɷɚɥɠɥɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɠɟɚɟɠɜɚ ɠ ΫɦΩɧɮɢɚ Ϊɝɧɦɧɩ ɥɚ Ʉɦɨɦɜɩ ɢɦɽɝ Ωɦɣɚɟɠ ɠɟ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɠɽɝ ɠ
ɏɧɜɚΪɨɢɝ, ɠɟ ɦɥɠɫ ɨɧɝΩɠɥɚ ɢɦɽɝ ɨɝ ɥɚɽΨɣɚɨɥɠɽɝ ɟɚɣɚɞɩ ɨɚ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɽɩ, ɨɣɦɛɦΩɩ
ɭɦɜɝɢɚ ɠ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɠɥɚ, ɩɣɚɟɚɢ ɩ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɝɥɩ ȿɜɧɦΫɩ. ɋɜɚɢɠ ɭɦɜɝɢ ɢɦɽɠ ɥɠɽɝ ɟɚɨɣɝ-
Ϋɾɝɥ ɤɧɞɿɦɤ ɜɠΩɠ ɢɚɢɦ ɨɚ ɽɝΩɥɝ Ϊɝ ɠɨΪɝ Ψɦɜɦɧɥɠɬɝ ɨΪɠɞɩ ɚΫɝɣɠ ɟɚ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ
Ϋɣɩɧɚɣɠɟɚɤ, ɠ ɚΫɣɚɩɟɠ ΫɦɢɧɝΪɩ ɭɠɽɚ ɽɝ Ϋɚɧɦɣɚ ɢɧɜ. Ɍɦ ɣɠɬɝɤɝɧɽɝ ɽɝ ɨɚΩɚ ɠɟɚɮɣɦ
ɥɚ ɨɜɝΪɣɦɨΪ Ωɚɥɚ ɠ ɦɨɣɦɛɦΩɠɣɦ ɥɚɨ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɿɝ ɠɣɩɟɠɽɝ Ωɚ ɠɤɚɤɦ Ϋɦɨɣɚ ɨɚ Ωɦɛɧɦ-
ɥɚɤɝɧɥɠɤ ɾɩΩɠɤɚ“.83
Ɍɨɤɨɦ 6. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ Ɂɞɪɭɠɟɧɨɝ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ ɦɢɥɢɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɨɝ
ɋɍɉ-ɚ ɢɡ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɢ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɨ ɟɭɮɨɪɢɱ-
ɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɭ.84 Ɍɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɉɪɟɞ-
ɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɋɎɊȳ ʁɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɥɨ ʁɚɱɢ ɚɧɝɚɠɦɚɧ ȳɇȺ.85 Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɟ,
81 Ȼ. ȳɨɜɢʄ, ɉɦɨɣɝΩɿɠ Ωɚɥɠ ɋɎɊȳ, 101–102.

82 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɇɂɇ, 4. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1990, 11.
83 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɋ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ, ɉɧɠɣɦΨ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɠ, 33.
84 Hronologija jugoslovenske krize, 25.
85 Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɭ ɭ Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „Ȼɦɽɠɤɦ ɨɝ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɩ ΫɠΪɚɿɩ ɠɟΩɚɽɚ ɟɝɤɾɝ“.
(ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɇɂɇ, 11. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1990, 9). Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɩɨɬɩɭɤɨɜɧɢɤ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚ ɋɢɥɢʄ, ɤɨ-
ɦɚɧɞɚɧɬ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ: „ɇɚɧɦΩ ɨɝ ɩ ɽɝΩɥɦɤ ΪɧɝɥɩΪɢɩ ɩΫɠΪɚɦ ɟɚɮΪɦ
ɥɝ ɠɟɣɚɟɝ ɥɚ ɨɬɝɥɩ ɽɝΩɠɥɠɬɝ ȳɇȺ? Ⱦɦɛɧɦ ɽɝ ΫɦɟɥɚΪɦ Ωɚ Ϋɦ ɍɨΪɚɜɩ, ȼɧɫɦɜɥɚ ɢɦɤɚɥΩɚ, ɚ Ϊɦ
ɚ Ɂɨɪɚɧ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɚɪɦɢʁɫɤɢ

ɜɪɯ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɤɚɫɧɟɥɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ȳɨɜɢʄɚ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɡɧɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ
ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ: „Ɉɥɦ ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɢɦɧɠɨɥɦ ɩ ɨɜɦɽ Ϊɦɽ ɟɛɧɬɠ ɽɝɨΪɝ Ωɚ ɥɠɢɦ ɥɝ ɢɧɠ-
Ϊɠɢɩɽɝ ɩΫɦΪɧɝɛɩ Ⱥɧɤɠɽɝ ɠ Ωɚ ɛɠ Ϊɚɢɚɜ ΫɦΪɝɟ ɩ ɛɩΩɩʀɥɦɨΪɠ, Ϋɦɨɣɝ ɦɜɝ ɞɝɨΪɦɢɝ
ɢɧɠΪɠɢɝ ɦ ɟɚɢɚɮɿɝɿɩ, ɜɝɧɦɜɚΪɥɦ ɛɠɦ ɣɚɢɮɝ ΩɦɥɝΪ ɠ ɨɠΨɩɧɥɦ ɛɦɾɝ ɨɫɜɚʀɝɥ, ɥɝΨɦ
Ωɚ ɦɜɝ ɛɩɧɝ ɥɠɽɝ ɛɠɣɦ“.86
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɯɪɚɛɪɟɧ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ. ɇɚ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɚ-
ɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɤɨɞ ȳɨɜɢʄɚ 13. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɜɨɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ: „ɋɥɨɛɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ: – Ȼɠʀɝ
ɧɚΪɚ, ɛɦΨɚɤɠ. – ɇɝʀɝɤɦ ΩɚΪɠ, ɛɨɝɚɦɢ, ɭɡɜɪɚʄɚɦ ʁɚ. ȾɦɨΪɚ ɨɤɦ ɤɠ ɧɚΪɦɜɚɣɠ ɠ
Ψɠɥɩɣɠ ɩ Ωɜɚ ɨɜɝΪɨɢɚ ɧɚΪɚ. ɋɚΩɚ ʀɝɤɦ ɧɚΪ ɨɜɚɢɚɢɦ Ωɚ ɠɟɛɝΨɥɝɤɦ. – ɇɝʀɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɧɚ-
Ϊɚ ɦɥɚɢɜɦΨ ɢɚɢɚɜ ɛɠ ɦɥɠ ɫΪɝɣɠ – ɞɨɞɚʁɟ ȼɟʂɤɨ [Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ] – ɚɣɠ ʀɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɦɥɚɢɚɜ
ɢɚɢɚɜ ɤɦɧɚ, ɚ Ϊɦ ɽɝ Ωɚ ɠɤ ɥɝ Ωɦɟɜɦɣɠɤɦ Ωɚ ɥɚɨ Ϊɩɢɩ. ɉɟɪɚ [Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɧ] ʁɚɞɢɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ
ɢɡ ɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɜɟ ʁɚɱɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢ-
ʁɟ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɧɚɫ ɩɨɬɢɫɤɭʁɭ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭ ɪɟɜɚɧɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ. ɋɥɨɛɚ ɝɚ ɬɟɲɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɟ ɛɪɢɧɟ. ȼɟʂɤɨ ɤɚɠɟ: – Ɂɚ ɨɜɝ ɽɝ ɢɧɠɜ Ƚɦɧɛɚɭɦɜ. ȼɝɦɤɚ ɽɝ ɽɝɪΪɠɥɦ ΫɧɦΩɚɦ ɠΩɝɽɩ
ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɟɤɚ ɠ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɟɤɚ. Ɋɚɟɛɠɦ ɽɝ ȼɚɧɮɚɜɨɢɠ ΫɚɢΪ, Ϋɦɧɩɮɠɦ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɟɚɤ ɩ ɂɨ-
Ϊɦɭɥɦɽ ȿɜɧɦΫɠ, ΩɝɨΪɚɛɠɣɠɟɦɜɚɦ ɋɋɋɊ, ɚ ɟɚ ɥɚɨ ɽɝ ɥɚɽΨɦɧɝ ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɥɚɧɩɮɠɦ ɦΩɥɦɨ
ɨɥɚΨɚ ɩ ȿɜɧɦΫɠ ɠ ɨΪɚɜɠɦ ɨɜɝ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɝ ɥɚ ɦΫΪɩɞɝɥɠɭɢɩ ɢɣɩΫɩ“.87
ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɥɟɬɨɦ
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ. ɇɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɱɟɥɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ (ɬɡɜ. ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ) ɨɞɪ-
ɠɚɧɢɦ 26. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1990. ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɢ „ɞɚ ɠɢɜɢ ɢ ɛɟɡ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ“. ɍ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɜɢɻɟɧ ɭ ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ:
„ɆɚɢɝΩɦɥɠɽɩ ɥɝʀɝɤɦ Ωɚ ɤɦɣɠɤɦ, ɚɢɦ ɦɥɚ ɟɚɤɦɣɠ, ɤɦɧɚʀɝ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɠɟɜɠɥɠ ɟɚ Ψɧɝɫɦɜɝ
Ϋɧɝɤɚ ɞɧΪɜɚɤɚ ɠɟ ɉɧɜɦΨ ɨɜɝΪɨɢɦΨ ɧɚΪɚ“. Ʉɚɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚ-
ɜʂɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ: „ȼɚɥ Ϊɝ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɝ ɧɚΪ ɨɝ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ
ɠɟɛɝʀɠ, ɽɝɧ Ȼɦɨɥɚ ɠ ɏɝɧɬɝΨɦɜɠɥɚ ɥɝʀɝ ɤɦʀɠ Ωɚ ɦΫɨΪɚɥɝ ɢɚɦ Ωɧɞɚɜɚ, ɚ ɛɠΪɢɚ ɦɢɦ
ΪɝɧɠΪɦɧɠɽɝ ɛɝɟ ɢɧɜɠ Ϊɝɮɢɦ ɽɝ ɟɚɤɠɨɣɠɜɚ“.88
ɉɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɨ Ɋɚɬɤɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɱɥɚɧ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ
ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ
„ɨɬɰɟɩɢ“ ɨɞ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ɋɟɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɢʂɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɮɟ-
ɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ: „ȻɠΪɥɦ ɽɝ Ωɚ ɿɝɥɚ ɨɚɜɝɨΪ ΫɧɝΩ ɞɧΪɜɚɤɚ ɢɦɽɝ ɽɝ ΫɦΩɥɝɣɚ ɟɚ ɨΪɜɚɧɚɿɝ
ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ ɠ ΫɧɝΩ ΫɧɠΫɚΩɥɠɬɠɤɚ ɨɧΫɨɢɦΨ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɞɠɜɝ ɜɚɥ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɛɩΩɝ ɭɠ-
ɨΪɚ – ɦɥɚ ɥɝʀɝ Ωɠʀɠ ɧɩɢɝ ɦΩ ɪɝΩɝɧɚɬɠɽɝ Ωɦɢɣɝ ΨɦΩ ɦɜɚ ɠɤɚ ɠ ɤɠɥɠɤɚɣɥɝ ɠɟΨɣɝΩɚ
Ωɚ ɦΫɨΪɚɥɝ. Ɋɚɟɩɤɝ ɨɝ, ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɩ ɦɜɦɽ ɨɠΪɩɚɬɠɽɠ ɤɦɧɚ ɠɤɚΪɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦ ΩɦɨΪɦ-
ɽɚɥɨΪɜɦ. Ɉɥɚ ɥɝ ɨɤɝ Ωɚ ΫɦΪɬɝɿɩɽɝ ɨɝɛɝ Ωɚ ɛɠ ɨΫɚɨɣɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɩ“.89
ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ, Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧ
ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɬɟɤ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɲɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɩɭ-
ɽɝ ɉɧɝΩɨɝΩɥɠɮΪɜɦ ɋɎɊȳ, ɦΩɣɩɭɩɽɝ ɦ Ϊɦɤɝ Ωɚ ɣɠ ʀɝ ɨɝ ɠ ɢɚΩɚ ɽɝΩɠɥɠɬɝ ȳɇȺ ɩΫɦΪɧɝɛɠΪɠ.

ɍ ɦɜɦɤ ɨɣɩɭɚɽɩ Ϊɧɝɛɚɣɦ ɽɝ ɥɝɢɦɣɠɢɦ Ωɚɥɚ Ωɚ ɨɝ Ωɦɥɝɨɝ Ϊɚɢɜɚ ɦΩɣɩɢɚ“. (ɂɫɬɨ).
86 Ȼ. ȳɨɜɢʄ, ɉɦɨɣɝΩɿɠ Ωɚɥɠ ɋɎɊȳ, 107. – Ⱦɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɞɚ ɩɭɰɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɧɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ȳɇȺ
ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ 20. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1990. (ɂɨΪɦ, 116).
88 ɂɨΪɦ, 131.
89 ɇɂɇ, 25. ɦɚɪɬ 1990, 10.
ɛɥɢɤɚ: „ɂɚɢɦ ɨɩ ɥɚɮɝ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɝ Ωɧɞɚɜɝ, Ψɧɚɥɠɬɝ ɤɝɷɩ ɿɠɤɚ ɥɠɨɩ Ωɧɞɚɜɥɝ ɥɝΨɦ
ɚΩɤɠɥɠɨΪɧɚΪɠɜɥɝ. ɉɦɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɟɚ ɢɦɥɪɝΩɝɧɚɬɠɽɩ ΫɦΪɧɝɛɥɦ ΪɦΪɚɣɥɦ ɦΪɬɝΫɾɝɿɝ
ɨɜɠɫ ɪɝΩɝɧɚɣɥɠɫ ɽɝΩɠɥɠɬɚ ɠɟ ɪɝΩɝɧɚɬɠɽɝ ɠ ɿɠɫɦɜɦ ɢɦɥɨΪɠΪɩɠɨɚɿɝ ɢɚɦ ɥɝɟɚɜɠɨɥɠɫ
Ωɧɞɚɜɚ ɚ ΫɦΪɦɤ ɨɢɣɚΫɚɿɝ ɢɦɥɪɝΩɝɧɚɣɥɦΨ ΫɚɢΪɚ ɤɝɷɩ ɿɠɤɚ, Ϊɦ ɦɜɦΨ Ϋɧɦɬɝɨɚ ɥɝ-
ɤɚ ɛɝɟ ΫɧɝΪɫɦΩɥɦΨ ɩɨΪɚɥɦɜɾɚɜɚɿɚ Ωɧɞɚɜɥɠɫ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɚ ɠɟɤɝɷɩ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚ“.90
ɂɟɛɦɧɠ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ 1990.

ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɫɧɚɠɚɧ
ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ, ɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ʁɨɲ
ɢɡ 19. ɜɟɤɚ, ɡɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɞɨɻɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɥɭɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɭɲɥɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɟɦɧɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɥɚɤɨ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ. ȼɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ
ʁɟ ɢɡ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ „ɚɧɬɢɛɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ“. ɋɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ-
ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ, ʁɨɲ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ
ɩɪɚɬɢɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɦʃɟ-
ʃɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1988. ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ, ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢ
(ɜɢɲɟ) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɝɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ (ɦɚʃɟ) ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ – ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ-
ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɭɛɟɞʂɢɜɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ
ɜɟʄɟɝ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ. ɂ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɢ
ɫɭɩɚɪɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɫɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ʃɢɦ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɪɚɬɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɪɨɬɜɨɪɧɭ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɤɭ. Ɍɚʁ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɚɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɩɭɧɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɭ.91
ɉɪɜɟ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɢɡ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɤɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɟɩɨɯɭ ɩɪɟɥɚɫɤɚ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɭ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɦɟ-
ɞɢʁɫɤɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ, ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɧɟɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɦɢɲʂɟɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-
ʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɢɩ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɞɟ-
ɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɚ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ
ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ, ɛɟɡ oɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɥɢɱ-
ɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ. Ɉɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɡɭɪɩɚɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɞɪɠɚɰ ɤɚɨ ɭ
ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɬɢɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭɠɢɜɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɨ.
Ɍɚʁ ɬɢɩ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɫɤɭ
ɢɡ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ, ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɤɨɪɢ-
ɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɚʁɚ (ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ)
ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɞɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɭɬɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨ-
90 ɂɨΪɦ, 12.
91 ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1990. ɭɡɪɨɤɟ ɨɜɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɢɦ
ɦɢɬɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɭɦʂɟ: „ɇɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɨɝ ɦΪɝΪɠ ɩΪɠɨɢɩ,
ɛɚɧ ɩ ɦɜɦ ɜɧɝɤɝ ɢɧɠɟɝ, Ωɚ ɦɜɚɢɜɦɤ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɩ ɦΩΨɦɜɚɧɚɽɩ ɤɠΪɦɜɠ ɢɦɽɠ ɠɨΪɠɭɩ ɠ ɩɜɠɧɩ ɥɝΨΩɝ
ɩ ΫɧɝΩɝɣɠɤɚ Ϊɚɤɥɠɫ ɦɨɝʀɚɿɚ, ɚ ɭɦɜɝɢɩ ɥɚɤɝʀɩ ɽɝΩɥɦɩɤɾɝ, ɨΪɚɣɥɦ ɥɚɨΪɦɽɝ ɟɚΪɜɦɧɠΪɠ
ΫɩΪɝɜɝ ɨɚɟɥɚɿɚ ɠ Ϋɦɜɧɝɤɝɥɦ ɢɧɝʀɩ ɩ ɤɚɣΪɝɥɝ ɧɚΪɦɜɝ ΫɧɦΪɠɜ ɟɥɚɿɚ. Ɉɥɠ ɨɦɛɦɤ ɠɨɢɚɟɩɽɩ,
ɚ ɩΫɦɧɝΩɦ ɠ ΩɦΫɩɿɩɽɩ ɥɦɜɠɤ ɨɚΩɧɞɚɽɠɤɚ ɠΩɝɦɣɦΨɠɽɝ ɠ ΩɦΫɧɠɥɦɨɝ ɿɠɫɦɜɦɽ ΩɦΨɤɚΪɠɟɚɬɠɽɠ.
Ɍɚɢɦ ɠɤɚɤɦ ɨɤɝɮɩ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɨɢɝ ɨɜɝɨΪɠ“. (ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 9. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1990, 7).
ɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ (ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ). Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɧɚɛɨʁ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɞɚ

ɛɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɥɢɱɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ. ɍɜɟɨ
ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɤɪɢɥɚ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ-
ɜɢɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.
ɍ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɟɤɥɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɚɱɤɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ, ɚ ɭ ɛɪɡɚɧɚ ɞɟɲɚɜaʃɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɤɨɱɢɥɚ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ. ɂʄɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɤɚɨ ɋɚɜɟɡ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɪɢɡɢɤ; ɨɞ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɧɟ, ɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɧɢ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɍ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ-
ɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭ ɭɨɱɢ 1990. ɡɚ ɩɪɢɲɬɢɧɫɤɭ ɊɠɣɠɥΩɽɩ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ, ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ
ɫɦɟɬɚʁɭ „ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ“, ɚɥɢ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɥɭɪɚ-
ɥɢɡɚɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ „ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢ-
ɡɦɚ – ɨɧɞɚ ɫɦɨ ɦɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ“.92
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ (ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɬɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ),93 ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɨ ɨ ɯɚɩɲɟ-
ʃɭ ȼɭɤɚ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɨɞ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ʁɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ
ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɨ ɧɚʁɨɩɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ 9. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ
Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɢ, ɞɚ ɨɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ „ɛɟɞɭ ɢ ɧɟɦɨʄ ɲɨɜɢ-
ɧɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɱɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɧɨɠɚ“, ɞɚ ɨɧ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ „ɦɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɦɪɠʃɟ“. Ɉ ɯɚɩɲɟ-
ʃɭ ȼɭɤɚ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ 10. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1990. ɧɚ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ
ɤɨɞ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜ ȳɨɜɢʄ, ɱɥɚɧ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɋɎɊȳ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ
Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤɭ: „Ɉɬɝɿɩɽɝɤɦ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɩ ɦΫɦɧΪɩɥɦɨΪ ɝɜɝɥΪɩɚɣɥɦΨ ɢɧɠɜɠɭɥɦΨ Ψɦɿɝɿɚ
ȼɩɢɚ Ⱦɧɚɮɢɦɜɠʀɚ. ɉɧɚɜɥɠ ɧɚɟɣɦɟɠ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɝ. Ɍɦ ɛɠ ɤɦɧɚɣɦ ɛɠΪɠ ɩɨɣɦɜɾɝɥɦ ɦΩΨɦ-
ɜɚɧɚɽɩʀɠɤ ɤɝɧɚɤɚ Ϋɧɝɤɚ Ɍɩɷɤɚɥɩ ɩ ɏɧɜɚΪɨɢɦɽ ɠ ɊɩΫɝɣɩ ɩ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɠɽɠ, ɚɣɠ ɦɥɠ Ϊɦ
ɜɝɧɦɜɚΪɥɦ ɥɝʀɝ ɩɭɠɥɠΪɠ. Ɇɠ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝɤɦ ɜɝɭɥɦ ɛɠΪɠ ’ɜɝʀɠ ɢɚΪɦɣɠɬɠ
ɦΩ ɉɚΫɝ’. Ȼɠɣɦ ɢɚɢɜɚ ɚɢɬɠɽɚ ɨɚɤɦ ɩ ɥɚɮɦɽ ɊɝΫɩɛɣɠɬɠ ɥɝʀɝ ɨΫɚɨɠΪɠ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɩ,
ɚ ɮΪɦ ɨɝ ɥɚɨ Ϊɠɭɝ, ɥɚɨ ȼɩɢ Ⱦɧɚɮɢɦɜɠʀ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɩΨɧɦɟɠΪɠ“.94 Ⱦɚ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɞɨɤɫ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɨɲ ɜɟʄɢ, ȳɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɫɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚ-
ɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɭɡ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɨɧɟ ɛɢ-
ɥɟ „ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ“. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɚɧɟɡ Ⱦɪɧɨɜɲɟɤ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɛɢɨ ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɭ, ȳɨɜɢʄɟɜ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ: „Ȼɦɽɠ ɨɝ ɟɚ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɬɝ ɠ ɿɠɫɦɜɝ Ϋɚɧ-
Ϊɠɽɝ. ɆɦɞΩɚ ɠ ɨɚɤ ɥɝɢɦɽ ΫɧɠΫɚΩɚ“.95
ɉɪɜɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ – Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ
ʁɟ (ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɚ) 11. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1989. ȵɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢ ɨɛɡɧɚɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɉɠɨɤɦ
ɦ ɥɚɤɝɧɚɤɚ ȾɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɝ.96 Ɉɫɧɢɜɚɱɤɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ 3.
92 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 22. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 6.

