Digestive System:

1. Oral Cavity and Pharynx

a. The Salivary Glands:
i. The Parotid Gland:
-Messentary: None
-Description: A pinkish gland spread out under the skin anterior
and ventral to the ear. The parotid gland is located ventrad and craniad to the
base of the ear. The ducts pass along the external surface of the masseter muscle
and penetrates the lower lip.
ii. The Submaxillary Gland:
-Messentary: None
-Description: Roundish mass at the angle of the jaw near the
posterior margin of the masseter. Its duct is found coming out of the internal
surface. The beginning of the duct is surrounded by the sublingual gland.
iii. The Sublingual Gland:
-Messentary: None
-Description: Found surrounding the duct of the submaxillary
gland.
iv. The Molar Gland:
-Messentary: None
-Description: Between the skin and the external surface of the
mandible, in front of the masseter.
v. The Infraorbital Gland:
-Messentary: None
-Description: Found in the floor of the orbit
b. The Oral Cavity
i. Oral cavity
-Messentary: None
-Description: Anterior part of the cavity
ii. Lips and Cheeks
-Messentary: None
-Description: Boundary of the oral cavity
iii. Vestibule
-Messentary: None
-Description: The area of the oral cavity between the lips and
teeth.
iv. Hard Palate
-Messentary: None
-Description: Anterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity.
The mucous membrane is thrown into a number of roughened transverse ridges.
v. Soft Palate
-Messentary: None
-Description: Posterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity.
It lacks bony support.
vi. Nasopalatine Duct
-Messentary: None
-Description: Anterior end of hard palate, just behind the
inscisor teeth
vii. Tongue
-Messentary: None
-Description: Fleshy muscular organ found at the floor of the
oral cavity. Anterior part of the tongue is covered with filiform papillae (many
are spine like and pointed posteriorly) and the remainder is covereed with
fungiform papillae, among these are four to six vallate papillae arranged in a V-
shaped row
viii. Frenulum
-Mesentary: None
-Description: A vertical fold at the anterior margin of the
attachment of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity.
 c. The Pharynx
i. Pharynx
-Messentary: None
-Description: Portion of the cavity lying posterior and dorsal to
the soft palate.
ii. Isthmus of the Fauces
-Description: Opening formed by the free border of the palate
that leads to the pharynx
iii. Tonsillar Fossa
-Descript: Anterior to the isthmus of the fauces on each side is
a pit, which contains a small mass of lymphoid tissue (the palatine tonsil)
iv. Glossopalatine arch
-A low boundary fold anterior to the tonsillar fossa
v. Pharyngopalatine arch
-A low boundary fold posterior to the tonsillar fossa
vi. Nasopharynx
-A cavity dorsal to the soft palate.
vii. Posterior Nares (choanae)
-At the anterior end of the nasopharynx, they are the internal
ends of the nasal passages
viii. Auditory or Eustachian tubes
-Oblique slits on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx posterior
to the posterior nares
ix. Esophagus
-A narrow section after the pharynx that proceeds downward
posteriorly to the larynx
x. Epiglottis
-A projecting proces that guards the entrance to the esophagus
2. Hyoid apparatus, Larynx, Trachea, and Esophagus
i. Larynx (voice box)
-In the median ventral line, posterior to the body of the hyoid is a
chamber with cartilaginous walls
ii. Glottis
-Found at the top of the larynx, it is a large opening
iii. Thyroid Cartilage
-Forms a ring around the larynx forming a large shield shaped cartilage
iv. Cricoid cartilage
-A short distance posterior to the tyroid cartilage
v. Arytenoids
-A pair of projecting cartilages between the glottis and the esophagus
vi. True Vocal Cords
-Seen extending from the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage.

