A NEW SPRINGER PUBLICATION

VIBRO-ACOUSTICS
by Anders Nilsson and Bilong Liu
Three Volumes Published by Springer Verlag and Science Press October 2015

SYNOPSIS
Noise pollution is a general problem. Structures excited by dynamic forces radiate
noise. The art of noise reduction requires an understanding of vibro-acoustics. This topic
describes how structures are excited and energy flows from an excitation point to a sound
radiating surface and finally how a structure radiates noise to a surrounding fluid. The aim of
this text is to give a fundamental analysis and a mathematical presentation of these
phenomena. The text is intended for graduate students, researchers and engineers working in
the field of sound and vibration.
This three-volume book gives a thorough and comprehensive presentation of vibration
and acoustic theories. Different from traditional textbooks which typically deal with some
aspects of either acoustic or vibration problems, it is unique of this book to combine those two
correlated subjects. Moreover, it provides fundamental analysis and mathematical description
for several crucial phenomena of vibro-acoustics which are of importance for any noise
reduction scheme. Many measurement results included in the text make the reading
interesting and informative. Problems are listed at the end of each chapter and the solutions
are provided. This will help the readers to understand the topics of vibro-acoustics more
deeply. The book should be of interest to anyone working on sound and vibration in general,
vehicle acoustics, ship acoustics and interior aircraft noise.
Part of the text has evolved from an advanced course on acoustics initially given at
Chalmers University of Technology in the early seventies. Over the years these lectures were
transformed to MSc and PhD courses on vibro-acoustics. These courses were given at MWL,
KTH and a few other universities outside Sweden. During the years much material has been
added as inspired by research work, colleagues and PhD students at many of the universities
and research institutes the authors been associated with.
The present text is published as three volumes.There are eight chapters in each of the
first two volumes. In the text, frequent references are made to the behaviour of simple

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vibratory systems and their response in the frequency domain. Therefore and for the sake of
completeness, though well known to the reader, the first chapter in Volume 1 includes
discussions of simple one degree of freedom systems. In this way energy and power of
simple vibratory systems are introduced. Various types of losses are discussed. In the second
chapter the vibration of linear mechanical systems are studied in the frequency domain. In
particular the response of systems excited by harmonic and random forces are analysed. In
Chapter 3 the basic differential equations governing longitudinal, transverse and bending
waves are discussed. The equations are derived based on the concept of stresses and strains in
solids. Energy stored and energy flow in structures caused by the various wave types are
analysed. The general wave equation is introduced in Chapter 4. This equation is shown to
govern all elastic motion of a solid. The generalised wave equation is utilised to describe the
bending of thick plates, sandwich beams and I-beams. It is demonstrated that inplane waves
like longitudinal and transverse waves are strongly coupled.
In Chapter 5 it is shown that inplane and bending waves also are well coupled. As
presented, waves are attenuated by internal losses and added damping. More importantly, any
discontinuity or junction will influence the energy flow in a structure. A number of examples
are given. Measurement techniques to determine losses across junctions are introduced.
Chapter 6 deals with longitudinal waves in finite beams. Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are
discussed for various boundary conditions. The results are used to model free and forced
vibrations of beams. Green´s function is derived for some cases and used for the calculation
of the forced response of beams. The mobility concept is used to determine the response of
coupled systems. Also the transfer matrix system is introduced.
Flexural vibrations of finite beams are discussed in Chapter 7. Again eigenfunctions
and eigenvalues are derived for a number of boundary conditions. Free and forced vibrations
are considered. The free and forced vibration of isotropic rectangular and circular plates are
investigated in Chapter 8. The response of structures excited by random and harmonic forces
are compared. The mobility concepts of finite and infinite plates are investigated and
simplified models for the calculation of the energy of plates is introduced.
The vibration, energies etc of simple structures like beams and plates are discussed in
Volume 1. In Volume 2 the response and characteristics of more complicated structures like
shells, composite structures and frame reinforced plates typical of many types of vehicles are
derived. The acoustic coupling between these structures and the energy flow between them
are important sections of Volume 2.
The interaction between structures and fluids is discussed at length in connection with
the derivation of sound radiation and sound transmission of structures. The energy flow due to
some type of excitation in large built up structures is dicussed.
Volume 2 of the text include a chapter on variational methods. The technique is used
for the derivation of equations governing the vibration of sandwich and other composite
elements and some simple shell elements. In the following chapter the coupling between
mechanical systems is explored. This includes an introduction to the vibration of rubber
mounts, resilient mountings and the design of foundations. Then follows chapters on waves in
fluids including coupling effects between vibrating structures and a surrounding fluid or quite
simply sound radiation and sound transmission loss and fluid loading and room acoustics.
Discussions on random excitation of structures follow. Finally, some methods, including
Statistical Energy Analysis, for the prediction of excitation and propagation of structure
borne sound in large built-up structures are investigated.
A number of problems are formulated at the end of each chapter. Solutions to the
problems are given in Volume III. A summary of some basic equations presented in the first
two volumes are summarized in Volume III. Results discussed in Volume II are verified by
many model and full scale measurements.