93 ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ 6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1990. ɭ ɇɨɜɨʁ ɉɚɡɨɜɢ. ɇɚɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ Ⱦɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ, ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ.
94 Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜ ȳɨɜɢʄ, ɉɦɨɣɝΩɿɠ Ωɚɥɠ ɋɎɊȳ. ɂɟɜɦΩɠ ɠɟ Ωɥɝɜɥɠɢɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995, 88.
95 ɂɨΪɦ, 89.
96 Ȼɨʁɚɧ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɂɦɧɚɥ ȭɠɥɷɠʀ. ȻɠɦΨɧɚɪɠɽɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2007, 24. – ɉɢɫɦɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɦɚ
ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɭ: Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ȼɭɤɚʁɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɨɜ, Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧ Ⱦɚɧɨʁɥɢʄ, Ɂɨɪɚɧ ȭɢɧ-
ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1990, ɨɤɭɩɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɞɢɫɢ-

ɞɟɧɬɟ ɢ ʂɭɞɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɝ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ʂɟʃɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ʁɚɫɧɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚɥɢ
ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɬɟɬ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɭ (Ɇɚɬɢʁɚ Ȼɟʄɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɰɚ ȶɨɫɢʄ) ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢ
ɛɥɢɫɤɢ Ɍɢɬɨɜ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɞɢɫɢɞɟɧɬ Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧ ȭɢɥɚɫ.97
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ: ɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɭɧɟ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɪɠɢɲɧɟ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ; ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɭ“
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɞɜɨɞɨɦɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɭ
ɤɨɦɟ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ „ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ“ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɢ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚ-
ʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɭ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ.98
ɍɫɥɟɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɞɨɜɨ-
ɞɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ“ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚʃɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.99 Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɢɲɟɩɚɪɬɢʁ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɉɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɡɚ ɬɢɦ ɧɟɦɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ. Ɍɟ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ Ʌɨɪɟɧɫɭ ɂɝɥɛɟɪɝɟɪɭ, ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɭ
ɭ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɋȺȾ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ
25. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1990.
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ „ɥɢ-
ɛɟɪɚɥ“. ɇɚ ɂɝɥɛɟɪɝɟɪɨɜɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɟ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ Ⱥɧɬe Ɇɚɪɤɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ „ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ“ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ; ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɧɢ ɨɰɟɧɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ „ɱɜɪɫɬɟ ɪɭ-
ɤɟ“ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ. Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ʁe ɤɚɤɨ ʁe ɋɪ-
ɛɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞ „ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ“ ɢ „ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɮɢʁɟ“
ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ. Ɍɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ
ɻɢʄ, Ƚɨʁɤɨ ȭɨɝɨ, ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ɂɧɢʄ, Ɇɚɪɤɨ ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜ Ʉɨɲɬɭɧɢɰɚ, Ⱦɪɚɝɨʂɭɛ Ɇɢ-
ʄɭɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɨɪɢɫɥɚɜ ɉɟɤɢʄ, Ɇɢɨɞɪɚɝ ɉɟɪɢɲɢʄ, Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ʉɨɫɬɚ ɑɚɜɨɲɤɢ.
97 ɇɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ, ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ Ⱦ. Ɇɢʄɭɧɨɜɢʄ, ɡɚ ɩɨɬɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ȼ.
Ʉɨɲɬɭɧɢɰɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɂɡɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ Ɂ. ȭɢɧɻɢʄ.
98 Jasna Dragoviü-Soso, „Spasioci nacije“. Intelektualna opoziicja Srbije i oživljavanje naciona-
lizma, Beograd 2004, 350.
99 Slobodan Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja. Srbija za vlade Slobodana Miloševiüa, Beograd 2002,
97. – Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞ ȼɭɱɟɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɞɚ ɨɫɭɞɢ ʁɟɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɝɪɚɞɢɥɚ
ɨɞ ɚɥɛɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚ: „ɉɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɠ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɠ Ϋɧɦɬɝɨɠ, ɢɚɦ ɠ ɨɜɝ ɦɥɦ ɮΪɦ ɨɝ ɥɝΫɦ-
ɨɧɝΩɥɦ Ωɝɮɚɜɚ ɩ ɟɝɤɾɠ ɩ ɦɜɦɤ ΪɧɝɥɩΪɢɩ, ɢɚɦ Ωɚ ɩɦΫɮΪɝ ɥɝ Ϋɧɠɜɣɚɭɝ Ϋɚɞɿɩ Ωɝɣɚ ɥɚɮɠɫ
ɥɦɜɦɦɨɥɦɜɚɥɠɫ ɨΪɧɚɥɚɢɚ, ɥɠΪɠ Ϋɚɢ ɿɠɫɦɜɠɫ Ϊɝɢ ɠɟɚɛɧɚɥɠɫ Ϋɧɜɚɢɚ. Ⱦɦ ɨɚΩɚ, Ϊɚɢɦɷɝ, ɥɝ-
ɤɚ ɥɠɽɝΩɥɦΨ Ψɣɚɨɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɛɠ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ ΫɦΩɠΨɣɝ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɦɥɝ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɝ ΫɧɦΪɠɜ ɦɭɠΨɣɝΩɥɦ ɥɝΩɝɤɦ-
ɢɧɚΪɨɢɠɫ ɠ ɠɧɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɠɫ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠɫ ΪɝɥΩɝɥɬɠɽɚ ɠ ΫɦɢɧɝΪɚ ɩ ɨɧΫɨɢɦɤ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɩ, Ϋɚ ɭɚɢ
ɥɠ ɦɥɠɫ ɥɝɦɭɝΪɥɠɭɢɠɫ ɠ ΫɧɦɭɝΪɥɠɭɢɠɫ. Ʉɚɦ Ωɚ ɦΩɛɧɚɥɚ ΫɧɠɥɬɠΫɚ ɧɚɟɩɤɚ ɠ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɽɝ
ɨΫɚΩɚ ɠɨɢɾɩɭɠɜɦ ɩ Ωɦɤɝɥ ɛɧɠΨɝ Ωɚɥɚɨ ɜɣɚΩɚɽɩʀɠɫ ɨɥɚΨɚ ɢɦɽɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɛɦɧɝ ΫɧɦΪɠɜ ɨɜɝΨɚ
ɦɥɦΨɚ ɮΪɦ ɠɤɚ Ϋɧɠɟɜɩɢ ɥɝɫɩɤɚɥɠɫ ɠ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɨɢɠ ɥɝΨɚΪɠɜɥɦ ɜɝɧɠɪɠɢɦɜɚɥɠɫ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠɫ
ɦΫɬɠɽɚ“. (ɇɂɇ, 4. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1990, 10–11).
ɤɨʁɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɠɢɜɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɢ ɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɱɜɪɫɬɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɲʄɭ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ. Ɍɜɪɞɢɨ ʁe ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɢɲɟ-
ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɞɟɥɭʁɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨʁ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɧɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ: „Ɍɦ ɥɝ ɛɠ Ϋɧɦɮɣɦ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ. ɋɧɛɠ ɞɠɜɝ ɮɠɧɦɤ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜiɽɝ.
ȳɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ ɽɝ ɽeΩɠɥɠ ɥɚɭɠɥ Ωɚ ɦɥɠ ɞɠɜɝ ɩ ɽɝΩɥɦɽ ɟɝɤɾɠ“.100
Ɉ ɦɨɝɭʄɟɦ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɭ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɐɄ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɨ
ʁɟ ɧɚ 4. ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɦɚɪɬɚ 1990, ɚɥɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɟ. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ; ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ. Ⱦɨ-
ɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɋɄɋ ɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ, ʁɚɫɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɦɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢ ɚɞɭɬɢ.
Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞ ȼɭɱɟɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɭ ɨɰɟɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ „ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɞɨ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ“.101
________________________
Ɍɚɥɚɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.
Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɬɢ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɢ – Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɢ, ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɡɚɭɜɟɤ
ɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ ɫɬɪɚɯ, ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ
ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɝɪɭɩɚɰɢʁɢ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜ ȳɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤɭ 3. ɦɚʁɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟ-
ɠɢɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ: „ɋɣɦɛɚ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ Ωɦɮɚɦ ɥɚ ɤɦɽ Ϋɦɟɠɜ. ɀɝɣɠɤ Ωɚ Ψɚ ɦɛɚɜɝɨΪɠɤ ɦ
Ϋɧɠɣɠɭɥɦ ɨɩɤɦɧɥɠɤ ɤɠɮɾɝɿɠɤɚ ɾɩΩɠ ɨɚ ɢɦɽɠɤɚ ɨɚɤ ɧɚɟΨɦɜɚɧɚɦ ɦ ɥɚɮɠɤ ɠɟΨɣɝ-
Ωɠɤɚ ɥɚ ɠɟɛɦɧɠɤɚ; ɟɚΪɠɤ ɦ ɤɝɧɚɤɚ ɟɚ ɚɢΪɠɜɥɦɨΪɠ ɩ ɉɧɝΩɨɝΩɥɠɮΪɜɩ. ɉɧɝ ɨɜɝΨɚ
ɨɚɤ ɨɤɚΪɧɚɦ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɤɦɧɚɤɦ ɦɟɛɠɾɥɦ ΫɦɟɚɛɚɜɠΪɠ ɨɜɦɽɠɤ ɠɟΨɣɝΩɠɤɚ ɥɚ ɜɠɮɝΫɚɧ-
Ϊɠɽɨɢɠɤ ɠɟɛɦɧɠɤɚ. ɇɝ ɜɝɧɩɽɝ Ωɚ ɛɠ ɨɤɦ ɤɦΨɣɠ Ωɚ ɠɟΨɩɛɠɤɦ ɥɚ ɠɟɛɦɧɠɤɚ, ɚɣɠ ɨɝ
Ϋɧɠɛɦɽɚɜɚ ɟɚ Ωɚɾɩ ɛɩΩɩʀɥɦɨΪ. ɍΫɦɟɦɧɠɦ ɨɚɤ Ψɚ ɥɚ ɦɟɛɠɾɥɝ ΫɧɠɤɝΩɛɝ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɚ ɥɚ
ɣɦɢɚɣɥɝ ɪɩɥɢɬɠɦɥɝɧɝ ɢɦɽɠɫ ɨɝ ɤɦɧɚɤɦ ɩ ɠɟɛɦɧɥɦɽ Ϊɧɬɠ ɦΪɚɧɚɨɠΪɠ ɚ ɢɚɥΩɠΩɦɜɚ-
Ϊɠ ɥɚ ɥɚɮɠɤ ɣɠɨΪɚɤɚ ɩΨɣɝΩɥɝ ɠ ɥɝɢɦɤΫɧɦɤɠΪɦɜɚɥɝ ɾɩΩɝ“.102
ɍ ɨɜɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɢɜɚɨ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬ – ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɭ. ɋɜɟ
ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 1990. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ
ɧɟɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɥɭɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ; ɩɪɜɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɋɧΫɨɢɝ ɧɝɭɠ (ɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɭɦ 1. ɦɚʁ 1990)
ɝɥɚɫɢɥɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ, ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ɇɢɯɚ-
ɢɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ.103 Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ 10. ɦɚʁɚ ɭ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɭ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ „ɧɟɦɚ ɩɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ“, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɤɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɉɫɦɟ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ „ɩɥɚɫɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɭ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɦ
ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ“. ɋɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɩɨɲɬɟɧɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ
ʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɜɚɧɲɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ: „ȺΫɝ-
ɣɠ ɟɚ ɧɚɟɥɝ ɦɛɧɚɭɩɥɝ ɠ ɦɨɜɝΪɝ ɨɚɤɦ ɨɩ Ϋɧɦɛɥɠ Ϋɦɢɣɠɭ ɟɚ Ϋɦɟɠɜ ɥɚ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɨɢɠ ɧɚΪ.
ɂɟ Ωɚɥɚ ɩ Ωɚɥ ɨɤɦ ɨɜɝ ɜɠɮɝ ɨɜɝΩɦɬɠ ɝɢɨΫɚɥɟɠɽɝ ɥɚɨɠɣɥɠɭɢɦΨ, ΫɧɠɤɠΪɠɜɥɦΨ ɠ ɮɦɜɠ-
100 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Voren Zimerman, Poreklo jedne katastrofe. Jugoslavija i njeni rušitelji,
Beograd 2003, 39.
101 ɇɂɇ, 18. ɦɚɪɬ 1990, 9.
103 ɍ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɬɭɠɢɨɰɚ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɋɧΫɨɢɝ ɧɝɭɠ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟɦ „ɜɪɟɻɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢ ɭɜɪɟɞɟ ɠɪɬɜɚɦɚ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɬɟɪɨɪɚ ɢ ɱɟɬɧɢɱ-
ɤɨɝ ɤɥɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɢʂɟ“. (ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 1. ʁɭɧ 1990, 7).
ɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɦΨ ɠɨΪɩΫɚɿɚ ΫɧɝΩɨΪɚɜɥɠɢɚ ɥɝɢɠɫ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠɫ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ. ɂɚɢɦ ɨɝ ɿɠɫɦɜɝ

Ϊɦɛɦɞɿɝ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɝ ɽɦɮ ɥɠɨɩ ɥɠ ɢɦɥɨΪɠΪɩɠɨɚɣɝ, ɥɠ ɧɝΨɠɨΪɧɦɜɚɣɝ, ɜɝʀ ΫɧɝΪɝ ɢɦɤɩ-
ɥɠɨΪɠɤɚ, ΩɧɩΨɠɤ ɥɚɧɦΩɠɤɚ, ɥɚɧɦΩɥɦɨΪɠɤɚ. Ɍɚ Ωɠɜɾɚɿɚ Ωɧɞɚɜɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɥɠɢɦɤɝ
ɥɝʀɝ ΩɦΫɩɨΪɠΪɠ ɥɚ ɨɜɦɽɦɽ ΪɝɧɠΪɦɧɠɽɠ ɦΩ ȾɧɚΨɚɮɚ Ωɦ ɏɦɧΨɦɮɚ“.104
Ɉɞɦɚɯ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ ɋɉɈ-ɚ ɧɚ Ɋɚɜɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɢ 13. ɦɚʁɚ 1990. ȳɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ
ɫɚɜɟɡ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɲɟ ɤɚɨ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɭɜɟɞɟ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɚɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ɉɨɲɬɨ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ, ɢɚɤɨ
ɫɭ ɜɟʄ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɢ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢ-
ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɥɟ ɫɭ 30. ɦɚʁɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ ɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɉɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɚ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ɫɬɨɥɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɧɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ ɞɨ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɯ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚ (ɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚɦɚ, ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɝɥɚɫɢɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ) ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɜɚɠɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ, ɧɚʁ-
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1990.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ 7. ʁɭɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɟ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢ-
ɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ „ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟɦ“ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɋɨɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ.105 Ɉɞɦɚɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɚ ɦɨʄɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɟɪɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɞɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɋɉɋ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ „ɨɛɧɨɜɢ“ ɢ „ɨɛ-
ʁɟɞɢʃɚɜɚʃɭ“ ɥɟɜɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɧ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ
ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚɬ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ „ɩɪɨɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɦɚ“ ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɚ ȳɭ-
ɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ: „Ɋɚɷɚ ɨɝ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ ɢɦɽɚ ɠɨɢɚɟɩɽɝ ɦɥɦ ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɜɝʀ ΫɦΩɨΪɚɢɥɩΪɦ ɩ Ωɩɮɠ
ɨɜɠɫ ΫɦɮΪɝɥɠɫ ɾɩΩɠ“.106 Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ 11. ʁɭɧɚ ɭɤɢɧɭɨ ɉɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɟɤɪɟ-
ɬɚɪɢʁɚɬ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ „ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɡɢɨ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɪɟɞ ɢ ɦɢɪ
ɭ ɉɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɢ“. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ „ɦɢɥɢɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ
ɋȺɉ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ“ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɋɍɉ-ɚ.107
Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɨ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɭ 13.
ʁɭɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɦɢɬɢɧɝ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɧɚ Ɍɪɝɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɨɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ „ɦɢɬɢɧɝ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ“. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞ
ɤɪɚʁɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɭ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɟɥɢɬɢ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɞ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɜɟɠɟ.
Ɇɢɬɢɧɝ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɩɟɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɯɢɦɧɟ „Ȼɨɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ“, ɤɨ-
ʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɱɭɥɚ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ
ɫɩɚʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɟɬɨɤɪɚɤɚ ɫɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɫɥɢɤɨɦ. ɋɬɪɚɯ ʁɟ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɲɚɨ
ɭ ɩɚɧɢɤɭ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɨʁ ɢ ɤɭɥ-
ɬɭɪɧɨʁ ɟɥɢɬɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ (ʃɢɯ 58,5%) ɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɢɥɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ. ɂɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɬɢɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɭ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɩɭɧ ɞɨ ɡɭɛɚ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɩɚɞ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɟ.
104 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 11. ɦɚʁ 1990, 1.

105 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 8. ʁɭɧ 1990, 1.
106 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 9. ʁɭɧ 1990, 1.
107 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 12. ʁɭɧ 1990, 1.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɚ, ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɤɚ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ

ɩɪɟɞɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɢɯ ɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ, ɞɟɨ ɨɤɭɩʂɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɤɪɟɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ „ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ“ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɩɚʂɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɰɢ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɭɡ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɤɟ „Ȼɪɨɡɨɜɢ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ“ ɢ „Ʌɚɠɟ ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ“. ȼɪɯɭɧɚɰ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɨ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ
Ɍɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. ɍɫɥɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɭɪɢɲ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬ. ɍ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ ʁɟ
ɩɨɜɪɟɻɟɧ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɚɰɚ, ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤ Ȼɨɪɢ-
ɫɚɜ ɉɟɤɢʄ.108 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ ʁɟ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɪɟɱɢ: „ɄɚΩɚ ɽɝ ɿɠ-
ɫɦɜɦ Ϋɦɥɚɮɚɿɝ ΫɦɨΪɚɣɦ ɧɩɮɠɣɚɭɢɦ, ɠɥΪɝɧɜɝɥɠɨɚɣɚ ɽɝ Ϋɦɣɠɬɠɽɚ“.109
Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɚ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ: ɧɚ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɭ
„ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ“, ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ „ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɢɰɢʁɭ“, ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɨɰɟɧɢ ɪɚɞ“ Ɋɚɞɢʁɚ ɋɬɭɞɢɨ Ȼ, ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɉɦɣɠΪɠɬɠ ȿɢɨΫɧɝɨ
ɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ „ɢɡɞɚʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ“, ɚ Ɂɨɪɚɧ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɨɞɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɢɯɨ-
ɜɨɝ „ɯɭɥɢɝɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ“.110 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɭ,
ɨɩɬɭɠɢɥɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɟ ɢɡ Ȼɦɧɛɝ ɞɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭ „ɚɧɬɢɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɢ“.111
Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɰɢ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɢɦɚɨ, ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢ-
ɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɨɮɚɧɡɢɜɭ. Ɉɧ ɧɢʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɢɫɬɪɨɲɟɧɢ, ɨɫɬɚɪɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɩɭɬ ɨɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥ-
ɧɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɤɚɨ Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʉɭɱɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɂɜɢɰɚ Ɋɚɱɚɧ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɩɨɧɭ ɫɧɚɝɟ (49 ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɚ), ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɩɭɬɚ ɦɚʃɟ
ɨɞ „ɩɪɨɫɟɤɚ“ ɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɭ, ɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ „ɞɟɫɟɬ ɩɭɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɠɟʂɚɧ ɞɚ ɬɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɡɚɞɪɠɢ“.
ɇɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɧɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɢ, „ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ
ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɰɟɧɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ ɜɥɚɫɬ“.112
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɚ ɋɉɋ-ɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɟɜɪɨ-ɫɨɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚɧ ɫɚ ȼɢɥɢʁɟɦ Ȼɪɚɧɬɨɦ, ɍɥɨɮɨɦ
ɉɚɥɦɟɨɦ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɫɨɚ Ɇɢɬɟɪɚɧɨɦ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɩɚ
ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ
ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞ ȼɭɱɟɥɢʄ ɩɢɫɚɨ: „Ȼɠɣɠ ɨɩ ɜɠɮɝ ɥɝΨɦ ɩɦɭɾɠɜɠ ɚΨɧɝɨɠɜɥɠ ɠ ΪɜɧΩɦɢɦɧ-
ɥɠ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɠ ɨΪɚɜɦɜɠ ɠ ɦɥɚ ɨɫɜɚΪɚɿɚ Ϋɦ ɢɦɽɠɤɚ ɽɝ ɄɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɚ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ
ɽɝΩɠɥɠ ɦɛɣɠɢ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦΨ ɞɠɜɦΪɚ ɩ ɟɝɤɾɠ. Ɍɠ ɦΪΫɦɧɠ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɟɚɬɠɽɠ ΩɦΫɧɠ-
ɥɝɣɠ ɨɩ ɠɟɜɝɨɥɦɤ ɟɚɢɚɮɿɝɿɩ ɦɜɝ ɨɚΩɚɮɿɝ ɠɥɠɬɠɽɚΪɠɜɝ ɟɚ ɦɛɽɝΩɠɿɚɜɚɿɝ ɣɝɜɠɫ
ɠ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠɫ ɨɥɚΨɚ“.113
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɜɟɲɬ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɚɪ ɢɡɜɭɤɚɨ ɩɨɭɤɟ ɢɡ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɨɱɢɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɛɢɜ-
ɲɢɯ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɢɦ 10. ɢ 17. ʁɭɧɚ 1990.
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɚ 47% ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɯ ɝɥɚ-
ɫɨɜɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ 53% ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨ
ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɨɱɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɭɱɚɧ
108 S. Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja, 99.

109 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 14. ʁɭɧ 1990, 10.
110 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 15. ʁɭɧ 1990, 7.
111 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 16. ʁɭɧ 1990, 7.
113 ɇɂɇ, 17. ʁɭɧ 1990, 10.
ɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɨ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɬɢɲɥɚ ɭ

ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ Ʉɭɱɚɧ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ Ɋɚɱɚɧ, ɱɢɧɢɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟ-
ɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ – ɧɟ ɩɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɢ ɭ ɱɟɦɭ: „Ɂɚɠ-
Ψɧɚɦ ɽɝ ɛɝɟɦɛɟɠɧɥɦ ɠ ɦΫɚɨɥɦ, ɨΪɚɜɠɜɮɠ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɩ ΫɧɝΩ ɠɟɛɦɧ: ɩɟɤɠ ɠɣɠ ɦɨΪɚɜɠ.
ɈΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɚ ɽɝ Ϊɦɣɠɢɦ ɛɠɣɚ ɩɜɝɧɝɥɚ ɩ ɨɜɦɽ ɩɨΫɝɫ Ωɚ ɽɝ ΫɧɠɨΪɚɣɚ ɥɚ ɨɜɝ. ɇɚ ɢɧɚɽɩ
ɽɝ ɠɟΨɩɛɠɣɚ ɨɜɝ“.114
Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ
ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ. ɉɪɜɢ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɭ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɲɟ-
ʃɟ ɍɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ. ɍɫɬɚɜ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ ɩɨ
ɦɟɪɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ. Ɍɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɛɚɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ, ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɚ
ɧɚ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ. ɇɨɜɢ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɭɪɟɞɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɚ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɨ ɨɞ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɞɛɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɚ
ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɭ, ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɜɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ
ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɫɟɰɟɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ,
ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɚʁɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɬɚɥɚɰ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ 25. ʁɭɧɚ 1990. ɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ
ɧɨɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ. ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɪɟ-
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɜɚɧ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ: „Ⱦɦɥɦɮɝɿɝ ɥɦɜɦΨ ɩɨΪɚɜɚ, ɠɟɤɝɷɩ ɦɨΪɚɣɦΨ, Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɨΫɧɝɭɠ
ɨɜɚɢɠ Ϋɦɢɩɮɚɽ ΪɠɫɦΨ Ϋɧɝɜɦɷɝɿɚ ɪɝΩɝɧɚɣɥɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ ɩ ɢɦɥɪɝΩɝɧɚɬɠɽɩ, ɦΩɥɦɨɥɦ
ΫɧɝΩɨΪɚɜɾɚ ΪɧɝɥɩΪɚɢ ɢɚΩɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɚ Ϊɧɝɛɚ ɽɚɨɥɦ ɠ ɛɣɚΨɦɜɧɝɤɝɥɦ Ωɚ ɨΪɚɜɠ Ωɦ ɟɥɚ-
ɿɚ Ωɚ ɨɜɦɽɝ ɨɚΩɚɮɿɝ ɚΩɤɠɥɠɨΪɧɚΪɠɜɥɝ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɝ ɜɝɟɩɽɝ ɽɝΩɠɥɦ ɟɚ ɪɝΩɝɧɚɣɥɦ ɩɧɝɷɝ-
ɿɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ. ȳɝɧ ɩɢɦɣɠɢɦ ɛɠ Ωɦɮɣɦ Ωɦ Ϋɧɦɤɝɥɝ ɦɛɣɠɢɚ ɩɧɝɷɝɿɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ, Ϊɽ.
Ωɦ ɿɝɥɦΨ ɢɦɥɪɝΩɝɧɚɣɠɟɦɜɚɿɚ, ɛɠɣɚ ɛɠ ɦΪɜɦɧɝɥɚ ɨɜɚ ɩɨΪɚɜɥɚ ΫɠΪɚɿɚ. ɍ Ϊɚɢɜɦɤ
ɨɣɩɭɚɽɩ ΫɠΪɚɿɝ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɽɝ ɦΪɜɦɧɝɥɦ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦ ΫɠΪɚɿɝ“.115 Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ
ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɩɪɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ: „ɊɝΩɦɨɣɝΩ ΫɦΪɝɟɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɭɠ-
ɥɠ ɬɝɣɠɥɩ ɥɚɮɝΨ ɉɧɝΩɣɦΨɚ ΫɦΩɧɚɟɩɤɝɜɚ Ϋɧɜɦ ɩɨΪɚɜ, Ϋɚ ɠɟɛɦɧɝ, ɽɝɧ ɛɠ ɦɛɧɥɩΪɠ
ɧɝΩɦɨɣɝΩ ɥɝɠɟɛɝɞɥɦ Ϋɧɦɠɟɜɝɦ ɥɝɩɨΪɚɜɥɩ ɨɠΪɩɚɬɠɽɩ ɠ ΩɠɧɝɢΪɥɦ ɦΪɜɦɧɠɦ ɜɧɚΪɚ
ɨɩɢɦɛɠɤɚ ɨɚ ɥɝɨɚΨɣɝΩɠɜɠɤ ɥɝΨɚΪɠɜɥɠɤ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɠɬɚɤɚ, Ϋɧɝ ɨɜɝΨɚ ɥɚ Ʉɦɨɦɜɩ. ɇɠɢɦ
ɦΩΨɦɜɦɧɚɥ ɩ Ϊɚɢɜɩ ɨɠΪɩɚɬɠɽɩ ɥɠΪɠ ɤɦɞɝ ɥɠΪɠ ɨɤɝ ɩɜɦΩɠΪɠ ɋɧɛɠɽɩ“.116
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɟ
ɧɚ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ „ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɟɥɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ“ ɥɢɲɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨ-
ɜɟ ɡɚ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɢ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɟ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɢ Ⱦɟʁɚɧ Ɇɟɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ɇɢʄɚ
ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ.117 Ɉɩɲɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʄɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɨʂɚ:
ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ: „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ“; Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ
Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ: „Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ“; Ɇɢɥɨɲ ɀɭɬɢʄ: „ɋɤɭɩɨɰɟɧɢ ɬɪɟ-

115 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ, ɉɧɠɣɦΨ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɠ 20. ɜɝɢɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 48.
116 ɂɫɬɨ, 52.
117 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 26. ʁɭɧ 1991, 7.
ɧɭɬɚɤ“; ȳɨɜɚɧ ȶɢɪɢɥɨɜ: „ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ“.118 Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ: „ɑɚɫ ʁɟ ɞɚ

ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ“; ȴɭɛɢɲɚ ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ: „Ɉɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɭɦʂɚ“.119 Ȼɭɞɢɦɢɪ Ʉɨɲɭɬɢʄ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1991. ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɪɟɞɫɟɞ-
ɧɢɤ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ: „Ɉɥ ʀɝ ɢɦɥɚɭɥɦ ɨΪɚɜɠΪɠ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɩ, Ϊɽ. Ωɝɦ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɝ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɝ
Ωɦ ɨɚΩɚ ΫɧɦΪɠɜɠɦ ɧɝΩɦɨɣɝΩɩ ɍɨΪɚɜ Ϋɚ ɠɟɛɦɧɠ Ωɚ ɦΩɣɩɭɠ ɫɦʀɝ ɣɠ ɠʀɠ ɟɚ ɜɝʀɠɥɦɤ
ɨɜɦΨɚ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɠɣɠ ʀɝ ɨɝ ΫɧɠɢɣɦɥɠΪɠ ɨΪɚɜɦɜɠɤɚ ɢɦɨɦɜɨɢɝ ɚɣΪɝɧɥɚΪɠɜɝ“.120
ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɭɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɜɟʄ 1. ɢ 2. ʁɭɥɚ ɨɞɪ-
ɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ, ɬɟɲɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪʂɢɜɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ,
ɢɡɚɲɥɨ 78% ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɛɢɪɚɱɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ 96,8% ɢɡɝɥɚɫɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ
ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɩɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɡɚɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ,
ɤɚɨ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɧɚ ɬɚ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɧɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɜɪɬɚɨ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ“ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧ ɧɨɜɭ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɭ ɦɨʄ.
ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ 1990. ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɢ 7. ʁɭɥɢ ɤɚɨ Ⱦɚɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢɡ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. ȼɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɱɟɝɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɢɞɟ, ɚ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɨ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɇɟɡɧɚɧɨɦ ʁɭɧɚɤɭ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɢ. ɍ ɤʃɢɝɭ
ɭɬɢɫɚɤɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɪɟɱɢ: „ɉɦɥɦɨɠɤɦ ɨɝ ɨɜɦɽɦɤ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠɭɢɦɤ ɧɝɜɦɣɩɬɠ-
ɽɦɤ ɠ ɛɦɧɛɦɤ ɟɚ ɨɣɦɛɦΩɩ“.121 ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ʁɟ 11. ʁɭɥɚ 1990. ɢ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ɫɚ
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɨɦ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ.122
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɯɨɞ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɫɧɚɝɭ
„ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ“ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɞ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɨɦ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢ-
ʄɟɦ. Ɍɚʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɛɨʂɢ ɢ ɨɞ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ „ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚ“ ɢ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɭɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɧɭ ɢ ɭɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ: „Ɍɦ ɟɥɚɭɠ,
Ϊɚ ɠɤɦɜɠɥɚ Ωɦɛɠɽɚ ɪɦɧɤɩ ɚɢɬɠɦɥɚɧɨɢɦΨ ɢɚΫɠΪɚɣɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɝ Ϋɦɽɚɜɾɩɽɝ ɥɚ Ϊɧɞɠ-
ɮΪɩ, ɢɦɽɠɤ ɩΫɧɚɜɾɚɽɩ ɨΪɧɩɭɥɚ Ϊɝɣɚ ɦΩΨɦɜɦɧɥɚ ɇɚɧɦΩɥɦɽ ɨɢɩΫɮΪɠɥɠ (ɦɨɥɦɜɥɦɤ
ɨɩɛɽɝɢΪɩ ɜɣɚɨɥɠɭɢɠɫ Ϋɧɚɜɚ) ɢɦɽɠ ɠɤɚ ɨɜɦɽɩ ɬɝɥɩ ɩΫɦΪɧɝɛɝ, Ωɦɥɦɨɠ ΩɦɛɠΪɠ ɠ ɟɚ-
ɢɦɥɨɢɠ ɽɝ ɟɚɮΪɠʀɝɥ ɦΩ ɩɟɩɧΫɚɬɠɽɝ ɠ ɢɧɚɷɝ ɢɚɦ ɠ ɨɜɚɢɚ ΩɧɩΨɚ ɠɤɦɜɠɥɚ. ɋɜɝ ΩɧɩΨɝ
ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɦɥɝ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɝ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɝ ɨɝ ɟɚɣɚɞɩ ɟɚ ɩɢɠΩɚɿɝ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɝ ɨɜɦɽɠɥɝ. Ɍɦ ɠɤ
Ωɚɽɝ ɦɭɠΨɣɝΩɥɦ Ωɝɨɥɠɭɚɧɨɢɠ, ɢɦɥɟɝɧɜɚΪɠɜɥɠ ɢɚɧɚɢΪɝɧ“.123
ɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ
ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ, ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ „ɩɪɟɞ-
ʃɚɱɢɥɚ“ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɞɨɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɭ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ (ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɪɟ-
ɮɨɪɦɚ) ɚ ɱɢɦ ɫɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɫɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ“ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨʄɢ ʄɟ
ɞɨ ɩɭɧɨɝ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ: „Ʌɠɛɝɧɚɣɠɟɚɤ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ ΫɦΪɠɭɝ ɠɟ ɪɧɚɥɬɩɨɢɠɫ ɠ ɝɥΨɣɝɨɢɠɫ
ɠɟɜɦɧɚ ɠ ɟɚɨɥɠɜɚ ɨɝ ɥɚ ɠΩɝɽɠ ɦ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɠɥɩ ɢɚɦ ɥɦɨɠɦɬɩ ɨɩɜɝɧɝɥɠΪɝΪɚ ɜɣɚɨΪɠ. ɍ
ɏɧɜɚΪɨɢɦɽ ɠ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɠɽɠ ɩɟɦɧ ɽɝ ɚɩɨΪɧɦɩΨɚɧɨɢɚ ɠ ɥɝɤɚɭɢɚ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɚ ΪɧɚΩɠɬɠɽɚ,
118 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 28. ʁɭɧ 1990, 9.

119 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 29. ʁɭɧ 1990, 7.
120 ɇɂɇ, 29. ʁɭɧ 1990, 15.
121 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 7. ʁɭɥ 1990, 1.
122 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 12. ʁɭɥ 1990, 5.
123 ɒΪɚ ɫɦʀɝ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠ, ɇɂɇ, 13. ʁɭɥ 1990, 11.
ɩ ɢɦɽɦɽ ɦɨɥɦɜɚ ΩɧɞɚɜɥɦΨ ɩɧɝɷɝɿɚ ɥɠɽɝ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɠɥ ɜɝʀ ɥɚɬɠɽɚ, ɩ ɢɦɽɦɽ, Ϋɧɝɤɚ Ϊɦɤɝ,
ΫɧɚɜɦΨ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɟɤɚ ɠ ɥɝɤɚ“.124
ɍ ɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɨ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ – ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɲɟ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɡɛɨɝ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ: „ɉɦɮΪɦ Ϊɦ ΩɦɨɚΩ ɥɠɨɩ ɩɭɠɥɠɣɝ, ɩΩɚɧɚɬ ɢɦɽɝ ɨɩ Ωɦ-
ɛɠɣɝ ɦΩ Ⱦɦɛɧɠɬɝ ȶɦɨɠʀɚ ɩ ɠɥΪɝɧɜɽɩɩ ’ɉɦɣɠΪɠɬɠ ȿɢɨΫɧɝɨ’ ɩɦɭɠ ɧɝɪɝɧɝɥΩɩɤɚ 1. ɠ
2. ɽɩɣɚ ɛɠɦ ɽɝ ɟɚɠɨΪɚ ɧɚɟɦɧɚɥ“.125
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɫɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ „ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟ-
ʃɚ“ 16. ɢ 17. ʁɭɥɚ 1990. ɉɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧ ɫɭ ɤɪɚɬɤɢ 12.
ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɋɄ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɊɄ ɋɋɊɇ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ. ɇɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɫɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɟ ɨɰɟɧɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɢ-
ʃɟʃɟ ɥɟɜɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɭ „ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɱɚɫ“ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɨ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ
ɥɟɜɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ – ɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɨ 1.228 ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚ Ɋɚɞɦɢ-
ɥɭ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ – 60.126 ɍ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ
ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ɥɟɜɢɰɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ „ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ“. ɇɚʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɛɪɡɨ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɬɢ „ɭɫɤɨɝɪɭɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɬɨʂɭɛɢɜɨɫɬɢ“ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɭ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɭ: „Ɇɠɧ, ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɠ Ϋɧɦ-
ɨΫɝɧɠΪɝΪ, ɨɣɦɛɦΩɚɥ ɭɦɜɝɢ ɠ ɤɝɷɩɨɦɛɥɦ ɧɚɜɥɦΫɧɚɜɥɠ ɾɩΩɠ – ɜɧɝΩɥɦɨΪɠ ɨɩ ɨɚ ɢɦ-
ɽɠɤɚ ɨɝ ɋɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠɭɢɚ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ Ωɚɥɚɨ ɦɛɧɚʀɚ ɨɜɦɤ ɥɚɧɦΩɩ ɠ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɠɤɚ
ɋɧɛɠɽɝ“.127
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟʃɟ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɨɦ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɋɉɋ-ɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ 19. ʁɭɥɚ, ɢɡɛɨɪɨɦ ɂɡɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ. ɇɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɤɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ, ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɟɥɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɬɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ: Ɇɢɯɚɢ-
ɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ.128 Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨʄɢ. Ɉɞɜɨʁɢɜɲɢ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨ-ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɢʁɟ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɚɧ ɧɨɫɢɥɚɰ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɞɟɥɢ
ɦɨʄ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɢʁɟ („ɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɢɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɲɬɚ, ɞɚ ɢɯ ɫɥɭɲɚ ɦɚ ɭ ɱɟɦɭ“).
Ɉɞ ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɪɟɱ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɚ ɭ
ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɭ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɜɪɯɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɍɟɤ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ.129
124 ɂɨΪɦ, 13.

125 ɂɨΪɦ.
126 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 18. ʁɭɥ 1990, 1.
127 ɂɨΪɦ.
128 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 20. ʁɭɥ 1990, 1.
129 Ʉɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɋ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʄ, ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ, „ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ“ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɧɟɩɨɲɬɟ-
ɧɨ. ɋɋɊɇ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɩɲɬɟɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ
ɫɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɫɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɭɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ. ɋɋɊɇ ʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧ ɢɡ ɛɭʇɟɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɦɧɨ-
ɲɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ. ɍ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɞɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɞɚɬ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚɦɚ, ɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɢɱɟɝɚ: „ɋɜɝ
ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɤɦΨɣɦ Ωɚ Ϋɦɨɣɩɞɠ ɩ ɨΪɧɚɥɚɭɢɝ ɨɜɧɫɝ ΫɧɠΨɧɚɛɠɦ ɽɝ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ“. (S. Antoniü, Za-
robljena zemlja,104).
ɍɫɥɟɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ „ɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɡɚ“ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ʁɚɜɧɨ

ɦʃɟʃɟ ɭɜɟɪɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ 8.
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɭ 17 ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɢ – „Ɍɪɟɩɱɢ“, ɧɚ
Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɢ ɬɪɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɭ ɤɨ-
ʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ, „ɪɚɞ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ“. Ɋɚɫɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɉɨɞɭʁɟɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɊɠɣɠɥΩɽɚ ɢ ɬɨ „ɞɨɤ
ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɪɭɲɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ“.130
______________________
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1990. Ⱥɧɬɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɚɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɢɡɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɜɟʄɚ,
ɢɡɚɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɢɞɟʁɨɦ ɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦɚ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ (ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧ ɡɚ
ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ), ɚɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨ ɩɢ-
ɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦɭ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ȳɭɝɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɢ ɛɟɡ ɋɄȳ, ɚɥɢ ɭɡ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɩ-
ɲɬɟʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ ɋɚɜɝɟ ɧɝɪɦɧɤɨɢɠɫ ɨɥɚΨɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ. Ɉɫɧɢɜɚʃɟ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɨ
ʁɟ 29. ʁɭɥɚ 1990. ɧɚ Ʉɨɡɚɪɢ. ɋɚɜɟɡ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ;
ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɭ ɢ ɧɨɜɭ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧaɥɧɨ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜ ȳɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɨɰɟɧɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ „ɨɛɢɱɚɧ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɚɧɬ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“.131 Ɋɟɚɥɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɥɟɠɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ,
ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁe ɛɢɨ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɚɧ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɦ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɦ
ɛɭʇɟɬɨɦ, ɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ ɛɪɡɨ ɫɟ ɲɢɪɢɥɚ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ
ɜɟʄ ɭ ɥɟɬɨ 1990. ɞɨɧɟɥɨ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɜɚɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɨɞɥɭ-
ɱɟ ɝɞɟ ʄɟ ɠɢɜɟɬɢ.132
ɂɩɚɤ, ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɧɨʁ ɢɦ-
ɩɟɪɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɡ, ɫɦɢɲʂɟɧ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢ-
ʁɟ, ɜɟʄ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ „ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ“. Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɤɭ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ „ɫɥɚɛɚ ɋɪ-
ɛɢʁɚ ʁɚɤɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ“, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɞɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ. ɂ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ʁɟ
ɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɚʃɢɧɚ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɰɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ
ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ.133
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ȼɭɱɟɬɢʄ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɭ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɞɚ ɦɭ
ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ: „ɉɦɮΪɦ ɽɝ ɦɭɠΨɣɝΩɥɦ Ωɚ ȺɥΪɝ Ɇɚɧɢɦɜɠʀ ɥɝɤɚ ΫɧɠɨΪɩΫɚ
ɥɠ ɮɚɥɨɠ ɥɚ ɫɧɜɚΪɨɢɦɤ ɠ ɨɣɦɜɝɥɚɭɢɦɤ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦɤ ΫɧɦɨΪɦɧɩ, ɦɥ ɟɚ ɨɜɦɽɩ ɛɩΩɩʀɩ
130 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 9. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1990, 11.

132 ɂɨΪɦ, 177.
133 J. Dragoviü-Soso, „Spasioci nacije“, 360. – ɂɡɜɪɲɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɋɪ-
ɛɢʁɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɨ ʁɟ 30. ʁɭɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɪɟɧ“ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɋɂȼ-ɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ „Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ, Ɍɭɻɦɚɧɭ, ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɋɥɨɜɟ-
ɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɟɬɭ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ“. (ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 31. ʁɭɥ 1990, 1).
ɨΪɧɚɥɢɩ ɠ ɟɚ ɨɝɛɝ ɣɠɭɥɦ ɦɭɝɢɩɽɝ ΫɦΩɧɮɢɩ ɩΫɧɚɜɦ ɩ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚɤɚ ɢɦɽɝ Ϋɣɚʀɚɽɩ ɥɚɽɜɝ-
ʀɠ ɬɝɫ ΫɧɦΨɧɚɤɚ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɝ ɧɝɪɦɧɤɝ ɋɂȼ-ɚ. ɉɧɜɦ ɨɩ Ψɧɩɛɦ ɠ ΩɩΨɦ ɝɢɨΫɣɦɚΪɠɨɚɥɝ ɩ
Ϊɦɢɩ ɚɨΪɧɦɥɦɤɨɢɦΨ ɧɚɨΪɚ ɠɥɪɣɚɬɠɽɝ, ɚ ɟɚΪɠɤ ɨɩ ɦΫɝΪ ɨΪɚɜɾɝɥɝ ɩ ɥɝΫɦɜɦɾɥɠɽɠ
ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɠ Ϋɦɣɦɞɚɽ, ɽɝɧ ɨɩ ɟɚɤɧɟɥɩΪɝ ɬɝɥɝ ɨɚɤɦ ɦɥɝ ɧɦɛɝ ɢɦɽɚ ɩ Ϊɠɤ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚɤɚ
Ϋɧɝɦɜɣɚɷɩɽɝ ɠ ɛɠΪɥɚ ɽɝ ɟɚ ɿɠɫɦɜ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɠ Ϋɦɣɦɞɚɽ. [...] ɁɚΪɦ ɽɝ ɽɝΩɠɥɦ ɣɦΨɠɭɥɦ
ɧɝɮɝɿɝ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɨɜɠ ɋɧɛɠ ɦɧΨɚɥɠɟɩɽɩ Ϋɧɝ ɨɜɝΨɚ ɢɧɦɟ ɨɜɦɽɝ ɜɝʀ ɪɦɧɤɠɧɚɥɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɝ,
Ωɚ ɦɥɝ ɤɝɷɩɨɦɛɥɦ ɛɩΩɩ ɧɝɣɚΪɠɜɥɦ ɭɜɧɨΪɦ Ϋɦɜɝɟɚɥɝ ɥɚ ΫɣɚΪɪɦɧɤɠ ɧɝɪɦɧɤɨɢɠɫ,
ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠɫ ɠ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɠɫ ɠΩɝɽɚ“.134
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɨ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɬɟɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɋɪɩ-
ɫɤɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ: „ɆɥɦΨɦ ɛɠ ΫɦΪɧɝɛɥɠɽɝ ɛɠɣɦ
Ωɚ ɽɝ ΨɦɨΫɦΩɠɥ Ɇɚɧɢɦɜɠʀ ɨɜɦɽɝ ɠΩɝɽɝ ɦ ɨΫɚɨɚɜɚɿɩ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ ɦɛɽɚɜɠɦ Ϊɚɤɦ ΨΩɽɝ
ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɚ ɥɝ ɨΪɦɽɠ Ϊɚɢɦ Ωɦɛɧɦ ɢɚɦ ɥɚ Ʉɦɟɚɧɠ. ȽɦɨΫɦΩɠɥ Ɇɚɧɢɦɜɠʀ, ɢɚɦ ɠ ɥɝ-
ɢɠ ΩɧɩΨɠ ɜɣɚɨΪɦΩɧɮɬɠ, ɽɩɧɠɮɚ ɥɚ ɨɧΫɨɢɦ Ψɣɚɨɚɭɢɦ Ϊɠɽɝɣɦ Ωɚ ɠ ɦɥ ɩɟɤɝ Ωɠɦ ɿɝΨɚ.
ɒΪɦ ɨɝ ɋɧɛɚ ɩ Ȼɦɨɥɠ ɠ ɏɝɧɬɝΨɦɜɠɥɠ ɠ ɿɠɫɦɜɝ ȾɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɝ Ϊɠɭɝ – ɤɠ
ɥɝɤɚɤɦ ΫɦΪɧɝɛɩ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɩɭɣɚɿɩɽɝɤɦ ɩ Ɇɚɧɢɦɜɠʀɝɜɩ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɩ ɠ Ϊɚɢɦ ɤɩ Ωɚɽɝɤɦ ɛɝɟ-
ɧɝɟɝɧɜɥɩ ΫɦΩɧɮɢɩ“.135
ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɨɫɥɚ-
ʃɚ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɜɢɞɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɚ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ
ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɭ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɨ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɰɟʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɚɧɚɯɪɨɧ
ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟɧ ɨɛɥɢɤ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɬɪɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɥɚ ɧɚ
ɪɚɱɭɧ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɢʄ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɇɂɇ-ɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ, ɢɡ-
ɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɧɢ „ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ“, ɧɢ „ɩɨɲɬɟɧ“ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ.136
Ɍɪɢ ɧɚʁʁɚɱɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɫɜɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɞɢɤ-
ɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɭɞɪɭɠɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɚ ɪɟ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɦɚ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɥɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɭ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ,
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ, ɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɥɚ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɤɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɝɨ-
ɜɨɪɧɟ, ɞɢɪɢɝɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ, ɫɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɢɦ ɭɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɧɢɤɚɤɚɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɡɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɭɦɚʃɢɥɟ ʃɟɧɭ ɦɨʄ, ɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɧɢ
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
„ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ“. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɨɧ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɦɟɞɢʁɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨ-
ɥɨɦ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚ.137
_____________________
Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɭ 12. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɦɢɬɢɧɝ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɫɚ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚ-
134 ɇɂɇ, 3. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1990, 14.

135 ɂɨΪɦ, 14–15.
136 ɇɂɇ, 19. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 1990, 21.
137 ȼɨɪɟɧ Ɂɢɦɟɪɦɚɧ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɢɲɟ: „Ɇɚɧɢɦɜɠʀ ɽɝ ɤɦɞΩɚ ɛɠɦ ɥɚΩɤɝɥ ɠ ɥɝɩΨɦΩɚɥ, ɚɣɠ ɨɩ Ϋɦ-
ɨΪɦɽɚɣɠ Ωɩɛɾɠ ɧɚɟɣɦɟɠ ɟɚ ɦɨɜɝΪɩ ΫɧɦΪɠɜ ɿɝΨɚ. Ɂɚ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɬɝ ɠ ɏɧɜɚΪɝ ɦɥ ɽɝ ΫɧɝΩɨΪɚ-
ɜɾɚɦ ΫɧɝΫɧɝɢɩ ɨɝɬɝɨɠɽɠ; ɟɚ ɋɧɛɝ ɽɝ ɛɠɦ ɨɩɜɠɮɝ ɣɠɛɝɧɚɣɚɥ ɠ ΫɧɦɟɚΫɚΩɥɦ ɦɧɠɽɝɥΪɠɨɚɥ.
Ⱦɦɢ ɨɩ ɥɦɞɝɜɠ ΫɦɨΪɚɽɚɣɠ ɨɜɝ ɦɮΪɧɠɽɠ, Ɇɚɧɢɦɜɠʀ ɽɝ Ϋɦɭɝɦ Ωɚ Ψɩɛɠ ɽaɜɥɩ ΫɦΩɧɮɢɩ“. (V.
Zimerman, Poreklo jedne katastrofe, 74).
ɧɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɭ. Ɉɞ ʃɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɚ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚ ɬɪɚʁɟ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɬɪɢ

ɦɟɫɟɰɚ, ɞɚ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɬɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɛɪɢɝɚ ɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ – ɨɞ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɟ
ɢɡɛɨɪɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɞɨ ɛɢɪɚɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ – ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ.
Ɍɪɚɠɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɞɜɚ ɫɚɬɚ ɜɟɱɟɪʃɟɝ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɫɭ-
ɱɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɜɨɻɚ.138
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɫɜɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɪɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɢ-
ɫɬɟɦ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ 28. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1990. ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɭ
ɦɨʄɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ „ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ“ ɢ „ɢɡɪɚ-
ɠɚɜɚɨ ʃɟɧɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ“, ɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɨ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɟ
ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɚɤɬɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɢ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɍɫɬɚɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɦɚɩɨɬɩɢɫɭ ɜɥɚɞɟ. ɉɢɪɚɦɢɞɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ „ɧɟɪɚɫɤɢɞɢ-
ɜɨɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ“ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɢ-
ɪɚɥɨ ɢɡ ɦɨʄɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɨɝ ɜɨɻɟ. Ɍɟɤ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɦ
ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɨɦ, ȼɥɚɞɨɦ ɢ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɨɦ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ
ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɜɥɚɫɬ. ɍɫɬɚɜ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɚɰɢɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫ „ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ“,
ɚ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɢ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɚ. ɍɫɬɚɜ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢ-
ɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɭɡɟɨ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɦɢʁɟɪɚ, ɚɥɢ „ɩɨ-
ɲɬɨ ɫɚɫɥɭɲɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɭ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ“; ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɜɧɨɝ ɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɟ ɚɤɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ. ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢ ɨɜɥɚ-
ɲʄɟʃɚ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɪɚɞɢ ɫɚ-
ɦɨ ɧɚ „ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ȼɥɚɞɟ“. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɨɝ
ɫɬɚʃɚ, ɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɜ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ: ɩɪɜɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ
ɬɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟʄɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦ.
ɂɫɬɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ
ɢ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɡɚ 9. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ, ɩɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ; ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ-
ʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɭ ɦɟɞɢʁɢɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɚ ɞɚ „ɛɥɢɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ“ ȼɥɚɞɚ; ɭ ɬɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɥɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ „ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ“. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ, ȼɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɤ 26. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɧɚɞ ɢɡ-
ɛɨɪɢɦɚ.139
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ. Ʉɭɥɬ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɜɨɻɟ, ɧɚ ɱɢʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɦɧɨ-
ɝɢ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ, ʁɚɱɚɨ ʁɟ ɚɭɬɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ. ȵɟɝɨɜɚ „ɞɭɝɚ ɫɟɧɤɚ“ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɥɚ
ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɚɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɚɭɬɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɤɨɪ, ɩɨɧɢɲɬɢɥɨ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɞɟɦɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɫɤɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ. ɂɡɛɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭ-
ʄɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɢɫɭ ʁɚɱɚɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ. Ɋɚɲɢɪɟɧɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ
ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬ-
138 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 13. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 7.

ɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɍɫɬɚɜɚ 1974, ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɭɲɟʃɟ
ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʃɚ, ɜɟʄ ɡɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɭ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɭɞɚʂɢɥɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɬɢɩɚ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɚ.
ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɚ,
ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚ-
ʁɢɦɚ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɢɡ 1989. ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɦ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨɫɬ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ
ɧɚ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɤ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɭ ɋɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɢʁɢ: ɩɨɛɟɞɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧɨɝ („ɩɪɟɫɜɭɱɟɧɨɝ“) ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɦ, ɚ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɭɫɩɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɡɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɨ-
ɤɪɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ. ȼɢɲɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ: ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ, ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɟ;
ɧɟʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ; ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ; ɫɢɬɭɚ-
ɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɫɢʁɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ – Ⱥɥɛɚɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɥɟɝɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɥɚ-
ɫɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ, ɚ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɨ ɨɬɰɟɩʂɟʃɚ; ɧɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ
ɜɟʄ ɫɥɨɦʂɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɜɟʄ ɧɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɲɥɚ ɤɪɢɡɭ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɨɬɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɚ ɫɚɜ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ, ɦɟɞɢʁɟ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɢ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ ɋɄ;
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɬɟɤ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ
ɱɢɫɬɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɭ ɨɩɰɢʁɭ.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɭɠɢɜɚɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɧɟɤɚ-
ɞɚɲʃɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɍɞɪɭɠɟʃɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ 15. ʁɭɥɚ
1990. ɨɛɡɧɚɧɢɥɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ „ɍɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ“ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ
ɡɚɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɰɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ʃɟɧɢɦ „ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢ
ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ“.140 ɇɚʁɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɭɨɱɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ Ⱦɪɚɝɨʂɭɛ Ɇɢ-
ʄɭɧɨɜɢʄ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ: „ɇɚɮ ɉɧɚΨ ɨɝ ΩɦΨɦΩɠɦ ɥɚ ȽɚɟɠɤɝɨΪɚ-
ɥɩ, ɥɚɮ Ȼɝɧɣɠɥ ɨɝ ΩɦΨɦΩɠɦ ɥɚ ɍɮʀɩ. Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ ɽɝ ɥɚ ɢɧɚɽɩ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɟɤɚ ɩΫɦΪɧɝɛɠɦ
ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɠɟɚɤ Ωɚ ɛɠ ɫɦɤɦΨɝɥɠɟɦɜɚɦ ɤɚɨɝ, ΫɧɝΩɩɫɠΪɧɠɜɮɠ Ϊɚɢɦ Ϊɚɣɚɨ ɚɥΪɠɢɦɤɩ-
ɥɠɟɤɚ ɢɚɦ ɢɦɣɝɢΪɠɜɥɝ ɠΩɝɦɣɦΨɠɽɝ ɠ ɝɥɝɧΨɠɽɝ“.141
ɇɚʁɨɩɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɫɭɩɚɪɧɢɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ΫɦɢɧɝΪ ɦɛɥɦɜɝ ȼɭɤɚ Ⱦɪɚ-
ɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɨ – ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ
ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ. ɇɢɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɯɚɪɢ-
ɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɭɤɚ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ („ɤɪɚʂ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ“) ɋɉɈ ɩɪɢɜɭɤɚɨ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ. ɋɬɪɚɧɤɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɫɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɚɧɬɢ-
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ; ɛɨɪɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɯɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢʁɭ Ɋɚɜɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ
Ⱦɪɚɝɨʂɭɛɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɢʄɚ („ɱɟɬɧɢɤɚ“); ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɦɨ-
140 Navedeno prema: S. Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja, 94.

141 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: J. Dragoviü-Soso, „Spasioci nacije“, 357.
ɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ, ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɨɦ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ; ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɋɥɨ-

ɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ „ɨɬɩɥɚɬɟ“ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɞɭɝɨɜɚ“
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ (ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɲɬɪɨ ɨɫɭɻɢɜɚɧ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞ ɧɚɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɇȾɏ)
ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ. ȼɭɤ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɭɦɟɨ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɧɟʄɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɢ ɧɢ ɫɟɰɟɫɢʁɚ ɧɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ „ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɟɞʂɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɧɚɬɨ-
ɩʂɟɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɜʂɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ“. ɇɨɜɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɨ 1918. ɛɢɥɟ ɞɟɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɩɪɟ 1941. ɢ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɲɤɨɝ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɚ.
Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɠɟɫɬɨɤ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɜɚɬɪɟɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢɫɢ-
ʁɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɧɢ ɧɚɛɨʁ, ɫɚɦɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɢ
Ɍɪɝ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ⱦɪɭɝɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɝɚ ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɟ, ɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɨɫɬ. ɋɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɡɛɪɤɚ
ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɭɧɨɫɢɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɫɰɟɧɭ.142 Ɉɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɚɦʄɟɧ ɝɨɜɨɪ ȼɭɤɚ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢ-
ʄɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɉɚɡɚɪɭ. Ɍɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɝɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ, ɞɨɱɟɤɚɥɢ ɢ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢ ɦɭɫɥɢ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɪɚɥɢ: „ɉɨɛɢʄɟɦɨ ɱɟɬɧɢɤɟ“. Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ: „ɉɧɝɨɝʀɠ ʀɝɤɦ ɭɜɦɧ ΫɦΫɩΪ ȺɣɝɢɨɚɥΩɧɚ ɆɚɢɝΩɦɥɨɢɦΨ Ωɚ ɛɠɨɤɦ ɤɦΨɣɠ
Ωɚɾɝ ɠ ɦɭɠɨΪɠʀɝɤɦ ɭɠɧ ɢɦɽɠ ɜɝʀ ΩɩΨɦ ɤɩɭɠ ɩΪɧɦɛɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ. ɄɚΩ ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ΫɦɢɧɝΪ
ɦɛɥɦɜɝ Ωɦɛɠɽɝ ɜɣɚɨΪ, ɋɧɛɠɽɦɤ ʀɝ ɣɝΫɧɮɚΪɠ ɨɚɤɦ ɽɝΩɥɚ ɟɚɨΪɚɜɚ – ɨɧΫɨɢɚ, ɚ ɨɜɚ-
ɢɠ ɦɥɚɽ ɢɦ ɩ ɧɩɢɩ ɦɜɦɤ Ɋɚɮɢɦɤ ɟɝɤɾɦɤ ɨΪɝΨɥɝ Ϊɩɧɨɢɠ ɛɚɧɽɚɢ, ɩɨΪɚɮɢɠ ɛɚɧɽɚɢ,
ɚɣɛɚɥɨɢɠ ɛɚɧɽɚɢ ɠɣɠ ɛɠɣɦ ɭɠɽɠ ΩɧɩΨɠ Ωɧɞɚɜɥɠ ɛɚɧɽɚɢ ɨɝɤ ɨɧΫɨɢɦΨ – ɦɨΪɚʀɝ ɠ ɛɝɟ
ɧɩɢɝ ɠ ɛɝɟ ɛɚɧɽɚɢɚ“.143
ɂ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɪɟɱɢ, ȼɭɤ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɧɟɨ ɨɪɟɨɥ „ɢɡɞɚʁ-
ɧɢɤɚ“ ɩɚ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ʁɟɞɜɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɨ ɥɢɧɱ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ ɋɉɋ-ɚ ɩɪɢɥɢ-
ɤɨɦ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɚ ɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɉɨʂɭ 29. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1990. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɟɤɚɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɢɬɢɧɝ, ɧɢʁɟ ɦɭ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɚ ɨɧ ʁɟ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ „ɚɧɬɢɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɟ“ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚ ɫɚ „ɰɪɧɢɦ ɚɪɫɟ-
ɧɚɥɨɦ ɩɨɪɭɤɚ, ɥɨɝɨɪɚ, ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɟʁɚʃɚ ɦɪɠʃɟ“.144
ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɢɯ, ȼɭɤ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɟɧɢɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜ. ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɢ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɭɝɨ-
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɢ ɦɢɪɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɞɟɪ ɋɉɈ-ɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɨɤɪɟɬɚɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɰɢ (ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨ, ɩɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ). ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɋɉɈ ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ (ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɝɚɪɞɚ) ɪɚɬ ɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɰɚ ɭ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɉɈ
ɢɡɝɭɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɨ ɭ
„ɦɢɪɨɜʃɚɤɚ„ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɟɧ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɩɪɨɞɚɨ“ ɋɪɛɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɛɪɡɨ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɬɜɪɞɨɤɨɪɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɤɨɫɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɧɚʁɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢʁɟɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ ɭ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ
– ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɒɟɲɟʂɚ.
Ɉɞ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1990. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɪɟɡ ɭ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɛɭʇɟɬ.
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɨɱɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɭɤɚɨ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚɧ ɩɨɬɟɡ – ɫɪɩɫɤɟ

143 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: S. Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja,109.
144 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 30. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 7.
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɩɚɞ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɚ ɇȻȳ ɭɡɟɥɟ
ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ. Ɍɚʁ ɧɨɜɚɰ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɩɥɚɬɟ, ɩɟɧɡɢʁɟ
ɢ ɛɨɧɭɫɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨ ɪɭɤɨ-
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɥɨ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɢɡ 1988. ɡɚ ɪɟɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɲɬɪɢʁɨɦ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɢ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɨɦ. ɉɥɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɥɚɠɧɨ
ɭɜɟʄɚɧɟ: ɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭ ɩɪɨɫɟɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ 644 ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɦɚɪɤɟ ɚ ɭ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ 752 ɦɚɪɤɟ.
ɇɨɜɢ ɭɩɚɞ ɭ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ 1990, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɦɚɪ-
ɬɭ 1991. ɩɪɨɫɟɱɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɛɢɥɚ 535 ɦɚɪɚɤɚ145
Ɉɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɛɨɪɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ. Ɍɟɤ ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɟʄɟɧɨ ɛɨʁɤɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɚ ɬɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ
ʁɟ ɩɨɩɭɫɬɢɨ.146 ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɟɬɪɚ ȹɚʇɢʄɚ, ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɨɞ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ ɭ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɫɚɡɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ: „ɂ ΫɦɧɝΩ ΪɦΨɚ ɮΪɦ ɠɟɛɦɧɥɠ ɟɚɢɦɥ Ωɚɽɝ Ωɦɜɦɾɥɦ Ψɚɧɚɥɬɠ-
ɽɚ Ωɚ ʀɝ ɠɟɛɦɧɠ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ ɛɠΪɠ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠ ɠ ɨɣɦɛɦΩɥɠ, ɜɚɾɚɣɦ ɛɠ ɩɥɝΪɠ ɠɟɜɝɨɥɝ
ɢɦɧɝɢɬɠɽɝ ɢɚɢɦ ɛɠ ɨɝ ɩɟɥɝɤɠɧɝɿɝ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɝ Ωɦ ɢɧɚɽɚ ɦΪɢɣɦɥɠɣɦ. ɇɚɠɤɝ, ΫɧɝΩɜɠ-
ɷɝɥɠ ɢɦɥΪɧɦɣɦɧ ɨΪɧɚɥɚɢɚ ɠɟ ɧɝΩɦɜɚ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɝ Ϋɧɠɣɠɢɦɤ Ϋɧɝɛɧɦɽɚɜɚɿɚ Ψɣɚɨɦɜɚ
ɤɦΨɚɦ ɛɠ ɛɠΪɠ ɠɤɝɥɦɜɚɥ ɨΪɚɣɥɠɤ ɭɣɚɥɦɤ. Ɍɚɢɦ ɛɠ ɛɠɣɚ ɦΪɢɣɦɿɝɥɚ ɠ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɿɚ
ɨɩɤɿɚ Ωɚ ɛɠ ɨɝ ɥɝɮΪɦ ɤɦΨɣɦ ɠɟɜɝɨΪɠ ɥɚ ɮΪɝΪɩ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɝ“.147
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɨ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɰɟ
ȶɨɫɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɨ 25. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɨ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɭɛɟɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ Ɇɢɥɨ-
ɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ. ȶɨɫɢʄ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɫɚɜɟɬɨɜɚɨ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢ
ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢ ɝɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɛɢɥɨ
ɧɟɪɟɚɥɧɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ Ȼɪɚɧɢ ɐɪɧɱɟɜɢʄɭ ɢ Ɂɨɪɚɧɭ ɋɨɤɨ-
ɥɨɜɢʄɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɞɨ ʃɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢ
ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ.148
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬ-
ɤɭ – 26. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ
ɇɨɜɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ – ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ (ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɚ ɐɪɧɱɟɜɢʄ)
ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɢ ɞɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɛɪɨʁɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɧɚ ɫɭɝɟɫɬɢʁɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɝ
ɢɡɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɜɟʄɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɞɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ɫɬɨɥɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ.149
145 S. Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja,109.

146 Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɋɉɈ, ɩɪɟɬɢ ɛɨʁɤɨɬɨɦ ɢɡ-
ɛɨɪɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɫɧɚ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʄɟ ɞɟɛɚɤɥ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɬɢ: „ɈΫɨΪɧɩɢɬɠɽɚ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɽɝ ɽɝ ɜɝʀ Ωɦɜɦɾ-
ɥɚ, ɛɚɧ ɢɚΩ ɽɝ ɧɝɭ ɦ ɚɨɦɬɠɽɚΪɠɜɥɦɤ ɤɝɫɚɥɠɟɤɩ ɋɧɛɚ, Ωɚ ȼɩɢ Ⱦɧɚɮɢɦɜɠʀ ΫɦΩɨɝΪɠ ɥɚ ȼɩ-
ɢɚ Ȼɧɚɥɢɦɜɠʀɚ. ɍ ɨɜɦɽɦɽ ɤɦΩɝɧɥɦɽ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɠ ɛɦΨɚΪɦɽ ɨΪɧɚɥɚɭɢɠɤ ɧɚɟɩɷɝɥɦɨΪɠɤɚ, ɋɧɛɠ
ɥɝɤɚɽɩ ɥɠɢɚɢɜɩ ΪɧɚΩɠɬɠɽɩ ɢɣɝɧɠɢɚɣɥɠɫ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ. ɉɧɜɠ ΫɩΪ ɥɚ ɦɜɠɤ ɠɟɛɦɧɠɤɚ Ϋɦɽɚɜɾɩɽɩ
ɨɝ ɠ Ϊɚɢɜɝ, ɢɣɝɧɦɚΨɧɝɨɠɜɥɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɝ ɠ ɨΪɧɚɥɭɠɬɝ. Ɍɝɣɝɜɠɟɠɽɨɢɚ Ϋɧɦɤɦɬɠɽɚ ɋɉɈ ɽɝ ɠΫɚɢ
ɜɠɮɝ ɛɠɣɚ ɚΨɧɝɨɠɜɥɚ ɥɝΨɦ ɢɣɝɧɠɢɚɣɥɚ. ɇɝɢɧɦɪɠɣɨɢɚ ΫɦΩɨɜɝɨΪ ɠ ɝɩɪɦɧɠɭɥɚ ɮɚɧɣɚΪɚɥ-
ɨɢɚ ɨɜɝɨΪ – ɨ Ϊɚɢɜɠ, ɩɥɩΪɧɚɮɿɠɤ ɠ ɨΫɦɾɥɠɤ, ΫɧɦΨɧɚɤɦɤ ɟɚɠɨΪɚ ɥɠɢɦ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɛɠΪɠ
ɠɦɣɝ ɨɚɤɦΫɦɩɟΩɚɥ“. (Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɢʄ, ɂɟɛɦɧɠ ɠ ɮɚɧɣɚΪɚɥɠ, ɇɂɇ, 23. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 21).
147 Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 26. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 3.
148 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: S. Ĉukiü, Lovljenje vetra, 163–164.
149 Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 27. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 1–2.
_____________________
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ. Ɉɧ
ʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɭɧɭɬɚɪɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧ ɭ ɋɚɜɟɡɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɋɪ-
ɛɢʁɟ (Ɉɫɦɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚ) ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɧɚʁɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɢʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪ
ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɞɟɜɟɬɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɨɻɚ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ. ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨɝ Ɇɢ-
ɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɮɚɫɰɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ ɋɪɛɟ. Ɉɛɢɱɚɧ ɫɜɟɬ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɭɲɟɜʂɟɧ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɦ ɢ ʁɟɡɝɪɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɂɧɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɢ ɨɛɟʄɚ ɛɚɲ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ
ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɱɭʁɭ. Ɂɧɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɢ ɫɚɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɰɢɬɟɬ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɟ
ɦɚɫɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ.
ȵɟɝɨɜ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɭɧ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ, ʁɚɫɧɢɯ ɢ
ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ. ɑɚɤ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɟɫɧɢɤɢʃɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ
ɛɢɥɚ ɨɞɭɲɟɜʂɟɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɫɭ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ: „ɋɜɦɽɠɤ Ψɦɜɦɧɠɤɚ ɩ ɤɥɦΨɠɤ ɾɩΩɠ-
ɤɚ ɽɝ ΫɧɦɛɩΩɠɦ ΫɦΪɧɝɛɩ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɛɦɧɝ, Ϋɧɝɥɩɦ ɩ ɿɠɤɚ ɩɨΫɚɜɚɥɦ ɧɦΩɦɾɩɛɾɝ, ɟɚɥɝɤɚ-
ɧɝɥɝ ΩɩɞɥɦɨΪɠ, ɥɚɧɦɭɠΪɦ ɨɝ ɭɝɨΪɦ ɜɧɚʀɚɽɩʀɠ ɥɚ Ωɝɬɩ, ɥɚ ɥɚɮɩ ɦΩΨɦɜɦɧɥɦɨΪ Ωɚ
ɽɦɽ ɟɝɤɾɩ ɦɨΪɚɜɠɤɦ ɨɣɦɛɦΩɥɦɤ ɠ ɛɝɟɛɝΩɥɦɤ, Ωɚ ɥɚɮɝ ɤɣɚΩɝ ɥɝ ɦɨΪɚɜɾɚɤɦ ɨɣɝΫɠɤ
ɢɦΩ ɦɭɠɽɩ. Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ ɨɜɦɽɦɤ Ωɩɮɦɤ ɞɝɣɠ Ωɚ ɥɚɤ ɥɚɧɦΩ ɥɝ ɛɩΩɝ ΫɧɝɜɝΩɝɥ ’ɞɝΩɚɥ
Ϋɧɝɢɦ ɜɦΩɝ’, ɥɝɩɢ ΫɦɧɝΩ ɥɚɩɢɝ, ɨɠɧɦΪ ΫɦɧɝΩ ɛɦΨɚΪɦΨ Ϊɣɚ, ΫɦɧɝΩ Ϊɦɣɠɢɦ ɥɚΫɧɝΪɢɚ
ɩ ȿɜɧɦΫɠ. ɋɜɝ ɿɝΨɦɜɝ Ψɦɜɦɧɝ ɦΩɣɠɢɩɽɝ ɤɠɧ ɢɦɽɠɤ ɤɠɨɣɠ ɠɟɧɚɞɚɜɚ. ȵɝΨɦɜɠ ɟɚɫΪɝ-
ɜɠ, ɠɣɠ ɚɢɦ ɫɦʀɝΪɝ, ɨɚɜɝΪɠ ɥɚɧɦΩɩ, ɠ ɢɚΩ ɨɩ ɠɟɧɝɭɝɥɠ ɨɚ ɞɝɨΪɠɥɦɤ, ɦΩɠɮɩ ɥɝɢɦɤ
ɨɢɧɠɜɝɥɦɤ ɛɣɚΨɦɮʀɩ ɠ ΫɧɚɜΩɦɾɩɛɾɝɤ“.150
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚɨ „ɢɫɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɢ“
ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ. ɋɜɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɨɜɨ ɢ ɭɡɛɭɻɭʁɭʄɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɢɱɚɧ ɫɜɟɬ. Ɉɞ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ ɧɚ Ɉɫɦɨʁ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ: ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɚɦ – ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɟ; ɭɧɢɬɚɪɢɡɚɦ – ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ; ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɚ – ɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟʃɢɜɚʃɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟʂ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ – ɩɨɩɭɥɢɡɚɦ.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭɩɥɚɲɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɚɦɚ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɨ ɢɫɬɨ
ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɨ ɢ Ɍɢɬɨ: ɜɨɻɭ, ɟɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɢɡɚɦ, ɩɨʁɟɞɧɨ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɢ (ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬ
ɤɥɚɫɢ ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɲʄɭ ɧɚɰɢʁɢ) ɢ – ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ. ɇɚɞ ʃɢɦ ɫɟ ɦɚɫɚ, ɛɟɡ
ɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɟɬɢɬɢ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɮɪɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɪɟɱɢɬɨɫɬ, ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɭɡɞɢɡɚʃɟ „ɦɚɥɨɝ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ“ (ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ)
ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɭ (ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɨɫɢɝɭ-
ɪɚʃɟ, ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɚ ɩɨɪɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ) ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɦɭ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɛɨɪɰɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ „ɩɨɜɚɦɩɢɪɟɧɨɝ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɚ“, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɥɢɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ. ȵɟ-
ɝɨɜ ɤɭɥɬ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ „ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɚ“ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɚ ɨɧ ʁɟ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ „ɭɡɞɢɝɚɨ“ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢɨ ʃɟɧ ɩɨɧɨɫ. ɋɜɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟ-
ɜɢʄɚ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɚɨ
„ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ“.151
150 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɇɂɇ, 17. ɦɚɪɬ 1989, 14.

151 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 17. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 11.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1988. ɞɨ 1990. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɲɢ-

ɪɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɩɪɟɨɤɪɟɬ ɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɏɚɪɢɡɦɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɨ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ
ɜɨɻɟ. ɋɜɨʁɭ ɦɨʄ ɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɫɚɧɨɝ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɢɞɟʁɨɦ. ɋɪɠ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ. Ɇɢɬɢɧɡɢ, ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧ-
ɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ „ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“, ɨɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʁɟɫɟɧɢ 1988. ɢ
ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ 1989. ɜɢɲɟ ɦɢɥɢɧɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ɂɞɟʁɚ ɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɟ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɥɚ „ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ“
ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ, ɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɫɧɚ-
ɠɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ „ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ“ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ
ɡɚɞɪɠɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɚɡ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ 10. ɦɚʁɚ 1990.
ɭ „ɋɬɚɤɥɚɪɢ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɨ“ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „ȳɝΩɥɚ ɦΩ ɥɚɽɜɚɞɥɠɽɠɫ [ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ] Ωɚ ɩɨΫɝɤɦ
ɩ ɩɨɣɦɜɠɤɚ ɦɜɚɢɜɦΨ ΫɧɠΪɠɨɢɚ ɥɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɩ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɤɝɧɠΪɠ ɨɚɤɦ ɨɚ ɦɥɠɤ ɠɟ
1914. ɽɝɨΪɝ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ, ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɿɝɥɠɫ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɚ ɠ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɿɝɥɦΨ ɧɩɢɦ-
ɜɦΩɨΪɜɚ. ɍ ΫɧɦΪɝɢɣɠɤ ΨɦΩɠɥɚɤɚ Ϋɦɢɚɟɚɣɦ ɨɝ Ωɚ ɥɚɤ ɽɝ Ϊɦ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ΫɦɤɦΨɣɦ Ωɚ
ɩɽɝΩɠɥɠɤɦ ɋɧɛɠɽɩ, Ωɚ ɩɨΫɦɨΪɚɜɠɤɦ ɿɝɥ ΪɝɧɠΪɦɧɠɽɚɣɥɠ, ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɨɢɠ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭ-
ɢɠ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɠΪɝΪ“.152
ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɨɲ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨ-
ʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ: „ȺΫɝɣɠ ɟɚ ɧɚɟɥɝ ɦɛɧɚɭɩɥɝ ɠ ɦɨɜɝΪɝ ɨɩ
ɨɚɤɦ Ϋɧɦɛɥɠ Ϋɦɢɣɠɭ ɟɚ Ϋɦɟɠɜ ɩ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɨɢɠ ɧɚΪ. ɂɟ Ωɚɥɚ ɩ Ωɚɥ ɨɤɦ ɨɜɝΩɦɬɠ ɝɢɨΫɚɥ-
ɟɠɽɝ ɥɚɨɠɣɥɠɭɢɦΨ, ΫɧɠɤɠΪɠɜɥɦΨ, ɮɦɜɠɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɦΨ ɠɨΪɩΫɚɿɚ ΫɧɝΩɨΪɚɜɥɠɢɚ ɥɝɢɠɫ
ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠɫ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ. ɂɚɢɦ ɨɝ ɿɠɫɦɜɝ Ϊɦɛɦɞɿɝ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɝ ɽɦɮ ɥɠɨɩ ɥɠ ɢɦɥɨΪɠΪɩɠ-
ɨɚɣɝ, ɥɠ ɧɝΨɠɨΪɧɦɜɚɣɝ ɜɝʀ ΫɧɝΪɝ – ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠɤɚ, ΩɧɩΨɠɤ ɥɚɧɦΩɠɤɚ, ΩɧɩΨɠɤ ɥɚɧɦΩ-
ɥɦɨΪɠɤɚ, ɨɜɝɽɝΩɥɦ. Ɍɚ Ωɠɜɾɚɿɚ Ωɧɞɚɜɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɥɠɢɦɤɝ ɥɝʀɝ ΩɦΫɩɨΪɠΪɠ ɥɚ ɨɜɦɽɦɽ
ΪɝɧɠΪɦɧɠɽɠ ɦΩ ȾɧɚΨɚɮɚ Ωɦ ɏɦɧΨɦɮɚ. Ʉɚɦ ɮΪɦ ɥɝʀɝɤɦ ɨɝΩɝΪɠ ɨɢɧɮΪɝɥɠɫ ɧɩɢɩ
ɥɠ ΫɧɝΩ ɛɠɣɦ ɢɚɢɜɠɤ ɥɚɨɠɾɝɤ ɥɚΩ Ωɝɣɦɜɠɤɚ ɨɧΫɨɢɦΨ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɠɟɜɚɥ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ“.153
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ – ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ „ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɨɤɪɟɬɚ“ ɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 7. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɭ ɉɢɪɨɬɭ ɪɟ-
ɤɚɨ: „ɉɧɝɢɠɥɩɣɠ ɨɤɦ ɜɠɮɝΨɦΩɠɮɿɩ ɜɣɚΩɚɜɠɥɩ ɛɠɧɦɢɧɚΪɠɽɝ, ɩɢɣɦɥɠɣɠ ɛɣɦɢɚΩɩ ɩ
ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɦɤ ɧɚɟɜɦɽɩ ɢɦɽɩ ɽɝ Ϊɚɢɜɚ ɜɣɚɨΪ ɨΪɜɚɧɚɣɚ, ɨɧΫɨɢɠ ɥɚɧɦΩ ɨɝ ɦɨɣɦɛɦΩɠɦ
ɢɦɤΫɣɝɢɨɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɽɝ ɠɤɚɦ ɩ ɦΩɥɦɨɩ ɥɚ ɨɜɦɽɩ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɩ ΫɧɝΩ ΩɧɩΨɠɤ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɠɤ
ɥɚɧɦΩɠɤɚ ɠ ΫɧɝΩ ɨɚɤɠɤ ɨɦɛɦɤ. ɍ Ϊɝɮɢɠɤ ɩɨɣɦɜɠɤɚ ɩ ɢɦɽɠɤɚ ɨɝ ɥɚɣɚɟɠ ɭɠΪɚɜɚ
ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɚ ɠ ɩ ɥɝΫɦɜɦɾɥɦɤ ɤɝɷɩɥɚɧɦΩɥɦɤ ɦɢɧɩɞɝɿɩ, Ϊɝ ɨɩ Ϋɧɦɤɝɥɝ ɥɝ ɨɚɤɦ Ϋɦ-
ɟɠΪɠɜɥɝ, ɜɝʀ ɜɝɣɠɢɝ“.154