vii. False Vocal Cords

-Lateral to the true vocal cords, from the tips of the arytenoids to
the base of the epiglottis
viii. Trachea
-Windpipe, walls are stiffened with cartilaginour rings
ix. The Thyroid Gland
-On each side of the trachea, lying agaisnt the trachea and internal to
the muscles is one of the lobes of the thyroid gland
x. Isthmus
-Connection of the two lobes at the caudal end
3. Pleural Cavity
i. Pleural Cavity (Pleural Sac)
-Laterally located on both right and left sides of the cat, contains
the lung.
ii. Lung
-Soft and spongy, has three lobes
 -small anterior lobe and larger middle and posterior lobes
-large posterior lobe is subdivided into medial and lateral lobule
-attached by the radix or root: a narrow region
-Attached to the dorsal thoracic wall via the pulmonary ligament
iii. Diaphragm
-Found in the posterior wall of the pleural sac, dome shaped muscle.
-Center of diaphragm consissts of connective tissue forming the
circular tendon
iv. Pleura
-Lines the pleural sac, smooth moist membrane. Divided into two parts,
parietal and visceral
a. Parietal Pleura: Inside of pleural sac, convers anterior face of
diaghram, forms part of mediastinal septum
b. Visceral Pleura: Over the surface of the lung
4. Peritoneal Cavity and its contents
i. Abdominal or Periotneal Cavity
-Anterior wall formed by the diaphragm, large cavity
-Lined by the peritoneum, the portion inside the body wall is the
parietal peritoneum
-The visceral peritoneum, or serosa, forms a covering layer over the
surace of the viscera
ii. Liver
-large and lobed, generally grayish to brown.
-Messentary: Lesser omentum or the gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament
-foramen epiploicum: opening slit that is the entrance to the cavity of
the omentum
-left and right lobes, each subdivided into a median and lateral lobe
(left lateral and right median are larger than the others)
-right lateral lobe deeply cleft into two lobules
-hepatic duct
-falciform ligament: between two median lobes of the liver to
midventral line, thin sheet with concave posterior border
-coronary ligament: attaches the liver to the central tendon of
diphragm
iii. Small Intestine
-Messentary: Greater Omentum- a thin membrane impregnated with streaks
of fat that ventrally coveres the intestine
-Hepatoduodenal ligament: connects duodenum to liver
-Duodenum: first region of the intestine, supported by a part of the
dorsal messentary (mesoduodenum). It is also attached to the right kidney via the
duodenal ligament
-Remainder of the intestine is supported by the messentary proper
(dorsal mesetery)
-Jejunum: region of intestine after the duodenum
-ileum: region of intestine after jejunum, no definite boundary
-villi
iv. Urinary Bladder
-Pear Shaped
-sac occupying the posterior end of the peritoneal cavity, ventral to
the large instestine
-mesentery: the median ligamentof the bladder
-lateral ligament of the bladder
v. Stomach
-Messentary: Mesogaster
-Under the liver and dorsally to the left of the liver
-Small and elongated organ
-Cardia: area of junction between the stomach and the esophagus, the
region of the stomach adjacent to this is the cardiac end.
-Lesser Curvature: shorter, slightly concave anterior surface of
stomach from cardia to pylorus
-Greater Curvature: larger, convex posterior surface
-Fundus: Saclike bulge of stomach to the left of the cardia
-Body: remainder of the stomach
-Pylorus: point of junction between the stomach and the small
intestine, marked by a constriction (pyloric valve)
-rugae in stomach
vi. Spleen
-Attached to the left border of the stomach, rather large
-Messentary: ventral wal of the greater omentum, portion between spleen
and stomach is the gastrosplenic (gastrolienal) ligament
vii. Gall Bladder
-large, elongated gall bladder embedded in a cleft in the right median
lobe
-cystic duct
viii. Caudate Lobe
-located between the liver and the stomach
-Messentary: lesser omentum or the gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament
ix. Bile Duct
-Messentary: Hepatoduodenal ligament
-Cystic and Hepatic ducts combine to form the common bile duct
x. Pancreas
-Messentary: Mesoduodenum
-definite, compact, pinkish gland which extends to the left into the
dorsal wall of the greater omentum dorsal to the curvature of the stomach
-Has 2 pancreatic ducts. The principal duct joins the common bile duct
at the point when the common bile duct enters the duodenum
-the accessory duct enters the duodenum about three-quarters of an inch
caudad to the principle duct
-Ampulla of Vater: common, slightly swollen champer where bile ducts
and pancreatic ducts unite
xi. Caecum
-vermiform appendix that is practically absent
-this marks the junction between the long and short intestine with a
slight projection
-ileocolic valve
xii. Colon (Large Intestine)
-ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
-mesentary: mesocolon
-terminal portion of descending colon is the rectum