153 ɂɨΪɦ.
154 ɂɨΪɦ, 59–60.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɤɭɥɬ ɞɨɛɪɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɨ ɧɚ „ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ-

ɫɬɢ“, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɚɧ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɱɜɪɫɬɢɨ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɨɫɭɞɢ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ. ɉɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɱɧɨ: „ȿɢɦɥɦɤ-
ɨɢɠ ΫɧɦɨΫɝɧɠΪɝΪ ɠ ɥɚΫɧɝΩɚɢ ɩɦΫɮΪɝ ɟɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɩ ɨɜɠ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɠ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɦΫɧɝΩɝɾɝɥɠ,
ɨɩɢɦɛɾɝɥ ɽɝ ɩ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɿɝ ɜɧɝɤɝ ɨɚ ΫɧɝΪɝɧɚɥɦɤ ɦɧɠɽɝɥΪɚɬɠɽɦɤ ɥɚ Ϋɧɦɛɣɝɤɝ Ϋɧɦɮɣɦ-
ɨΪɠ. ɇɚɮɚ ɨɧɝΩɨΪɜɚ ɠɥɪɦɧɤɠɨɚɿɚ ɠ ɠɟΩɚɜɚɭɢɚ ΩɝɣɚΪɥɦɨΪ ɨɩ ɟɚɦɢɩΫɾɝɥɠ ΩɦΨɚɷɚ-
ɽɠɤɚ ɠ ɣɠɭɥɦɨΪɠɤɚ ɠɟ Ωɚɾɝ ɠ ɛɣɠɞɝ ΫɧɦɮɣɦɨΪɠ. Ɍɚ ΫɧɝΪɝɧɚɥɚ ɦɧɠɽɝɥΪɚɬɠɽɚ ɥɚ
ΫɧɦɮɣɦɨΪ ɜɝɟɩɽɝ ɾɩΩɠɤɚ ɧɩɢɝ ɢɚΩ ɽɝ ɩ ΫɠΪɚɿɩ ɛɩΩɩʀɥɦɨΪ. ɂ ɨɚΩɚɮɿɦɨΪ ɽɝ ɭɚɢ
ɩΨɧɦɞɝɥɚ ɚɢɦ ɨɩ ɜɝɣɠɢɝ Ωɩɫɦɜɥɝ ɨɥɚΨɝ ɢɦɽɠɤɚ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɦ ɧɚɨΫɦɣɚɞɝ ɩɨɤɝɧɝɥɝ ɥɚ
ΫɧɦɮɣɦɨΪ. Ɂɥɚɭɚɽ ΫɧɝɦɧɠɽɝɥΪɚɬɠɽɝ ɨɚ ΫɧɦɮɣɦɨΪɠ ɥɚ ɨɚΩɚɮɿɦɨΪ ɠ ɛɩΩɩʀɥɦɨΪ
ɥɠɽɝ ɨɚɤɦ ɩ Ϊɦɤɝ ɮΪɦ ɽɝ ΫɧɦɮɣɦɨΪ ɟɚ ɥɚɤɚ ɚ ɛɩΩɩʀɥɦɨΪ ΫɧɝΩ ɥɚɤɚ, ɜɝʀ ɠ ɟɚΪɦ
ɮΪɦ Ωɦɢ ɧɚɮɭɠɨΪɠɤɦ ɨɜɚ ΫɠΪɚɿɚ ɜɝɟɚɥɚ ɟɚ ΫɧɦΪɝɢɣɚ Ωɜɚ ɜɝɢɚ, ɤɦɞɝɤɦ Ωɚ ɠɟΨɩ-
ɛɠɤɦ ɢɦɥΪɚɢΪ ɨ Ϊɝɫɥɦɣɦɮɢɠɤ, ɢɩɣΪɩɧɥɠɤ, Ϋɚ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠɤ Ωɦɛɦɤ ɢɦɽɝ Ωɦɥɦɨɠ
ɥɦɜɠ 21. ɜɝɢ. Ⱥɢɦ Ϊɚɢɦ ΫɦɨΪɩΫɠɤɦ, ɛɦɽɠɤ ɨɝ Ωɚ ʀɝɤɦ ɜɦΩɠΪɠ ɛɠΪɢɝ ɠɟ ɤɠɥɩɣɦΨ
Ωɦɛɚ, ɚ ɠɟΨɩɛɠΪɠ ɛɠΪɢɩ ɨɚ ɨɜɦɽɠɤ ɠ ɥɚɨΪɩΫɚɽɩʀɠɤ Ωɦɛɦɤ“.155
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ 1. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɭ
Ȼɨɪɭ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ „ɪɭɲɢɥɚɱɤɚ“ ɢ „ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɚ“ ɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɨɬɟɠɚ-
ɜɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ. ɑɚɤ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɡʁɚɜɢ
ɞɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɜɨʂɭ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚ-
ɬɢ ɫɚ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ: „ȿɜɝɥΪɩɚɣɥɠ ɚɧΨɩɤɝɥΪɠ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɠ Ϊɦ ɨɚɤɦ ɥɚɧɦΩ
ɥɚ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦɽ ɨɬɝɥɠ ɠ Ωɚ ɞɝɣɠ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɠɟɧɚɟɠ, Ϊɝɮɢɦ ɛɠ ɦΫɨΪɚɣɠ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɠ
ɝΪɠɭɢɠ. ɇɚɧɦΩ ɽɝ ɨΫɦɥΪɚɥɦ ɠ ɤɚɨɦɜɥɦ ɛɠɦ ɥɚ ɨɬɝɥɠ ɢɚΩɚ ɽɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚɣɦ ɩɨΫɦɨΪɚɜɠΪɠ
ΪɝɧɠΪɦɧɠɽɚɣɥɠ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɠΪɝΪ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ, ɢɚΩɚ ɽɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚɣɦ ɟɚɩɨΪɚɜɠΪɠ
Ϊɝɧɦɧ ɥɚ Ʉɦɨɦɜɩ. Ⱦɚɥɚɨ ɽɝ, ɤɝɷɩΪɠɤ, ɥɚ ɨɬɝɥɠ ɭɝɨΪɦ ɨɚɤɦ Ψɦɣɚ ɛɦɧɛɚ ɟɚ ɜɣɚɨΪ.
Ⱦɚɥɚɨ ɨɩ ɥɚ ɨɬɝɥɠ ɠ ɦɥɠ ΫɦɽɝΩɠɥɬɠ ɠ ΨɧɩΫɝ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɩ ɜɧɝɤɝ ɜɝɣɠɢɝ ɛɠΪɢɝ ɟɚ Ɉɨɤɩ
ɨɝΩɥɠɬɩ ɠ Ʉɦɨɦɜɦ, ɟɚ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɠΪɝΪ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ ɛɠɣɠ ɩ ɤɠɮɽɦɽ ɧɩΫɠ. ɋɚΩɚ ɢɚΩɚ ɽɝ Ϋɦɨɚɦ
ɟɚɜɧɮɝɥ, ɠɟɚɮɣɠ ɨɩ ɠɟ ɨɜɦɽɠɫ ɧɩΫɚ, Ϋɦɟɠɜɚɽɩ ɥɚɧɦΩ ɩ ɛɠΪɢɝ ɢɦɽɝ ɥɠɨɩ ɜɦΩɠɣɠ, ɥɚ
ΫɩΪ ɢɦɽɠ ɽɝ ɥɝɽɚɨɚɥ ɠ ɢɧɜɚɜ, ɚ ɩ ɨΪɜɚɧɠ, Ϊɚɢɦ ɨɣɩɞɝ ɦɥɠɤ ɨɥɚΨɚɤɚ ɩ ɟɝɤɾɠ ɠ ɠɥɦ-
ɨΪɧɚɥɨΪɜɩ ɢɦɽɝ ɞɝɣɝ Ωɚ ɧɩɮɝ Ϊɝɢ ɠɟɛɦɧɝɥɝ Ϊɝɢɦɜɠɥɝ ɟɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɩ. ɄɚΩɚ ɽɝ Ψɧɤɝɣɦ,
ʀɩΪɚɣɠ ɨɩ ɚ ɨɚΩɚ, ɢɚΩɚ ɽɝ Ψɧɤɾɚɜɠɥɚ Ϋɧɦɮɣɚ ɠ ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɦɨΪɜɚɧɠɣɚ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ ɠ Ωɦ-
ɛɠɣɚ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɨΪɚΪɩɨ ɢɦɽɠ ɜɠɮɝ ɥɠɢɦ ɥɝ ɦɨΫɦɧɚɜɚ, Ϋɚ ɥɠ ɩΨɧɦɞɚɜɚ, ɦɥɠ Ϋɚɣɝ
ɟɚɢɚɨɥɝɣɝ ɠ ɥɝΫɦΪɧɝɛɥɝ ɜɚΪɧɝ ɢɦɽɠɤɚ ɛɠ Ϊɧɝɛɚɣɦ Ωɚ ɠɟΨɦɧɠ ɨɚɜ ΪɧɩΩ ɢɦɽɠ ɽɝ ɩɭɠ-
ɿɝɥ ɩ Ϊɝɮɢɠɤ ɠ ɢɧɚΪɢɠɤ ΨɦΩɠɥɚɤɚ ɢɦɽɝ ɨɩ ɟɚ ɥɚɤɚ“.156
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɟ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɚɜɚɥɟ ɱɟɦɟɪɧɭ ɠɟ-
ɬɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɥɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ƚɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ ɇɢɲɚ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɨ ʁɟ 21. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ
ɞɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ. ɂ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɩɨɪɭɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɫɜɟɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɚɧɫɤɚ, ɲɬɨ
ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ
ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɩɚɬɫɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ: „ɋɜɠ ɜɝɣɠɢɠ ΫɧɦɽɝɢΪɠ ɟɚ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɠ
ɧɚɟɜɦɽ, ɟɚ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɽɩ ɠ ɟɚ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɥɩ ɦɛɥɦɜɩ, ɨɜɝ ɨɝ Ϊɝ ɜɝɣɠɢɝ ɠ ɤɚɣɝ ɠΩɝɽɝ ɤɦΨɩ
ΩɦɜɝɨΪɠ ɩ ΫɠΪɚɿɝ ɚɢɦ ΩɦΫɩɨΪɠɤɦ ɨɩɢɦɛɝ ɠ ɢɧɜɦΫɧɦɣɠʀɝ. ɁɚΪɦ ɥɚɮ ɥɚɽɜɝʀɠ ɟɚɽɝΩ-
155 ɂɨΪɦ, 60–61.

156 ɂɨΪɦ, 67.
ɥɠɭɢɠ ΫɧɦɽɝɢɚΪ, ɜɚɞɥɠɽɠ ɦΩ ɨɜɠɫ ΩɧɩΨɠɫ, Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɛɩΩɝ ɤɠɧ. ɍ ɤɠɧɩ ɤɠ ɤɦɞɝɤɦ
ɤɥɦΨɦ Ωɚ ɩɧɚΩɠɤɦ ɥɚ ΫɧɠɜɧɝΩɥɦɤ ɠ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɦɤ ΫɧɝΫɦɧɦΩɩ. ɍ ɧɚΪɩ ɠ ɨɩɢɦɛɠɤɚ
ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝɤɦ ɥɠɮΪɚ, ɦɨɠɤ Ωɚ ΩɦɜɝΩɝɤɦ ɥɚɧɦΩ Ωɦ ɠɜɠɬɝ ΨɣɚΩɠ ɠ ɠɨɬɧΫɾɝɿɚ ɢɚɢɦ
ɨɝ Ϊɦ ɢɧɦɟ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɩ Ϊɦɣɠɢɦ ΫɩΪɚ ɜɝʀ ΩɦΨɦΩɠɣɦ. Ɍɦ ɽɝ ɦɥɦ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɨɢɦ ɠɨɢɩɨΪɜɦ
ɢɦɽɝ ɥɝ ɨɤɝ Ωɚ ɨɝ Ϋɦɥɦɜɠ. Ɇɠ ɨɤɦ ɤɚɣɠ ɥɚɧɦΩ ɠ ɜɝʀ ΨɦΪɦɜɦ Ωɝɬɝɥɠɽɩ ɩ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɦɽ
ɢɧɠɟɠ ɠ ɨɢɦɧɦ ɠɨΪɦ Ϊɚɢɦ ΩɩΨɦ ɩ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦɽ ɢɧɠɟɠ. ɄɚΩ ɥɝ ɛɠɨɤɦ ɠɤɚɣɠ Ωɦɜɦɾɥɦ
ɧɚɟɩɤɚ ɠ ɜɦɾɝ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɩɽɝΩɠɥɠɤɦ ɠ ɤɦɛɠɣɠɮɝɤɦ Ωɚ ɨɣɦɞɥɦ ɦɨΪɜɚɧɠɤɦ ɜɝɣɠɢɠ Ϋɧɦ-
ɽɝɢɚΪ ɠɟɣɚɨɢɚ ɠɟ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɝ ɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɝ ɢɧɠɟɝ, ɥɚɮ ɛɠ ΫɩΪ ɜɦΩɠɦ ɩ ΩɩΨɦΪɧɚɽɥɩ
ɥɝɨΪɚɛɠɣɥɦɨΪ, ɥɚɟɚΩɦɜɚɿɝ ɠ ɫɚɦɨ. ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɨɝ ɥɚɣɚɟɠ ΫɧɝΩ ɠɟɛɦɧɠɤɚ ɢɦɽɠ ʀɝ ɦΩ-
ɣɩɭɠΪɠ Ωɚ ɣɠ ʀɝɤɦ ɨɝ ɦΫɧɝΩɝɣɠΪɠ ɟɚ ɤɠɧ, ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɠ ɠ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɥɠ ΫɧɦɨΫɝɧɠΪɝΪ
ɠɣɠ ɟɚ ɨɩɢɦɛɝ ɠ ɤɧɞɿɩ ɢɦɽɚ ʀɝ ɛɣɦɢɠɧɚΪɠ ɨɜɝ ΩɦɨɚΩɚɮɿɝ ɥɚΫɦɧɝ Ωɚ ɠɟɚɷɝɤɦ ɠɟ
ɢɧɠɟɝ ɠ ɞɠɜɠɤɦ ɛɦɾɝ“.157
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɟ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧɟ ɤɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ, „ɦɚ-
ɥɨɦ“ ɱɨɜɟɤɭ. Ɉɧ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ „ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɢ“, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨʁ ɫɮɟɪɢ: „ɉɧɠɜɚΪɠɟɚɬɠɽɩ ɨɩ ɥɚɤ, ɠɥɚɭɝ, ɨɚɨɜɠɤ ΫɦΨɧɝɮɥɦ ɥɚɤɝΪɥɩɣɠ
ɢɧɝɚΪɦɧɠ ɥɚɽɥɦɜɠɽɝΨ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɦΨ ΫɧɦΨɧɚɤɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ ɢɚɦ ɽɝΩɥɦ ɦΩ ɥɚɽɜɚɞɥɠɽɠɫ
ΫɠΪɚɿɚ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɝ ɧɝɪɦɧɤɝ ɮΪɦ ɦɥɚ ɥɠɽɝ, ɥɠΪɠ ɤɦɞɝ ɛɠΪɠ. ɋɜɝΩɦɬɠ ɨɤɦ Ωɚ ɥɚ
ΩɝɨɝΪɠɥɝ ɫɠɾɚΩɚ ΫɧɝΩɩɟɝʀɚ ɠ ɩ ɧɚɟɜɠɽɝɥɠɽɠɤ ɟɝɤɾɚɤɚ ɨɚ ɨΪɚɛɠɣɥɦɤ ΫɧɠɜɧɝΩɦɤ
ΫɚΩɚɽɩ ΫɦΩ ɨΪɝɭɚɽ, Ωɚ ɨɩ ɤɥɦΨɝ, ɭɚɢ ΫɧɠɧɦΩɥɦ ɜɝɦɤɚ ɛɦΨɚΪɝ, Ϋɚ ɠ ΫɧɝɛɦΨɚΪɝ ɟɝɤɾɝ,
ɨɚ ΫɧɠɜɧɝΩɦɤ ɟɚɨɥɦɜɚɥɦɤ ɥɚ ΫɧɠɜɚΪɥɦɽ ɨɜɦɽɠɥɠ, ΫɦΫɩΪ ɦɥɠɫ ɩ ȳɩɞɥɦɽ Ⱥɤɝɧɠɬɠ,
ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɠ ɥɝɨΪɚɛɠɣɥɝ, ɮΪɦ ɥɠɢɚɢɦ ɥɝ Ψɦɜɦɧɠ ɩ ΫɧɠɣɦΨ Ωɚ ɽɝ ΫɧɠɜɚΪɥɚ ɨɜɦɽɠɥɚ
ɨɚɤɚ Ϋɦ ɨɝɛɠ ɠ ɩɜɝɢ ɝɪɠɢɚɨɥɠɽɚ. ɍΫɧɢɦɨ Ϊɦɤɝ, Ωɚɢɣɝ, ɠɥɨɠɨΪɠɧɚ ɨɝ ɥɚ ΫɧɠɜɚΪɠ-
ɟɚɬɠɽɠ ɢɦɽɚ ɥɝ ɜɦΩɠ ɧɚɭɩɥɚ ɦ ɦΨɧɦɤɥɦɽ ɜɧɝΩɥɦɨΪɠ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɝ ɨɜɦɽɠɥɝ“.158
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɫɧɚɠɧɭ ɩɨɞɪ-
ɲɤɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɚɪɦɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɜɪɯɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ȼɟʂɤɚ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ 3.
ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ „ɢɞɟʁɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɝɥɟɞɚɧɨ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɛɭɞɭʄ-
ɧɨɫɬ“. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɢɧɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɪɚɞɟ „ɧɚ ɞɚʂɨʁ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ“.159
ɋɥɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɢɡ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ ɩɪɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨʁ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɢ ɋɉɋ-ɭ ɢ Ɇɢ-
ɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɭ ɞɚɥɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɫɤɢ ɨɪɟɨɥ. Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɦɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ, ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ „ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ
ɫɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɨɦ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɦ“.160 ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɭɤ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ,
ɜɨɻɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, „ɧɚɧɟɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ Ȼɨ-
ɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ“.161
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɦɢɫɥɢɨ ɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ɋɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɜɨɻɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ:
„Ⱦɚɥɚɨ ɽɝ ɨɠΨɩɧɥɦ ɽɝΩɥɦ: ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɽɝ ɨɚ ɋɣɦɛɦΩɚɥɦɤ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀɝɤ ɠɟɜɦɽɝɜɚɣɚ ɠɨΪɦ-
157 ɂɨΪɦ, 69–70.

158 ɂɨΪɦ, 76. Ƚɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɭ ɭ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɰɭ 27. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1990.
159 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 3. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 1. – Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ
ɫɜɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ „ɢɡɜɚɧ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɋɎɊȳ ɞɟɮɢ-
ɧɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ. Ⱥ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɫɚʃɚ – ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʄɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ.
Ɍɭ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɚ“. (ɂɫɬɨ, 5).
161 ɂɨΪɦ, 6.
ɧɠɽɨɢɩ ΫɦɛɽɝΩɩ – Ωɧɞɚɜɥɦ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɦ. ɍ Ϋɧɜɦɤ ɧɝΩɩ ɽɝ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ ɩɥɩΪɚɧ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ

ΫɚɧΪɠɽɝ ɦɛɦɧɠɦ ΪɠΪɦɠɟɚɤ ɧɩɮɝʀɠ ɿɝΨɦɜɝ ΫɦɟɥɚΪɝ ɜɚɟɚɣɝ. Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ ɽɝ Ϋɦɢɚɟɚɦ
ɜɝɣɠɢɩ ɜɝɮΪɠɥɩ, ɦΩɣɩɭɥɦɨΪ ɠ ɫɧɚɛɧɦɨΪ ɢɦɧɠɨΪɝʀɠ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɩ ɠ ΫɧɝɟɠΩɠɽɩɤɝ Ϋɦɧɚ-
ɞɝɥɦΨ ΪɠΪɦɠɟɤɚ. Ɉɨɠɤ ΪɦΨɚ, Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ ɠɤɚ ɠ ɜɝɣɠɢɝ ɠ ɥɝΫɦɛɠΪɥɝ ɟɚɨɣɩΨɝ ɟɚ
ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦ ɛɩɷɝɿɝ ɠ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɨɢɦ ɦɨɜɝɮʀɠɜɚɿɝ ɨɧΫɨɢɦΨ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ“.162
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨ ɦɢɪɭ, ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɬɚʃɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ. Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨɦ ɦɟɞɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɭ ɢ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɜɥɚɞɟ Ⱥɧɬɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɪɢɜɚɰ
ɡɚ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɢ, ɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɞɚɬɚ ʃɢɦɚ, ɞɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɡɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɥɚɬɟ, ɡɚ ɦɢɪ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ. Ʉɚɫɧɢʁɟ,
ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɡɚɪɚɬɢɨ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɟɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢ-
ɡɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɤɨɫɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɫɤɨɪɨ „ɭʁɟɞɢɧɢɨ ɫɜɟ ɋɪɛɟ“.
Ⱦɨɤ ʁɟ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄ ɩɪɟɬɢɨ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɭɦɢɪɢɜɚɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɨ ɢɯ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɟ
„ɦɪɚɱɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ“. ɇɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɦɢɬɢɧɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɜɚɥɨ: „ɋɥɨɛɨ ɋɪ-
ɛɢɧɟ, ɧɟ ɞɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɢɧɟ“.
Ɉɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ʁɚɫɧɭ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟ-
ɜɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ
ɨɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɭɬɢɱɟ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɝɭ-
ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɤɚɤɨ-ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ
– ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɨʂɭɛ ȭɭɤɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ: „Ɉɥɦ ɮΪɦ
ɥɠɽɝ Ϋɦɮɣɦ ɟɚ ɧɩɢɦɤ ɌɠΪɩ, ɩɨΫɝɦ ɽɝ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ: ɧɚɟɛɠɦ ɽɝ ɽɝΩɠɥɨΪɜɝɥɠ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɦ-
ɥɠ ɠɥΪɝɣɝɢΪɩɚɣɥɠ ɛɣɦɢ. ɇɝɢɚΩɚɮɿɠ ΫɧɠɽɚΪɝɾɠ, ΫɦɨΪɚɣɠ ɨɩ ɾɩΪɠ ΫɧɦΪɠɜɥɠɬɠ.
ɇɝɢɚΩɚɮɿɠ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɥɝɠɨΪɦɤɠɮɾɝɥɬɠ, ɢɦɽɝ ɽɝ ɩɽɝΩɠɥɠɦ ɦΪΫɦɧ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɦɽ
ɜɣɚɨΪɠ, ɦΨɣɚɮɚɜɚɽɩ ɨɝ ɢɚɦ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠ, ɤɦɥɚɧɫɠɨΪɠ, ɭɝΪɥɠɬɠ, ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠ, ɜɝɣɠ-
ɢɦɨɧΫɨɢɠ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɠɨΪɠ ɠ ΫɧɠɨΪɚɣɠɬɝ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɦΨ ΨɧɚɷɚɥɨɢɦΨ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɚ. ɂΩɝɽɥɦ
ɧɚɟɽɝΩɠɿɝɥɚ, ɥɝɨΪɚɛɠɣɥɚ ɠ ɧɚɟΩɧɚɞɾɠɜɚ, ɨɚ ɣɠΩɝɧɨɢɠɤ ɚɤɛɠɬɠɽɚɤɚ, ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɚ
ɽɝ ɟɚ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀɚ ɛɠɣɚ ɣɚɢ ɟɚɣɦΨɚɽ“.163
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚɨ ɧɚɫɢʂɟ ɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ
ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɟ ɢ „ɨɩɲɬɢ ɯɚɨɫ“. ɋɟɛɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɤɚɨ
ʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɨɦ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɭ, ɨɞɪ-
ɠɚɧɨɦ 5. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦɚ:
„ɍɫɩɟʄɟɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɨɞɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ“. Ʉɚɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ
ʁɟ: ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɦɢɪɚ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬ, ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬ
„ɦɟɻɭ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɦɚ“.
Ɉɛɟʄɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɭ ɛɨɪɛɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ „ɪɟɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ“ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɨʁɚɨ
„ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɟ“ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ: „ɂ ɟɚΪɦ, ɚɢɦ ɥɚɤ ɥɝɢɦ ɟɚɤɝɧɚ ɮΪɦ
ɫɦʀɝɤɦ Ωɚ ɞɠɜɠɤɦ, ɧɚΩɠɤɦ ɠ ɩ ɤɠɧɩ ɮɢɦɣɩɽɝɤɦ ɨɜɦɽɩ Ωɝɬɩ, ɦɥΩɚ ɥɚɤ Ϊɝ ɟɚɤɝɧɢɝ
Ϋɦɢɚɟɩɽɩ Ωɚ ɠɤɚɤɦ Ϋɦɨɣɚ ɥɝ ɨɚɤɦ ɨɚ ɥɝΩɦɛɧɦɥɚɤɝɧɥɠɤ ɾɩΩɠɤɚ ɠ ɨɚ ɥɝΫɧɠɽɚΪɝɾɠ-
ɤɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ, ɜɝʀ ɠ ɨɚ ɥɝΫɧɠɽɚΪɝɾɠɤɚ ɾɩΩɠ ɩɦΫɮΪɝ, ɤɧɚɭɥɠɫ ɨɫɜɚΪɚɿɚ ɠ ɥɠɨɢɦΨ
ɤɦɧɚɣɚ. Ɇɠ ɨΪɜɚɧɥɦ ɜɠɮɝ ɥɝɤɚɤɦ ɥɠ ɜɧɝɤɝɥɚ ɥɠ ɧɚɟɣɦΨɚ Ωɚ Ϋɦɥɦɜɦ ɽɦɮ ɽɝΩɥɦɤ
162 ɇɂɇ, 6. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 13.

Ψɠɥɝɤɦ, Ωɚ ɩɥɝΩɦΨɣɝΩ ɦΩɣɚɞɝɤɦ ɨɜɦɽ ɤɠɧɚɥ ɠ ɩɧɚɜɥɦΪɝɞɝɥ ɧɚɟɜɦɽ Ωɦɢ ɨɝ ɥɝ ɨΫɦ-

ɧɚɟɩɤɝɤɦ ɨɚ ɨɜɠɤɚ, ɚ ΫɦΨɦΪɦɜɦ ɠɟɤɝɷɩ ɨɝɛɝ ɨɚɤɠɫ“.164
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɩɚɪɨɥɚ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ: „ɋɚ ɧɚɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟ-
ɫɧɨɫɬɢ“. Ɍɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɨ ɋɉɋ-ɭ ɤɚɨ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɢ
ɦɢɪɚ, ɚ ɨ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɨ ɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɯɭɲɤɚɱɢɦɚ, ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢɦɚ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɚ“
ɢ ɲɨɜɢɧɢɡɦɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɚ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚ
ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɚɜ ɨɫɟʄɚʁ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ɂɚɩɥɚɲɟɧ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɨɦ
ɞɚ ʄɟ ɦɭ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɟ ɢ ɩɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɬɟɪɚɬɢ ɝɚ ɭ ɪɚɬ, ɨɛɢɱɚɧ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧ
ɝɥɚɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɋ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʄ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ
ɜɨʂɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɢɡɦɚ ɨɞɧɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ: „Ɍɩ 1990. ɟɚɜɧɮɠɦ ɽɝ ɢɚɦ ΫɦΪɜɧɷɝɥɠ ΨɦɨΫɦΩɚɧ
ɋɧɛɠɽɝ. Ⱥ ɜɝʀ ɨɣɝΩɝʀɝ ΨɦΩɠɥɝ, ɦɥɚɽ ɠɨΪɠ ɦɛɠɭɚɥ ɨɜɝΪ ɢɦɽɠ ɽɝ ɟɚ ɿɝΨɚ Ψɣɚɨɚɦ Ωɚ ɛɠ
ɨɝ ɨΫɚɨɚɦ ɥɝɨɧɝʀɚ, ɩΫɧɚɜɦ ɽɝ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ ɫɣɚΩɥɦɢɧɜɥɦ Ψɩɧɥɩɦ ɩ Ωɜɝ ɥɚɽɜɝʀɝ ɥɝɨɧɝ-
ʀɝ: ɩ ɧɚΪ ɠ ɛɝΩɩ“.165
ɉɪɜɢ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɩaɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɫɭ 9. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1990. ɉɪɚɜɨ ɝɥɚɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ
7.033.610 ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɛɢɪɚɱɤɢ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ. ɇɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɩɭ-
ɛɥɢɤɟ ɢɡɚɲɥɨ ʁɟ 5.029.123 ɛɢɪɚɱɚ (71,50%). ɇɟɜɚɠɟʄɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ 169.461
(3,37%). Ɂɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɚɞɦɟɬɚɥɨ ɫɟ 32 ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ. ɍɛɟɞʂɢɜɨɦ
ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɨ 3.285.799 ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ (63,34% ɢɡɚɲɥɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
46,72% ɛɢɪɚɱɤɨɝ ɬɟɥɚ).
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ:
„ȾɩɞɥɦɨΪ ΫɧɝΩɨɝΩɥɠɢɚ ɊɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɝ, ɢɦɽɩ Ϋɧɝɩɟɠɤɚɤ ɦΩɣɩɢɦɤ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ, ɨɫɜɚ-
Ϊɚɤ ɢɚɦ ɦɛɚɜɝɟɩ ɠ ɦΩΨɦɜɦɧɥɦɨΪ ɟɚ ɦɨΪɜɚɧɝɿɝ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɢɝ ɨɣɦɛɦΩɝ, ɤɠɧɚ ɠ ɧɚɜɥɦ-
ΫɧɚɜɥɦɨΪɠ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɠ ɾɩΩɠ; ΫɦɣɠΪɠɢɝ ɢɦɽɚ ʀɝ ɋɧɛɠɽɩ Ωɚ ɜɦΩɠ ΫɩΪɝɤ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɦΨ ɠ
ɢɩɣΪɩɧɥɦΨ ɧɚɟɜɦɽɚ. [...] ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ɨɚΩɚ Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɩɽɝΩɠɥɠ ɠ ɤɦɛɠɣɠɮɝ ɥɚ ɦɨΪɜɚɧɝ-
ɿɩ ΫɧɠɜɧɝΩɥɦΨ, ɢɩɣΪɩɧɥɦΨ ɠ, ɩɦΫɮΪɝ, ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɦΨ ΫɧɝΫɦɧɦΩɚ ɟɚ ɢɦɽɠ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɝ ɨɜɝ
ΫɧɝΪΫɦɨΪɚɜɢɝ ɠ ɩ ɢɦɤɝ ɨɜɚɢɠ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɠɥ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚ Ωɚ ɩɭɝɨΪɜɩɽɝ“.166
ɉɨɛɟɞɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ
ɞɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ „ɩɪɚɜɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ“ ɢ „ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬɚ“. ɉɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɨ
„ɜɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɨʁ“ ɩɨɛɟɞɢ“, ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟɧɨɦ „ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɭ“ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ „ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨʁ ɛɭɞɭʄ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ“. Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞ ȼɭɱɟɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ „ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɪɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ“.167 Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ɉɪʂɚ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɋȺȾ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ: „ɋɚΩɚ ɽɝ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɚ ɨɜɝɨΪ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ Ϋɦɥɦɜɦ
ΩɝɤɦɥɨΪɧɠɧɚɥɚ ɤɠɧɥɦ, ΩɦɨΪɦɽɚɥɨΪɜɝɥɦ, ɛɝɟ ΫɦΪɧɝɨɚ, ɨɚ ɩΫɦɟɦɧɝɿɝɤ Ωɚ ɥɚɧɦΩ
ɨɜɝ ɧɚɟɩɤɝ, ΫɦΨɦΪɦɜɩ ɥɚɧɦΩ ΫɧɦɞɝΪ ɥɚɽΩɩɛɾɠɤ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠɤ ΪɧɚΩɠɬɠɽɚɤɚ ɦɜɦΨ
Ωɝɣɚ ɨɜɝΪɚ. ɒΪɚ ɣɠ ʀɝ ɨɚΩɚ ɤɠɨɣɠΪɠ ɐɠɤɝɧɤɚɥɦɜɚ Ⱥɤɝɧɠɢɚ? ɏɦʀɝ ɣɠ ɦɥɚ, ɤɦ-
ɞΩɚ, ɟɚ ɧɚɟɣɠɢɩ ɦΩ ɥɝɢɠɫ ΪɧɚΩɠɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɠɫ ΫɚɧΪɥɝɧɚ ɠ ɩɭɝɨɥɠɢɚ ɩ ɦɜɦɽ ɜɝɢɦɜɥɦɽ
ΫɚɧΪɠɽɠ ɨɚ Ωɜɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɝ ȳɚΩɧɚɥɚ ɠ ȺɣΫɚ, ɛɧɞɝ ɨɫɜɚΪɠΪɠ, ɤɚɢɚɧ ɠ ɩ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɿɠ ɭɚɨ,
ɥɝɢɝ ɽɝΩɥɦɨΪɚɜɥɝ ɠɨΪɠɥɝ ɦ ɋɧɛɠɤɚ? ɉɧɜɠ Ϋɧɚɜɠ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠ ΫɚɧɣɚɤɝɥΪɚɧɥɠ ɠ

165 S. Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja,110.
167 Ɇ. ȼɭɱɟɥɢʄ, ɁɚɮΪɦ ɨɩ ΫɦɛɝΩɠɣɠ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠ, ɇɂɇ, 14. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 10.
ɜɠɮɝɨΪɧɚɥɚɭɢɠ ɠɟɛɦɧɠ ɟɚɣɦΨɚ ɨɩ ɠ ɦɛɥɦɜɾɝɥɝ ɤɦΨɩʀɥɦɨΪɠ ɟɚ ɩɭɜɧɮʀɠɜɚɿɝ Ϋɧɠ-

ɽɚΪɝɾɨΪɜɚ ɠ Ϋɦɜɝɧɝɿɚ“.168
ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɫɭ 9. ɢ 23. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɛɨɪ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɨ ɞɜɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɚ ɤɪɭɝɚ. ɇɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɟ
53 ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ; ɛɢɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ 250 ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ 250 ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɰɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɚɠɟʄɢ, ɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢ-
ɧɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɛɢɪɚɱɚ, ɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ
ɛɢɪɚɱɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɢ. ɍ ɛɢɪɚɱɤɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɨ 7.036.303 ɛɢɪɚɱɚ, ɚ ɭ
ɩɪɜɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɨ ʁɟ 5.030.440 ɛɢɪɚɱɚ ɢɥɢ 71,49%. ɍɛɟɞʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɚ ɋɨɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɡɚ ʃɟɧɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɟ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɨ ʁɟ 2.305.974
ɛɢɪɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ 87 ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢ ɤɪɭɝ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɫɦɚʃɟɧɨɦ ɨɞɡɢ-
ɜɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ (ɝɥɚɫɚɥɨ ʁɟ 48,33% ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɛɢɪɚɱɚ), ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɭɛɟɞʂɢɜɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ
ɋɉɋ-ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 194 ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ; ɞɪɭɝɢ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɫɚ 19, Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɻɚɧɫɤɢɯ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ
ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ 8, ɚ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ 7 ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ.169
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɨɫɢɦ ɭɛɟɞʂɢɜɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨ-
ɲɟɜɢʄɚ, ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜ ɒɟɲɟʂ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ „ɩɪɚɜɨ
ɢɡ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ“ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ 100.000 ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɧɚʁɨɲɬɪɢʁɨʁ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ɭɝΪɥɠɭɢɠ ΫɦɢɧɝΪ ɧɢʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ɭ ɪɟɝɢ-
ɫɬɚɪ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɢɡɚɲɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ.
ɒɟɲɟʂ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɱɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɭɡ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɚ ȭɭʁɢʄɚ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɚ Ⱦɢɧɚɪɫɤɟ ɱɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɢɜɢɡɢʁɟ ɢɡ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɟɦɢ-
ɝɪɚɧɬ ɠɢɜɟɨ ɭ ɋȺȾ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɛɟɥɟɠɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɰɢ, ɒɟɲɟʂ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɤɚɨ „ɟɥɟɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɪɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚ“, ɚ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɨɦɢʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɫɬ: ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɉɱɢʃɫɤɢ ɫɤɢɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɟ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɫɚ ɝɥɨɝɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɰɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ Ʉɭʄɟ ɰɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɚɜɢɨ ɩɪɟɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɟ
Ɍɢɬɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɨɛɚ, ɞɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɟ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɧɚɩɥɚɬɢ „ɪɚɬ-
ɧɟ ɪɟɧɬɟ“, ɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɲɤɨɝ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ ɇȾɏ, ɩɪɟɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɢɦɚ
– ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ, ɫɜɢɦɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ. ɍɩɚɨ ʁɟ 18. ɫɟɩɬɟɦ-
ɛɪɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɦɢɲʂɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ Ⱦɨɦ ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɢ „ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɬɢ“
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ. Ɂɚɯɬɟɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɟ „ɢɡɞɚʁɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɤɭɩ“;
Ɋɚɞɟ ɒɟɪɛɟʇɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɜʂɟɧ ɫɚ „ɭɫɬɚɲɨ“, ɚ ɛɚɱɟɧɢ ɮɨɬɨɚɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤɚ Ɇɢɪɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɚ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɟɲɟʂ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ.170
ɒɟɲɟʂ ʁɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɨɲɬɪɟ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ
ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ, ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɟ ɤɚɦ-
ɩɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ, ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɲɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɢ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɩɪɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨ ɢɡ
ɉɚɞɢɧɫɤɟ ɋɤɟɥɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ
168 Ⱥ. ɉɪʂɚ, ɒΪɚ ɨɚΩ ɤɠɨɣɝ ɋȺȾ?, ɇɂɇ, 14. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 17. – Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚ-
ɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ „ɩɨɜɥɚɻɢɜɚɥɚ“ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɢ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɢ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɨɥɢɱɚɜɚɥɢ „ɩɪɚɜɭ“ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɜɨʂɭ: „Ⱦɚ ɽɝ Ɇɠɣɦɮɝɜɠʀ ɛɦɾ-
ɮɝɜɠɢ ɠ ɿɝΨɦɜɚ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɚ ɛɦɾɮɝɜɠɭɢɚ, ɥɝ ɛɠ ɟɚ ɿɠɫ Ψɣɚɨɚɦ ɨɧΫɨɢɠ ɨɝɾɚɢ“. (ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ,
14. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1990, 7).
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭɪɭ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɬɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɭ ɢɡɛɚɱɟɧ,

ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɬɟɬɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪ-
ɧɨʁ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ.171 ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɒɟɲɟʂ
ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɭ – ʃɟɝɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ
„ɢɡɞɚʁɧɢɱɤɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ“ ɚ ɧɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɢɯ ɢɡ-
ɛɨɪɚ, ɨɞɦɚɯ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɭ ɱɟɫɬɢɬɚɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɭ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɞɭɝɨɦ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɭ. ɂɫɬɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɝɥɚɫɚʁɭ
ɡɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɟ ɋɉɋ-ɚ. Ɉɞ ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɒɟɲɟʂ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɫɤɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɰɟʃɟɧ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚɧ
ɤɚɨ „ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ“ ɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɧ ɤɚɨ „ɰɪɜɟɧɢ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ“. ɍ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ, ɒɟɲɟʂ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɤɚɨ ɱɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ 23. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ
1991. ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ ɋɧΫɨɢɩ ɧɚΩɠɢɚɣɥɩ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɩ. ɋɜɟ ɞɨ 1993. ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɢʁɢ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤ ɭ ɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ.
ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ – ɋɚɜɟɡ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ
ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɡɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ. ɂɚɤɨ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɢɯ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɫɰɟɧɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ʃɟɧ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝ
ɛɢɥɚ Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ. ɉɪɜɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ʁɟ 24. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1990. ɢ ɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɪɨɥɨɦ: „ɇɚɪɨɞɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɭʁɟɞɢɧɢɬɟ
ɫɟ“. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɜɨɦ
ɩɨɤɪɟɬɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ȳɇȺ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɟɝɭ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɢ-
ɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɰɟɧɟ. Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ, 10.
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɄȳ ɭ ȳɇȺ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨʁ 17. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1990. Ⱥɪɦɢʁɫɤɢ
ɜɪɯ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɨ „ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ“ Ʉɉȳ/ɋɄȳ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɨʁ ȳɇȺ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɭɥɨɝɨɦ Ʉɉȳ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ „ɪɟɜɨɥɭ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝ ɥɢɤɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɛɨɪɛɟɧɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ“.172
ɂɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡ-
ɥɨɠɢɨ ʃɟɧ ɩɨɬɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɉɋ ɭɛɟɞʂɢ-
ɜɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ: „ɉɦɢɚɟɚɣɦ ɨɝ Ωɚ ɽɝ ɨɧΫɨɢɠ ɥɚɧɦΩ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠ ɟɧɝɣɠɽɠ ɠ ɤɩΩɧɠɽɠ ɦΩ
ɤɥɦΨɠɫ ɠɨΪɚɢɥɩΪɠɫ ɠɥΪɝɣɝɢΪɩɚɣɚɬɚ ɠɟ ɧɝΩɦɜɚ ɦΫɦɟɠɬɠɽɝ. Ɉɥ ɽɝ, ɥɚɠɤɝ, ɨɫɜɚΪɠɦ
Ωɚ ɢɧɚɽ ΪɠΪɦɠɟɤɚ ɥɠɽɝ ɢɧɚɽ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠɭɢɝ ΪɧɚΩɠɬɠɽɝ, Ωɚ ɽɝ, ɥɚΫɧɦΪɠɜ, Ϊɝɢ ɨɚ-
Ωɚ ɧɚɨɢɧɭɝɥ ΫɧɦɨΪɦɧ ɟɚ ɤɦΩɝɧɥɦ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɦ ɨɣɦɛɦΩɝ ɠ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɥɝ ΫɧɚɜΩɝ. Ɍɦ ɽɝ ɛɠ-
ɣɦ ɦɥɦ ɦɨɥɦɜɥɦ ɮΪɦ ɽɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚɣɦ ΫɦɨΪɠʀɠ ɠ ɽɚ ɨɚɤ ɜɝɦɤɚ ɨɧɝʀɚɥ ɮΪɦ ɨɤɦ ɩ Ϊɦɤɝ
ɩɨΫɝɣɠ, ɭɚɢ ɠ ɜɠɮɝ ɥɝΨɦ ɮΪɦ ɨɤɦ ɨɝ ɧɝɚɣɥɦ ɤɦΨɣɠ ɥɚΩɚΪɠ“.173
ɋɚ ɞɜɨɬɪɟʄɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɥɚ-
ɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɜɥɚɞɭ 11. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1991. Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɦɢʁɟɪɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧ Ɂɟɥɟ-
ɧɨɜɢʄ; ɨɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɰɢʂ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɫɤɨɪɢ-
ɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ: „ɋɧɛɠɽɚ ΩɝɪɠɥɠΪɠɜɥɦ ɤɦɧɚ ɥɚΫɩɨΪɠΪɠ ɠ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɿɝ ɦɨΪɚΪɢɝ ΩɦΨɦɜɦɧɥɝ
ɠ ɧɚɨΫɦΩɝɾɠɜɚɭɢɝ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɠɽɝ ɢɚɦ ɥɚɽɜɚɞɥɠɽɝ ɩɟɧɦɢɝ ɿɝɥɝ ɥɝɝɪɠɢɚɨɥɦɨΪɠ. ȵɝɥ
171 ɂɨΪɦ, 163.

173 Ɍɚɽ ɷɚɜɦ ɥɠɽɝ Ϊɚɢɦ ɬɧɥ, Ȼɨɪɛɚ, 19–20. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1991, 5.
ɽɝΩɠɥɠ ɠ Ϋɧɚɜɠ ΫɩΪ ɽɝɨΪɝ ɠ ɤɦɧɚɽɩ ɛɠΪɠ ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɝ ɠ ΩɧɩɮΪɜɝɥɝ ɧɝɪɦɧɤɝ Ϋɦ ɩΨɣɝ-
Ωɩ ɥɚ ɨɚɜɧɝɤɝɥɝ ɧɚɟɜɠɽɝɥɝ Ωɧɞɚɜɝ“.174
ɍ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɨɤɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɬʁ.
ɤɢɞɚɥɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɦ. ȼɥɚɞɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧɚ Ɂɟɥɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɭ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɭ ɜɪɬɥɨɝɭ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ
ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ ɋɎɊȳ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɚʁɚɥɚ ʁɚɤɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ, ɬɟɤ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɨɞ 10 ɦɟɫɟɰɢ.
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨ
30. ɦɚʁɚ 1991. ɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɂɡɥɚɝɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ
ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ „ɞɨɫɬɨ-
ʁɚɧɫɬɜɚ“ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɭ – ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɰɢ-
ɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɬʃɚɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɩɪɢɤɪɢʁɟ“ ɢɡʁɚɜɚɦɚ ɨ ɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ; ɰɢʂ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɭɪɟɞɟ
„ɩɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ“ ɜɚɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɜɚɧ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ: „ɇɚɤɚ ɥɠɽɝ Ϋɧɜɠ ΫɩΪ Ωɚ
ɨɝ ɨɩɦɭɚɜɚɤɦ ɨɚ ɥɚɤɝɧɚɤɚ ɜɝɣɠɢɠɫ ɠ ɤɦʀɥɠɫ ɨɠɣɚ, Ωɚ ɩ ɦΩɥɦɨɩ ɥɚ ɿɠɫ ɛɩΩɝɤɦ Ωɦɜɝ-
Ωɝɥɠ ɩ ɢɧɚɽɿɝ ɥɝɧɚɜɥɦΫɧɚɜɚɥ ɠ ɟɚɜɠɨɚɥ Ϋɦɣɦɞɚɽ ɨɚɤɦ ɟɚΪɦ ɮΪɦ ɨɤɦ ɤɚɣɚ ɟɝɤɾɚ
ɠ ɟɚΪɦ ɮΪɦ ɨɝ ɥɝ Ϋɦɥɚɮɚɤɦ ɥɚ ɥɚɭɠɥ ɢɦɽɠ ɽɝ Ϋɦ ɿɠɫɦɜɦɽ ɤɝɧɠ. ɂ ɥɝʀɝ ɥɚɤ ɛɠΪɠ
Ϋɧɜɠ ΫɩΪ Ωɚ Ϊɠɤ ΫɧɠΪɠɨɬɠɤɚ ɦΩɦɣɠɤɦ. Ɉɥɦ ɮΪɦ ΫɦΨɚɷɚ ɥɚɨ ɠ ɮΪɦ ɛɠ Ϊɧɝɛɚɣɦ
Ωɚ ɩɟɥɝɤɠɧɠ ɨɜɝ ɥɚɧɦΩɝ ɽɝ ɨɜɦɽɝɜɧɨΪɚɥ ɚΫɨɩɧΩ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɩ Ωɚɥɚɮɿɝ ɜɧɝɤɝ ɜɝɣɠɢɠɫ Ωɝ-
ɤɦɢɧɚΪɨɢɠɫ ɠ ɫɩɤɚɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɠɫ Ϊɝɢɦɜɠɥɚ Ϋɧɠɤɝɿɩɽɝ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɦ ɥɚɨɠɾɝ, ɥɚɽɚɜɾɩɽɝ
ɝɢɦɥɦɤɨɢɦ, ɚ ɥɝ ɠɨɢɾɩɭɩɽɝ ɥɠ ɪɠɟɠɭɢɦ ɥɚɨɠɾɝ ɥɚΩ ɥɚɧɦΩɠɤɚ ɠ ɾɩΩɠɤɚ ɢɦɽɠ Ωɧɞɝ
Ωɦ ɨɜɦɽɝ ɨɚɤɦɨΪɚɣɥɦɨΪɠ ɠ ɥɝɟɚɜɠɨɥɦɨΪɠ“.175
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɋȺȾ ɨɩɬɭɠɭʁɭ-
ʄɢ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɝɪɭɛɨ ɦɟɲɚ“ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɞɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ
ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɚɥɛɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɩɨɞ ɮɢɪɦɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ“ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɢ
ɫɟɰɟɫɢɨɧɢɡɚɦ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ. Ɉɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ ɩɨɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɢɨ
ʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ: „ɋɜɚɢɦ ɢɦ ɥɚ ɦɜɠɤ ΫɠΪɚɿɠɤɚ Ϊɧɚɞɠ ɦΩɨΪɩΫɚɿɝ
ɦΩ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɢɝ ɢɦɽɩ ɜɦΩɠɤɦ ɥɚ Ʉɦɨɦɜɩ ɠ ɆɝΪɦɫɠɽɠ ɤɦɞɝ ɟɚ Ϊɦ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɠɟɛɦɧɠ ɨɚɤɦ
ɦɛɚɧɚɿɝɤ ɨɚΩɚɮɿɝΨ ɧɩɢɦɜɦΩɨΪɜɚ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ“.176 ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ „ɲɨɜɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ“;
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɫɜɟ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ
ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ „ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɟ“, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ
ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ – ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ; ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɢɲɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɚ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ; ɫɜɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚ-
ɜɢʁɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɭɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɚɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ
ɯɢɬɧɨ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ; ɨɞɥɭɤɭ
ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɭɤɢɧɟ: „ɇɝΫɧɠɢɦ-
ɨɥɦɜɝɥɚ ɽɝ ɭɠɿɝɥɠɬɚ Ωɚ ɨɝ Ϋɧɚɜɦ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɥɚ ɨɚɤɦɦΫɧɝΩɝɾɝɿɝ ɩ ɜɠɮɝɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɦɽ
Ωɧɞɚɜɠ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ ΪɝɧɠΪɦɧɠɽɚɣɥɦ ɦΨɧɚɥɠɭɠΪɠ ɥɚ ΫɦɨΪɦɽɝʀɝ ɚΩɤɠɥɠɨΪɧɚΪɠɜɥɝ
Ψɧɚɥɠɬɝ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚ. Ƚɧɚɥɠɬɝ ɠɟɤɝɷɩ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚ ɩɥɩΪɚɧ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ ɥɠɢɚΩɚ ɥɠɨɩ ɛɠ-
174 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 12. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1991, 1.

175 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɋ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ, ɉɧɠɣɦΨ ɠɨΪɦɧɠɽɠ, 97–98.
176 ɂɨΪɦ, 98.
ɣɝ Ωɧɞɚɜɥɝ. Ⱦɦɛɧɦ ɽɝ ΫɦɟɥɚΪɦ Ωɚ ɨɩ ɦɥɝ ɩ ΫɧɦɮɣɦɨΪɠ Ϋɦɜɩɭɝɥɝ Ϋɧɦɠɟɜɦɾɥɦ ɠ ɛɝɟ

ɦɛɽɝɢΪɠɜɥɠɫ ɢɧɠΪɝɧɠɽɩɤɚ, ɥɝ ɩɜɚɞɚɜɚɽɩʀɠ ɥɠ ɝΪɥɠɭɢɠ ɨɚɨΪɚɜ ɨΪɚɥɦɜɥɠɮΪɜɚ,
ɥɠ ΫɦɨɣɝΩɠɬɝ ΨɝɥɦɬɠΩɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɽɝ ΫɧɝΪɧΫɝɦ ɨɧΫɨɢɠ ɥɚɧɦΩ, ɢɚɦ ɥɠ ɥɦɧɤɝ ɤɝɷɩɥɚɧɦΩ-
ɥɦΨ Ϋɧɚɜɚ. ɉɧɚɜɦ ɥɚ ɨɚɤɦɦΫɧɝΩɝɾɝɿɝ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ, Ωɚɢɣɝ, ɛɠΪɠ ɧɝɟɝɧɜɠɨɚɥɦ ɨɚɤɦ
ɟɚ ɜɝʀɠɥɨɢɠ ɥɚɧɦΩ ɩ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɦ ɤɝɮɦɜɠΪɦɽ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɬɠ. ɄɚΩɚ ɛɠ Ϊɚɢɦ ɛɠɣɦ, ɦɥΩɚ
ɛɠ ɨɝ ɠɟɚ ɢɩɣɠɨɚ Ψɧɚɷɚɥɨɢɝ ΩɝɤɦɢɧɚΪɠɽɝ ΫɦɜɧɝΩɠɣɠ ɠɥΪɝɧɝɨɠ ɦɥɠɫ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɠɫ
ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɭɠɥɝ ɤɚɿɠ ɛɧɦɽ ɥɚ Ωɝɣɩ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɝ ΪɝɧɠΪɦɧɠɽɝ ɩ ɦɢɜɠɧɩ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɚ
ΫɦɽɝΩɠɥɠɫ ɧɝΫɩɛɣɠɢɚ“.177
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɤɨɥɟɛɚʃɚ ɫɚɨɩ-
ɲɬɢɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ: „Ɉɥɠ, Ωɚɢɣɝ, ɢɦɽɠ ɞɝɣɝ Ωɚ ɢɦɥɨΪɧɩɠɮɩ ɥɦɜɝ Ωɧɞɚɜɝ Ϊɧɝɛɚ ɩ ɜɣɚ-
ɨΪɠΪɦɤ ɠɥΪɝɧɝɨɩ ɠ ɮΪɦ Ϋɧɝ Ωɚ ΫɧɝɭɠɨΪɝ ɨɚ ɭɠɿɝɥɠɬɦɤ Ωɚ ɩ Ϊɝ ɨɜɦɽɝ ɛɩΩɩʀɝ
ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɝ Ωɧɞɚɜɝ ɥɝ ɤɦΨɩ ɨɠɣɦɤ ɦΩɜɩʀɠ ɢɦɤΫɚɢΪɥɝ Ωɝɣɦɜɝ ɦɥɠɫ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɠɫ
ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɢɦɽɠ ɨɩ ɟɚ ɦΫɨΪɚɥɚɢ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ“.178
ȾȺ Ʌɂ ȳȿ ȳɍȽɈɋɅȺȼɂȳȺ
ɆɈɊȺɅȺ ȾȺ ɇȿɋɌȺɇȿ?
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ, ʁɟɡɢɤɚ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ. ɂɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɞɪɠɢɜɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɟ ʃɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ. Ɂɪɟɥɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɬɜɨɪɢɥɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ (ɋɪɛɢ, ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢ) ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɥɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɨɫɢɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɧɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ
ɪɚɬɚ. ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ; „ɬɟ-
ɫɬɢɪɚɥɚ“ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ – ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɭ, ɭɫɬɚɜ-
ɧɭ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɭ, ɥɢɱɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɩɫɟɭɞɨɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɦ (ɭ ɦɟɻɭɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟ-
ɪɢɨɞɭ), ɫɬɚʂɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɛɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɭ, ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɢ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ (ɫ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟɦ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ), ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɥ-
ɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ (ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ). ɍ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢ-
ɥɚ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɚ, ɚ ʃɟɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɟ.
ɍɩɨɪɟɞɨ ʁɟ ɬɟɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɢɫɩɨʂɟɧ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ
ɧɚɪɨɞɭ; ɭ ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨʁ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɛɟɫɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞ ɧɚɞ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ (ɢ ȳɟɜɪɟ-
ʁɢɦɚ). ɍ ɬɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɦɢɥɢɨɧ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɚ, ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɚ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɫɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɬɨɩɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɧɟɪɟɚɥɢ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɨɛɟʄɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɢ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɦɬɟɥɚ ɭ ɤɪɜɚɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ, Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ, ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ɍɚ ɩɚɪ-
ɬɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɫɜɢɯ ɦɨʄɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɚ ʃɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɢ ɥɟɝɢ-
ɬɢɦɧɚ, ɧɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ
ɢɡɛɨɪɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɡɜɚɥɚ „ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬɚ“, ɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ „ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ
177 ɂɨΪɦ, 99–100.

178 ɂɨΪɦ.
ɨɛɥɢɤ“ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ. ɇɚ ɬɨʁ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɰɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɱɢ-

ʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɪɯɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɦɨɝɭʄɟɝ ɩɪɟɨɬɢɦɚʃɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɪɟɜɨ-
ɥɭɰɢʁɟ. ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɲɟ ɛɟɡ „ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ“,
ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ.
ɉɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɬɡɜ. ɤɪɭɠɧɢɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɬɚɱɤɭ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɚ ɢɦɚ „ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ“, ɛɢɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ
ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 80-ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜ ɞɨɥɚ-
ɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ 20. ɜɟɤɚ:
ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɬɪɚʁɚɬɢ ɞɨ 5. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 2000. ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɭ-
ɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɚ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ
ɩɪɟɜɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ. ɍɫɩɨɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɧɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɋɄ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (1986) ɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɨɜɚʃɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (1987) ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢ-
ɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ: ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ, ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ʁɚɱɚʃɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ,
ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ, ɤɪɢɡɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɟɥɢɬɟ.179
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɉɫɦɟ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɪɟɜɨ-
ɥɭɰɢʁɭ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɭʄɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ. Ɍɨ ɧɚɫɢʂɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɨ – ɧɚ-
ɩɪɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɨ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɚ
ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ
ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ɉɫɦɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɤɪɚʁɚ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɭɤɬɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ.
Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɢ-
ɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ „ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ“ (ɢɡɜɭ-
ɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ʉɉȳ/ɋɄȳ) ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɟ
ɫɚ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɦɢɲʂɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚ ɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ.180
Ⱦɨɤ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɚ ɪɟɜɨ-
ɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ, ɭ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɧɨɜɨɝ, ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɟɜɢɻɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ „ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨ“, ɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ ɤɨ-
ʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɚ ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɪɲɟɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ
ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɦ, ɢɦɚɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɭ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɭ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɨ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ (1966). ȼɪɚʄɚʃɟ
ɬɟ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ-
ɥɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ. Ɋɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɚ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɚ, ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɭɡ ɩɨɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɟ
ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ,
ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɧɚɫɢʂɟɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɨɫɟ, ɢ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɨɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ,
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɡɛɨɝ
ɬɨɝɚ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɫɦɟɪ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ, ɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ
ɢ ɡɚ ɞɭɠɟ.181
179 Ⱦɟʁɚɧ ȳɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɨɤa ɨɽɝΩɥɠɬa ɐɄ ɋɄ ɋɧɛɠɽɝ (ɧɩɢɦΫɠɨ).

180 ɂɫɬɨ.
181 ɂɨΪɦ.
Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɫɤɟ ɟɪɟ

ɭ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɨ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ɬɚʁ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɭɪɨɜ, ɤɪɜɚɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɚɧ. Ɉɞɥɭɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɚɪ-
ɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɋɎɊȳ ɨɤɪɟɧɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ „ɛɚɡɚɦɚ“, ɞɨɜɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɄȳ (ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1990) ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧ
ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ, ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɚ ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɰɢ-
ʁɚ. ɋɄȳ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɫɚɧ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ, ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɛɢ-
ɥɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ „ɜɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚ“ (Ɍɢɬɨ, ɩɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ). ɇɚ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɧɟ-
ɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɫɥɨɦ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɨ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɜɟ ɜɢɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɍɦɟɫɬɨ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɋɄȳ, ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɭɧɭ-
ɬɚɪ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɰɟɧɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʉɭɱɚɧ ɢ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢ-
ɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɨɻɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ (ɧɚɪɨɞɚ) ɢ ɢɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɧɚɠɧɭ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ.182
ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ
ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɚ, ɬɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɪɟɚɥɢ-
ɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ. ɉɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɢɯ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ. ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɜɟʄɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɩɨ ɰɟɥɨɦ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, ɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɢ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ ɞɚ
ɨɱɭɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ“ ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ, ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ɫɚ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.
Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɨɦ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɨɤɪɭ-
ɠɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ („ɬɪɨʁɟɞɧɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɚ“ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɢɦɚ
ɛɢɥɚ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ). Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ʁɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪ-
ɬɢɡɚɧɢɦɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɢ. ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢ-
ɨɞɭ ʃɟɧɚ ɩɨɛɭɧɚ 1971. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ („ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨ ɩɪɨʂɟʄɟ“) ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɞɚɥɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɟɲɟʃɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1974. ɉɨɫɟ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɭʁɭʄɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢɯ
ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ („ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ
ɲɭɬʃɚ“), ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɞɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ
Ɏɪɚʃɨɦ Ɍɭɻɦɚɧɨɦ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɭʁɟ ɧɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɥɚɤɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɨɬɩɨɪɚ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɟ. ɍ ɬɨʁ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɦɚʃɢɧɢ.
ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɭɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ, ɱɟɦɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɦɟɬʃɭ, ɩɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɢɡɚɤ
ɧɢɜɨ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨ-
182 D. Joviü, Jugoslavija, 452–453.

ɬɪɚʁɧɢ ɪɚɬ ʁɭɧɚ 1991. ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɟɻɭɮɚɡɚ ɜɟʄ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɢɡɛɚɰɢ ɢɡ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɫɟɰɟɫɢʁɚ. ɉɪɚɜɚ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɨɮɚɧɡɢɜɧɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧoɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɬɚʁ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɩɬ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɜɟʄ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1991. ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1992.
ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ
ɢɥɭɡɢʁɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ 1988. ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ,
ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɤʂɭɱɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɝɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɋɪ-
ɛɢʁɟ: 1) ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ-
ɥɚ ʁɟ ʁɚɱɚ ɨɞ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɨɝ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ;
2) ɋɄȳ, ɦɨʄɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɩɭɧɨʁ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨʁ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɎɊȳ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɦ; 3) ɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɫɜɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɇȺ, ɢɧɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɭ
ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ; 4) ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨ,
ɋɂȼ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚ ɦɨʄ ɨɥɢɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɚɧɰɢ ȳɭɝɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɚ) ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ; 5) ɢ ɦɟɻɭ-
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɟ – ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ
ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɨɱɭɜɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɭ
ɬɨɦɟ ɭɫɩɟ, ɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɚɜɟɡɭ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɜɨʂɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ „ɪɟɜɢɡɢɨ-
ɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɝɪɟɯɭ“.
ɍɨɱɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɡɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɢ-
ɰɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ȳɇȺ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɛɨʂɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ „ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɭ“.
Ʉɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ, ɛɪɨʁɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɨɫɬ ɛɨɪɚɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ȳɇȺ ɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ, ɫɚɦɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɮɟɞɟɪɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɮɟɪɢɨɪɧɚ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɦ ɞɨɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɧɨɝ
ɫɭɤɨɛɚ: ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɪɚɬɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɚ ɤɨɯɟɡɢʁɚ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ
ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɚɧ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɜɨʁɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɰɢʂ: ɞɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬ; ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ
ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɞɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɮɚɧɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɠɪɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ ɢɦɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ; ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɟ ɫɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ ʁɚɤɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɚɜɟ-
ɡɧɢɤɟ, ɬɪeɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɬɢ „ɤɪɭɧɫɤɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ“ ɡɚ ɩɭɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁe ɛɢ-
ɥɨ ɭɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ȳɇA ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ „ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɧɬɨɪɚ“ ɭ ɪɚɬ; ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ
ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɭɱɢɥɟ ȳɇȺ ɢ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɦeɪɟɧɭ ɪɚɬɧɭ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ.183
Ɍɟ „ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ“ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ-
ɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɬɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɦʃɟʃɟ ɪɚɬ ɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɥɨ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ
ɧɟɜɟɪɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɭ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞɢ-
ɥɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ „ɜɚɪʂɢɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ“. Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ,
ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɭɲɥɚ ɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɭ ɮɚɡɭ, ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɥɨɦɨɦ ɛɢɩɨɥɚɪɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ. Ɍɚ-
ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɧɨʄɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɨ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɨɤɨɲɬɚɥɢ
183 Miroslav Hadžiü, Jugoslovenska Narodna Agonija, Beograd 2005, 127.

ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɜɪɯ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɯɜɚɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɚɪɦɢʁɫɤɢ ɜɪɯ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ.184 ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ, ɚ ɞɟɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ, ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɨɤɨ ɦɢɥɢɬɚɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ – ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɡɚ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ, ɱɚɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢɨ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ (ɫɥɨɦʂɟɧ 21.
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1991). Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɨɪɛɚɱɨɜ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɨɩɬɭɠɟɧ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɝɚɨ „ɦɪɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɢ-
ʁɚɥɢɡɦɭ“. Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ ȼɭɤɲɢʄ ɩɢɲɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɭɱ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɟɧ ɢ ɭ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɭ ɝɟ-
ɧɟɪɚɥɚ ȼɟʂɤɚ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭʁɭʄɟɝ ȳɇȺ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɭɤ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ,
ɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ, „ɟɝɡɚɥɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɢɨ“ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ „Ɋɭɫɢʁɢ“ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɭɞɚɪ ɢ ɞɚ „ɧɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɭ ɭɫɩɟɯ“.185
ɂ „ɫɪɩɫɤɢ“ ɞɟɨ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɋɎɊȳ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɧ ɭ ɨɰɟɧɢ
ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɚɜɟɡɭ – ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ „ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ
ɞɚʂɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ“.186 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɰɟɥɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ „Ƚɨɪ-
ɛɚɱɨɜ ɫɤɢɧɭɬ ɫ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ“. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ɉɪʂɚ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ
ɧɢɲɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɟʃɟ, ɞɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɨɪɛɚɱɨɜ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɪɟɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɨ „ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ“.187
ɂ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɨɫɭɞɢɥɟ ɩɭɱɢɫɬɟ, ɢɡ ɜɥɚɞɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɦɟɲɚ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ“.188 Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ
ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ
ɨɧɞɚ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɨ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚ-
ɬɢ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ.189
ȳɇȺ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟɧɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɯɜɚɬɢ ɞɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ. ɍ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɟ
ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɫɤɢ ɜɪɯ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɢ
ɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚɨ ɫɚ ɫɬɚʃɟɦ ɭɨɱɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.190 ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɪɟɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨ ɨɩɫɟɞɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ-
ɲʄɭ ɨɞ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ. ȳɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɚ ȼɨɪɟɧɚ Ɂɢɦɟɪɦɚɧɚ ɤɚɤɨ
ɋȺȾ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɫɚ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɚ ʃɨɦ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɥɟ ɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ
ɪɚɬɭ. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɦ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɭ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɡɚ-
184 ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɋɋɇɈ ɨɰɟɧɢɥɚ ʁɟ 1. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1988. ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ-
ɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ „ɢɞɟʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɤɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɱɨɜɟɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ, ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ-
ʄɟ ɞɚʂɨʁ ɚɮɢɪɦɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ“. (ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: D. Marijan,
Slom Titove armije, 341).
185 Dragan Vukšiü, JNA i raspad Jugoslavije. Od þuvara do grobara svoje države, Stara Pazova
2006, 141.
186 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 20. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1991, 1.
187 Ⱥ. ɉɪʂɚ, Ƚɦɧɛɚɭɦɜ ɠ ɧɝɚɣɠɟɚɤ, ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 21. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1991, 3.
188 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 22. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1991, 2.
189 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 31. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1991, 7
190 Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɇɟɝɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1990. ɪɟɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɭɨɱɟɧ ɫɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ
„ɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɝ“ Ɋɚʁɯɚ: „Ɍɧɝʀɠ ɽɝ ɛɠɦ ɦɥɚɽ ɏɠΪɣɝɧɦɜ, ɚ ɦɜɚɽ ɽɝ ɑɝΪɜɧΪɠ, ɢɦɽɠ ɩɥɦɨɠ ΫɦΪΫɩɥɦ
ΩɧɩΨɝ ɧɝɣɚɬɠɽɝ ɩ ɦΩɥɦɨɠɤɚ ɦɧɩɞɚɥɠɫ ɨɥɚΨɚ. ȵɝΨɦɜɚ ɝɢɨΫɚɥɟɠɽɚ ɨɠΨɩɧɥɦ ʀɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɩɨɤɝɧɝ-
ɥɚ ɠ ɩɨɤɝɧɝɥɚ ɽɝ Ϋɧɝɤɚ ɤɦɧɩ. Ɉɥɠ ɫɦʀɝ ɥɚ Ωɜɚ ɤɦɧɚ, ɥɚ ɋɝɜɝɧɥɦ ɠ ɥɚ ȳɚΩɧɚɥɨɢɦ ɤɦɧɝ“.
(ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: D. Marijan, Slom Titove armije, 343).
ɲɬɢɬɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ, „ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ,

ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɚ ȳɇȺ“. ɉɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ „ɨɱɢɲʄɟɧɚ“ ɨɞ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ, ɫɯɜɚɬɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɚ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɫɭɫɟɞɢɦɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɧ ɪɚɱɭɧ. Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ
ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚɨ ɢ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɦ, „ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɪɭɠɧɚ ɪɟɱ ɡɚ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ“.191
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚɜɭ ȳɨɜɢʄɭ 12. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1991. ɪɟɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɫɭɠɟɧɟ (ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɐɪɧɚ Ƚɨɪɚ), ɧɚʁɛɨʂɚ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɚ
„ɇɟɦɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɦ“.192 Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɛɢɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɢɲɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ
ȼɭɤɲɢʄ, „ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɢɬɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟɧ“ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɥɨɝɨɦ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɢɜɚɥɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɫɚ ɏɚɧɫɨɦ Ⱦɢɬɪɢɯɨɦ
Ƚɟɧɲɟɪɨɦ, ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɦ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ. ɍ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɏɚɝɭ, Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ȿɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɫɩɨ-
ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ, ʁɟɪ „ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ, ɜɪɥɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɢ
ɫɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɦ ɧɟɫɬɪɩʂɟʃɟɦ, ɩɨ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ.
ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɩɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɨɧɨɦ, ɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɨɦ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ ɥɟɩɟɡɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ“.193 ɑɚɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ
ɫɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ,
ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɥɨɪɞɚ ɉɢɬɟɪɚ Ʉɚɪɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ, 5. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1991. ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ
ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɤɭɲaɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɟ ɬɟɦɭ ɨ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɭ ȳɭɝɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɞɢʁɟɜɢʄ ɧɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1991. ɧɢʁɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɞɚ ȳɇȺ ɧɢ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɧɢ ɩɪɚɤ-
ɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɚɧ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ, ɤɚɨ
ɢ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɩɚɫɚɜɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɨɧɚɤɜɭ ɤɚɤɜɭ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɛɪɚɧɢ.
ɇɚʁɩɨɪɚɡɧɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɬɨɦ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ.
Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɜɪɞɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɨʁ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɧɚʄɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɢ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɪɚ-
ɬɚ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ – ɜeɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɟɦɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɛɚɯɚɬɨ ɢ ɨɫɢɨɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚʁɦɨʄɧɢʁɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢɨ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ.
ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɥɟɬɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ, ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ
ɨɤɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ. Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɧɚ-
ɠɧɚ ɭɨɛɪɚɡɢʂɚ, ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɫɤɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ
„ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ“ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟ ɢ ɞɚ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢ ɬɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ. Ɍɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɢɦ ɛɢɩɨɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɨ-
ɞɟɥɚɦɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɨɞ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɚ
ɫɜɚɤɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɬɭ ɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɟɥɢ-
ɬɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɧɚɪɰɢɫɨɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ ɨ ɤʂɭɱɧɨɦ ɩɢɬɚ-
ʃɭ – ɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɥɢ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ – ɛɥɨɤɨɜɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɯɥɚɞɧɢ ɪɚɬ.
191 V. Zimerman, Poreklo jedne katastrofe, 58.

193 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: D. Vukšiü, JNA i raspad Jugoslavije, 250.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɚ ɭɞɚʂɚɜɚʃɭ

ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɨɞ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɟʃɟɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɠɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɢ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɦɟɪɢɥɢɦɚ, ɭɡ ɧɟɫɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨ „ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɥɟɤɰɢʁɚ“ ɦɨʄ-
ɧɢʁɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɭ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟ-
ɜɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ, ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɂɫ-
ɬɨɤɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ ȼɭɤɲɢʄ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɟ,
ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɤɨɪɟʃɟɧɟ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ, ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ʁɚɱɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɛɪɢɝɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ.194
Ɉɩɲɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɚ-
ɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ „ɞɪɚɦɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ“ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨ, „ɬɚɦɧɨ“ ɥɢɰɟ. ɉɪɟɫɭɞɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɭ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɨʂɚ-
ɲʃɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ „ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ“ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ „ɩɨɛɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɦɢɪɭ, ɚ ɢɡ
ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɜɟɪɡɚɥɚ“. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɦʃɟʃɭ, ʁɨɲ ɦɚʃɟ ɭ ɟɥɢɬɢ.195 ɇɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɟ
ɩɢɫɚɥɨ ɨ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ, ɜɥɚɞɚ ɭ Ȼɨɧɭ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɜɚɧɚ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɫɟɰɟɫɢʁɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ „ɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ“ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɡɛɨɝ
ɩɨɪɚɡɚ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɫɭ ɨɰɟʃɢɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ
„ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ Ⱦɟ Ƚɨɥɚ“ ɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢɦɚ ɩɭɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ
ɞɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
„ɩɪɟɥɨɦɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ“, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɢɥɭɡɢ-
ʁɚ ɤɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ,
ɚ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɞɢɰɟ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ. Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɧɟɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ „ɜɚɡɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɫɚ“ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚɦɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɻɟʃɚ
„ɭɫɩɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ“.
Ⱦɭɝɢ ɧɢɡ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɲɢɪɨʁ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɢ-
ɧɚɧɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɤɪɨɡ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɬɪɚʁɧɨ
ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɬɟɠʃɟ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ. Ɍɚʁ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜ ʁɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ
ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɰɢ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ ɭɲɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧ, ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɪɚɫɩɚɪɱɚɧ ɢ „ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɨ ɦɚɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ“ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ
ɬɨɝɚ, ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɢɨ ʁɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɭ
(ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɲɤɨɥɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ) ɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɜɟ-
ɧɚɱɤɨɦ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɨɦ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɨ „ɫɩɚɫ“
ɭ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɭ: ɤɪɨɡ ɨɛɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɚɮɢɪɦɢɫɚɥɚ ɭ
194 D. Vukšiü, JNA i raspad Jugoslavije, 54.

195 ɑɚɤ ʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɟɫɢɦɢɪ Ɍɨɲɢʄ, ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɚɰ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɜɚɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ, ɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨʁ ɤɪɢɡɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ
ɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ: „Ʉɦɣɠɢɦ ɠɤɚ ɢɦΩ ɥɚɨ ΫɧɝΩɩɛɝɷɝɿɚ Ϋɦɢɚɟɩɽɝ ɥɚɽɛɦɾɝ
Ϋɧɚɜɦ ɦ ɨɚɤɦɦΫɧɝΩɝɾɝɿɩ. ɂ Ϊɩ ɤɦɧɚɤɦ ɛɠΪɠ ɽɚɨɥɠ, ɥɚɧɦɭɠΪɦ ɫɧɜɚΪɨɢɦ ɽɚɜɥɦ ɤɿɝɿɝ.
Ⱥɢɦ ɨɝ ɏɧɜɚΪɨɢɚ, Ϋɦ Ϋɧɚɜɩ ɨɚɤɦɦΫɧɝΩɝɾɝɿɚ, ɦΫɧɝΩɝɾɩɽɝ Ωɚ ɥɚΫɩɨΪɠ ɽɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɩ ɟɚ-
ɽɝΩɥɠɬɩ, Ωɚɢɣɝ ɥɝ ɩɨɜɚɽɚ ɿɝɥɝ ɤɝɷɩɥɚɧɦΩɥɦ ΫɧɠɟɥɚΪɝ Ψɧɚɥɠɬɝ, Ϊɚɢɜɦ ɠɨΪɦ Ϋɧɚɜɦ ɠɤɚ
ɠ ɨɧΫɨɢɦ ɨΪɚɥɦɜɥɠɮΪɜɦ, ɠɤɚ Ϋɧɚɜɚ Ωɚ ɨɝ ɨɚɤɦɦΫɧɝΩɝɣɠ ɠɟ ɏɧɜɚΪɨɢɝ. Ɍɩ ɨɠɣɚ ȻɦΨɚ ɥɝ
ɤɦɣɠ“. (Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 29–30. ʁɭɧ 1991, XVIII).
ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɭ-

ɱɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ.196
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɢʂɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ʁɨɦ. ɂɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɜɪɯɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢɪɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ɉɨɩɥɚɜɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɚɦʃɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ,
ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ, ɫɚ-
ɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ. ɂɡ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɪɰɢɡɚɦ ɨɥɢɱɟɧ ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭ
ȳɨɫɢɩɚ Ȼɪɨɡɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɰɟɥɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɨɫɟʄɚʁ
ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɧɨɫɚ. ɍɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɡɚɬɨɪɧɨɝ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍ Ɍɢɬɨɜɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɢɜɚʃɚ
ɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɢɦɚ, ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɟɪɭʁɭ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ Ɍɢɬɨɜɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɨ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢ-
ʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɎɊȳ.
ɍ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɬɟɬɭ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɥɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ. ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɭ ɦɢɬɭ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɢ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ-
ɫɥɭɝɨɦ ɩɫɟɭɞɨɟɥɢɬɟ ɭɫɤɥɚɻɢɜɚɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ. ɉɨɧɨɜɨ
ʁɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɚ ɢɪɨɧɢʁɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ
ɦɢɬɨɜɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɩɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨʁ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ. Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɨɥɚɡɟʄɟ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ
ɟɩɨɯɟ (ɤɪɢɡɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ, ɪɭɲɟʃɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɛɢɩɨɥɚɪɧɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɤɪɢɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɫɭɧɨɜɪɚɬ) ɛɢɨ ʁɟ „ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɨɤɨ-
ɲɬɚɨ ɭ ɫɬɚʂɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ, ɢɫɯɢɬɪɟɧ, ɧɟɩɪɨɦɢɲʂɟɧ, ɢɫɤʂɭ-
ɱɢɜ“ ɢ ɧɟɭɫɤɥɚɻɟɧ ɫɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɭ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ
ɬɨ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɜɚɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɢɡ ɦɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɚɥɢ
ɢ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ.197 ɇɚ ɫɜɟ ɨɜɟ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɥɚ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɞɥɨɠɢɥɨ ʃɟɧɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ.198
196 Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ „ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɥɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭ ɢ
ɩɪɢɜɢɞɧɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɢɯ ɍɫɬɚ-
ɜɨɦ ɢɡ 1974. ɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ, ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ“. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢ „ ɜɢɲɟɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ ɨɞɥɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ
ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɟɤɫɬɪɚɩɪɨɮɢɬɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢɯ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɜɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɦ
ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦɚ“. Ɉɫɢɦ ɨɜɢɯ „ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ“ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɬɟɠʃɚ, „ɤɚɨ ɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɡɚɞɨɰɧɟɥɢɯ ɧɚɰɢ-
ʁɚ“ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɻɭ ɢ ɞɨɠɢɜɟ ɫɜɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɟ: „Ɍɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ, ɚɥɢ ɬɟɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɟʄɢɯ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ’ɦɥɚɞɢɯ’ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ɧɢɬɢ
ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚɥɚ. Ɂɚ Ʉɪɚʃ ɫɟ ɨɞ 1918. ɦɢɫɥɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ʌɚʁɤɨɜɚɰ“. (Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ, ɄɚΩ ɽɝ ɋɝ-
ɜɝɧ ɛɠɦ ȳɩΨ, Ȼɨɪɛɚ, 22. ʁɭɥ 1991, 15).
197 Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɧɛɠɽɚ 1804–2004: 200 ΨɦΩɠɥɚ ɧɚɟɜɦɽɚ ɦΫΪɝɧɝʀɝɥɦΨ ΩɠɨɢɦɥΪɠɥɩ-
ɠΪɝΪɠɤɚ. ɋɝΩɚɤ Ϊɝɟɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2006, 48.
198 L. Peroviü, Izmeÿu anarhije i autokratije, 70.
ɂ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɦɟɫɢʁɚɧɢɡɚɦ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ „ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁ“ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɛɚɪɚɬɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɚɦɚ ɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɧɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ
ɞɭɝɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ (ɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɨɞ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ
ɜɟɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɲɟʃɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ, „ɬɚɦɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“, ɭ 20. ɜɟɤɭ). Ɍɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɢɡɚɦ, ɭ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ
ɩɪɨɦɢɲʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɪɬɟɥɨ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɦɢɬ ɨ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɫɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɦ „ɚɞɢɬɢɜɢɦɚ“ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɟ, ɩɨɬɪɟɫɧɢɯ
ɫɥɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɨɞ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɫɥɢɤɚ, ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟʄ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, ɩɪɟɫɟɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ. Ɂɧɚɬɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɟ
ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɞɢʁɚ ɫɥɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɭɪɫ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɜɥɚɞɚ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɟ ɫɟɤɭɥɚɪɧɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ. ɉɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɚ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ, ɜɟʄ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɦɢɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɢ, ɩɭɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ-ɪɨ-
ɦɚɧɬɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɛɨʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɫɭɤɨɛʂɟɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɢ ɟɦɨɰɢʁɟ.
ɋɥɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɪɢɜʂɟɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɨ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɟɠɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɧɚɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ.
Ɉɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢ-
ʄɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ „ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɥɰɢ“ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞʃɚɱɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɭ ɢɡɪɢɰɚʃɭ ɰɪɧɨ-ɛɟɥɢɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭɥɟɩɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɭɻɟʃɭ ɫɬɟɪɟɨ-
ɬɢɩɧɢɯ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɨ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ“ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɧɚ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɤɪɢʄɚ. ɋɥɟɞɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɦɢɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɛɚɪɚɬɚɥɚ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-
ɜɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ. ɇɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɭɬ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɭ, ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɢ
ʁɟɪ ɫɭ „ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ“ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ.199
_____________________
Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɩɨɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. ɍ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɥɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɢɬɨ
ɫɟ ɭɛɪɡɚɨ ɭ ɜɟɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɚ ɧɚɫ. ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ɉɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɜɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ
ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɞɚ-
ɧɚɫ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɞɢɩɥɨ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ 20. ɜɟɤɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɨɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ. Ⱥɥɢ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɰɟɧɭ – ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭ ɞɟɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ. ɋɚɦɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɭ ɨɞ 195 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
1804–1999. ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɜɚɧ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɜɨɞɢɨ ʁɟ 13 ɜɟʄɢɯ ɪɚɬɨ-
ɜɚ, ɭ ɩɪɨɫɟɤɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɢɯ 15 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɭɧɢɯ 87 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ,
ɨɞ 1912. ɞɨ 1999, ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɥɢ 6 ɩɭɬɚ, ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɝɭɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɢ
199 Ɇ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɧɛɠɽɚ 1804–2004, 51.

ɞɪɠɚɜɭ. ȵɟɝɨɜ ɛɢɥɚɧɫ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɉɪɜɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɱɢɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɢ, ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ
ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɢ ɢ ɭ ɋɚɧʇɚɤɭ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ 50,4% ɋɪɛɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟ-
ɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ 43% ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ ɭ 28 ɨɞ 53 ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɑɢɧɢɥɢ
ɫɭ 21% ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 17% ɧɚ ɬɥɭ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ
20 ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɤɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ.200 Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚ.
ɉɪɜɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ 1912. ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɭ 30.000
ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɢ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ. ȼɢɲɟ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ ɞɨɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɬ ɫɚ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɦ 1913. ɝɨ-
ɞɢɧɟ ɜɨɻɟɧ ɨɤɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɨɤɨ 41.000 ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ, ɪɚʃɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ. ɋɭɤɨɛ ɫɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨɦ
ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɨɦ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɉɪɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɦɟɬɢɨ
ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɟ ɋɪɛɚ.
ɉɨɛɟɞɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɬɚɥɚɫɚ ɟɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɜɢɯ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧ-
ɬɢɦɚ. Ɉɤɨ 200.000 ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ
ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɦ ɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʃɢɯ
ɟɦɢɝɪɢɪɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɟ, ɚ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ ɫɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 50-ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɭ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ 60-ɢɯ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦ-
ɫɤɟ ɟɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1973. ɧɚ ɪɚɞɭ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ 1,150.000
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ. ɉɨ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɢɡ 1991. ɛɪɨʁ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ-
ɲɢɨ ʁɟ 300.000 ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɤɪɟɬɚɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɨɞ 2,9% ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ
25% ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɭ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ. Ɉɞɥɢɜ „ɦɨɡɝɨɜɚ“ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɲɚɨ ʁɟ 20.000 ʂɭɞɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɨɞ ɨɤɨ 6 ɦɢɥɢ-
ʁɚɪɞɢ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ.201
Ɇɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɚ ɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɡɚɞɟɫɢɥɚ ɰɟɨ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɧɨɫɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɟɥɨ. ȳɨɲ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟ ɤɪɚ-
ʁɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɧɚɫɥɭʄɢɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɦɢɪɧɨɞɨɩɫɤɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɩɫ ɫɟɥɚ
ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɢ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɚɪ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɚɲɬɚʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɬɚɪɟʃɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɜɟʄ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɨɫɟɬɢɬɢ ɭ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɟ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɭ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞ-
ɧɢɯ ɝɚɡɞɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ. Ȼɢɬɚɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɚ ɝɥɚɞ ɭ 120 ɫɪɟɡɨɜɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɥɨ
ɨɤɨ 4,5 ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ʂɭɞɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɧɚɝɥɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ,
ɨɥɢɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɫɟɧɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɰɟɧɚ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɨɝ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ 1948–1961. ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɭ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɨ ʁɟ
2.848.000 ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɤɨ 220.000 ʂɭɞɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. Ɂɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɭ, ɬɚɱɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ 1949. ɞɨ 1961. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɛɪɨʁ ɫɟ-
ʂɚɤɚ – ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɭɜɟʄɚɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɟɱɧɨʁ ɫɬɨɩɢ ɨɞ 58.000 ɧɚ ɝɨ-
200 Ljubodrag Dimic, Serbian Casualties in 20th century. www.mi.sanu.co.yu. (5. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 2007).
201 ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ȳɚɜɥɚ ɨɣɠɢɚ ΩɝɤɦΨɧɚɪɨɢɦΨ ɢɦɣɚΫɨɚ ɨɧΫɨɢɦΨ ɥɚɧɦΩɚ ɩ 20. ɜɝɢɩ
(ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ).
ɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ. Ⱦɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɚʁɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɧɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ

ɫɟɥɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɨɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ 1981. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 22% ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢ-
ɲɬɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɨɞ 60 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1921. ɢ 1981. ɩɪɨɫɟɱɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɨɪɚɫɥɚ ɨɞ 27 ɧɚ 35 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɞ 29 ɧɚ 36 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɋɧɢɠɟʃɟ
ɩɪɨɫɟɤɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɫɚ 26 ɧɚ 24 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍɞɟɨ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɩɚɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ 41% ɞɨ 36% ɬɨɤɨɦ 1981, ɚ ɫɚ 74%
ɧɚ 66 % ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.202
ɇɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨ ɩɪɚɠʃɟʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ 20. ɜɟɤɭ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ. Ɍɚʁ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɞ 17. ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɢɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ
ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɟ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɚɫɢɦɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɭ
Ⱥɥɛɚɧɰɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɟ ɚɥɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ Ʉɨ-
ɫɨɜɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ (1910). ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɜɟɪɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɨɞɜɚʁɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɯɢʂɚɞɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɟ
ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɭ ɨɝɨɪɱɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɟɤɥɢ. Ɍɟɪɨɪ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɚɰɚ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ
Ⱥɥɛɚɧɚɰɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ
1991. ɛɢɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ 194.190 ɋɪɛɚ, ɧɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɡɢʁɢ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɯ Ⱥɥ-
ɛɚɧɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ 140.000 ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɪɚɫɥɢ ɟɧɨɪɦɧɨ ɧɚ 1.576.072
ʂɭɞɢ.203 Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ – ɪɚɻɚʃɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɰɟɧɭ ɢ ɢɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɝ ɧɚ-
ɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɟ – ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɭ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɚ
ɧɟɚɥɛɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɚɲɬɚʁ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɭ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɚ.
Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɡɧɚɤɨɜɟ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɨɝ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɚ. Ɋɚɬɨɜɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨɩɚɞɚʃɟ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɚɞɨɦ ɧɚɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɲɤɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ
ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ. ɍ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɰɢɮɪɟ, ɢɡɚ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɢ-
ɪɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢ-
ɞɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɩɪɟɛɪɨʁɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ. Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɟɥɨ, ɛɟɥɚ ɤɭɝɚ ɢ ɞɟɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ
ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɟɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɨɤɜɢɪɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɧɟɯɚɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɟɥɢɬɚ. Ɉɧɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɜɨɞɢɥɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ ɰɟɧɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ
ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɥɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚ ɨɩɨɪɚɜɚɤ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.204
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɨɞɭɦɪɥɚ, ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ,
ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ – ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɬɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɚɧ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɧɟɬɚɱɚɧ, ɩɨɞ-
ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɫɧɚɠɧɨɝ
ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ, ɥɢɲɟɧɨɝ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ. Ɉɩɲɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟ-
ʃɟ ɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɭ
202 ɂɫɬɨ.
203 ɂɫɬɨ.
204 ɂɫɬɨ.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɭ. ɇɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɭ ɢɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ

ɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɢ ɭ ɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧ, ɧɢɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɢ ɰɟɥɨɜɢɬ ɨɞɝɨ-
ɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɪɜɢ ɢ ɩɟɩɟɥɭ ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭɥɨɠɢɨ ɧɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɜɪɥɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɦ ɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɜɟɤɨɦ.
ɇɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɚ ɭ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ. Ɂɪɚɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɯɟɪɨʁɫɬɜɨɦ, ɭ ʃɭ ɫɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ
ɢɞɟɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɫɧɚɠɧɢɦ ɭɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɢɥɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɚɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ, ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɢ ɦɚɥɟ
ɡɟɦʂɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɟ. Ȼɢɥɨ ɲɬɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ,
ɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɧɢɲɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɤɪɨɡ ɦɚ-
ɫɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚʃɟ ɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɢ, ɩɪɨɤɚɠɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɧɢɠɟɧɢ, ɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɧɨʁ ɩɨ-
ɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ 20. ɜɟɤɚ.
Kosta Nikoliü
SERBIAN 20th CENTURY – THE CENTURY OF ‘LOST HISTORY’
Summary
Did Yugoslavia wither away, simply seize to exist or commit suicide? Different
authors offer different answers. Each of the answers is as true as it is false, coming both
as a result of intellectual interpretation and of the emotional approach deprived of rationa-
lity. One of the commonplaces attributes responsibility for the collapse of Yugoslavia to
Serbia and Slobodan Miloševiü. This political narrative undoubtedly contains signiÞcat
truth, but it is in no way complete, nor can it answer the following question: why did the
state in which Serbian people invested more than 2 million lives in a short historical period
of a single century dissolve in blood and ashes? At the beginning of this process, Serbia
was extraordinarily popular within South Slavs. As a beckon of democracy and military
heroism, it was frequented by idealists ready to offer their lives for the realization of the
Yugoslav idea. At the same time, it was exposed to strong pressure from the opponents,
coming from Austro-Hungarian Empire and other countries that saw this expansion of a
small state as a treat to their imperialist ambitions. Whichever the case, Serbia and its pe-
ople almost destroyed its biological future through the massive depopulation in wars and
through the attempt to materialize the collectivist ideologies divided of reality. At the end
of this process, both the state and the people remained isolated and humiliated, facing a
position much more uncertain than in the beginning of the 20th century.

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ɄɈɋɌȺ ɇɂɄɈɅɂȶ, ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤ

ɋɊɉɋɄɂ 20. ȼȿɄ – ȼȿɄ „ɂɁȽɍȻȴȿɇȿ

ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ȳɭɠɧɢɯ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɧɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ-

* Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ (ɇɝ)ɩɨΫɝɮɥɚ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɚɬɠɽɚ – (ɥɝ)Ωɦ-

ɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɯɨʄɟ ɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦ

ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɨɤɭɩɢɥɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ; ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɭʁɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɫɢ-

5 Ȼɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ, ɉɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɝ ɨΪɧɚɥɢɝ ɠ Ωɧɞɚɜɥɦ ɩɧɝɷɝɿɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ 1918–1929,

Ɉɞ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ I Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ (1934) ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɢɞɟ-

10 ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɀɭɬɢʄ, ɋɦɢɦɣɠ (ɂΩɝɦɣɦΨɠɽɚ ɩ ɪɠɟɠɭɢɦɽ ɢɩɣΪɩɧɠ Ʉɧɚɾɝɜɠɥɝ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ 1929–1941),

12 Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɉɟɬɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɦ ɠɨɢɩɨΪɜɦ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɝ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɚɬɠɽɝ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

ɪɚɬɨɜɚ, ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱ-

15 Ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳɩΨɦɨɣɦɜɝɥɨɢɦ ɠɨɢɩɨΪɜɦ ɨɧΫɨɢɝ ɥɚɬɠɦɥɚɣɥɝ ɠɥΪɝΨɧɚɬɠɽɝ, 27.

ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ „ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ“, ɫɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟɦ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ „ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ“

ɋɊɉɋɄɈ ȾɊɍɒɌȼɈ ɍ 20. ȼȿɄɍ

18 Ʌɚɬɢɧɤɚ ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠ 19. ɜɝɢɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995, 18.

ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɬɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, ɜɟʄ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ

ɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ, ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɪɟʄɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ)

21 Ʌ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɋɧΫɨɢɠ ɨɦɬɠɽɚɣɠɨΪɠ, 22.

ʂɭɞɫɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ.23 ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɨ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞ-

ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ „ɞɢɲɭ, ɦɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɫɟʄɚʁɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ“. ɋɜɚɤɨ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ

ɂɞɟʁɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ

29 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Branko Petranoviü-Momþilo Zeþeviü, Jugoslovenski federalizam. Ideje i

ɨɞ ɩɪɟɤɨ 8 ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɜɟʄ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ 15

30 Branko Petranoviü-Momþilo Zeþeviü, Jugoslavija 1918–1988. Tematska zbirka dokumenata,

ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɥɢɱɚɜɚɨ Ɍɢɬɨ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁ-

31 Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ȳɩɧɠɮ ɥɚ ɥɝɛɦ. ɋɝʀɚɿɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 201, 295.

ʁɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɨɦ. ɉɪɨɞɢɪɭʄɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɫɬɚɧɰɢʁɚ

32 ɋɟɪɠ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɢɫɢ, Ⱦɦɛɚ Ψɦɤɠɣɝ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, I, 298.

36 Ɋɨɞɨʂɭɛ ɑɨɥɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɥɝɜɥɠɢ (1971–1972), Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ-Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ, 2008, 307.

ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɟʃɚ, ɚ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɱɟɫɬɢɯ ɩɪɨ-

45 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: S. Ĉukiü, Slom srpskih liberala, 317–318.

ɋɊȻɂȳȺ ɂ ɊȺɋɉȺȾ ȳɍȽɈɋɅȺȼɂȳȿ

Ʉɧɚɽ ɋɚɜɝɟɚ ɢɦɤɩɥɠɨΪɚ ȳɩΨɦɨɣɚɜɠɽɝ

48 D. Joviü, Jugoslavija, 458.

50 Ȼ. ȳɨɜɢʄ, ɉɦɨɣɝΩɿɠ Ωɚɥɠ ɋɎɊȳ, 25.

53 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 12. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 5.

Ⱦɪɭɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɮɨɪ-

ɠ ɤɝɫɚɥɠɟɤɝ. Ȼɠɣɦ ɛɠ ɤɦɧɚɣɥɦ ɨɩɤɿɠɜɦ ɠ ɠɨΫɦΩ ɨɜɚɢɦΨ ɥɠɜɦɚ ɋɄ ɋɣɦɜɝɥɠɽɝ ɚɢɦ

60 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 23–24. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 12.

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ

65 Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɨɜɟ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɪɚɧɢɨ ɢ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ȼɢɥɚɧʇɢʄ, ɢ ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ

Ϊɦ ɥɝ ɤɦɞɝ ɛɠΪɠ ɩɥɠΪɚɧɥɦ ɠ ɬɝɥΪɧɚɣɠɨΪɠɭɢɦ ɩɧɝɷɝɿɝ ɪɝΩɝɧɚɬɠɽɝ ɨɚ ɠɟɜɦɧɥɠɤ

66 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 22. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1990, 3.

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɭ Ʉɨɧɪɚɞɭ Ʉɨɥɲɟɤɭ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ: „Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɋɥɨɛɚ

ɇɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄɟɜɨ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɟʃɟ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɭ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɟ-

76 ɋ. ȭɭɤɢʄ, ɂɟɤɝɷɩ ɨɣɚɜɝ ɠ ɚɥɚΪɝɤɝ, 146.

ɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɚ, ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ

81 Ȼ. ȳɨɜɢʄ, ɉɦɨɣɝΩɿɠ Ωɚɥɠ ɋɎɊȳ, 101–102.

ɚ Ɂɨɪɚɧ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɚɪɦɢʁɫɤɢ

ɽɝ ɉɧɝΩɨɝΩɥɠɮΪɜɦ ɋɎɊȳ, ɦΩɣɩɭɩɽɝ ɦ Ϊɦɤɝ Ωɚ ɣɠ ʀɝ ɨɝ ɠ ɢɚΩɚ ɽɝΩɠɥɠɬɝ ȳɇȺ ɩΫɦΪɧɝɛɠΪɠ.

ɂɟɛɦɧɠ ɩ ɋɧɛɠɽɠ 1990.

ɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ (ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ). Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɧɚɛɨʁ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɞɚ

92 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 22. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1989, 6.

ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1990, ɨɤɭɩɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɞɢɫɢ-

ɥɠɨΪɠɭɢɦΨ ɠɨΪɩΫɚɿɚ ΫɧɝΩɨΪɚɜɥɠɢɚ ɥɝɢɠɫ ΫɦɣɠΪɠɭɢɠɫ ΫɚɧΪɠɽɚ. ɂɚɢɦ ɨɝ ɿɠɫɦɜɝ

104 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ȼɦɧɛɚ, 11. ɦɚʁ 1990, 1.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɚ, ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɤɚ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ

108 S. Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja, 99.

ɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɨ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɬɢɲɥɚ ɭ

114 S. Antoniü, Zarobljena zemlja, 103.

ɧɭɬɚɤ“; ȳɨɜɚɧ ȶɢɪɢɥɨɜ: „ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ“.118 Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ: „ɑɚɫ ʁɟ ɞɚ

118 ɉɦɣɠΪɠɢɚ, 28. ʁɭɧ 1990, 9.