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 Anders Nilsson and Bilong Liu flanking Confucious at the Imperial College,
Guo Zi Jian, in Beijing.

About the Authors:

Anders Nilsson holds MSc in Engineering Physics from University of Lund, Sweden and
Dr.Tech. in Sound and Vibration from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. Anders
Nilsson has worked on problems relating to the propagation of sonic booms at Boeing Co.,
Seattle, USA. Later he moved to Norway and the Research Division of Det Norske Veritas. At
Det Norske Veritas he later became head of the Acoustics Department at the Research
Division. At Veritas Anders Nilsson worked on the propagation of structure- borne sound in
large built up structures like ships and on the excitation of plates from flow and cavitation.
Anders Nilsson was head of the Danish Acoustical Institute for four years. His main activities
in Denmark was building acoustics. In 1987 Anders Nilsson was appointed professor of
Applied Acoustics at KTH (The Royal Institute of Technology) in Stockholm, Sweden. He
was also the head of the Department of Vehicle Engineering and the founder and head, until
2002, of the Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research (MWL).
Anders Nilsson has been a guest professor at James Cook University, Australia, INSA-Lyon,
France, the Institute of Acoustics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and in Italy
at Brescia University and Politecnico di Milano. Anders Nilsson is since 2008 professor
emeritus at MWL, KTH. His main interests are problems relating to energy flow in large
structures, acoustic and dynamic properties of composite structures as well as vehicle
acoustics.
Anders Nilsson now lives in Genova, Italy.

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Bilong Liu received his PhD in acoustics at the Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences in 2002. He was thereafter supported financially by an EU-project- Friendly Aircraft
Cabin Environment- and worked on noise transmission through aircraft structures at MWL
(The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research), KTH (The Royal
Institute of Technology) till 2006. Bilong Liu also holds a PhD in applied acoustics from
MWL. During the period Aug. 2004 to Jan. 2005 he also worked on pipe/pumpnoise at the
University of Western Australia in Perth. From 2007 he is working as a research professor at
the Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His main interests include vibro-
acoustics, fluid induced noise, duct acoustics, active noise control, smart acoustic materials
and structures.
Bilong Liu lives in Beijing.

Table of Contents of Vibro-Acoustics

Volume I (XVII plus 373 pages)
Preface
Notations
Chapter 1
Mechanical Systems with One Degree of Freedom
1.1 A Simple Mass-Spring System
1.2 Free Vibrations
1.3 Transient Vibrations
1.4 Forced Harmonic Vibrations
1.5 Fourier Series
1.6 Complex Notations
Problems
Chapter 2
Frequency Domain
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Frequency Response
2.3 Correlation Functions
2.4 Spectral Density
2.5 Examples of Spectral Densities
2.6 Coherence
2.7 Time Averages of Power and Energy
2.8 Frequency Response and Point Mobility Functions
2.9 Loss Factors
2.10 Response of a 1-DOF System. A Summary
Problems
Chapter 3
Waves in Solids
3.1 Stresses and Strains
3.2 Losses in Solids
3.3 Transverse Waves
3.4 Longitudinal Waves
3.5 Torsional Waves
3.6 Waves on a String

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3.7 Bending or Flexural Waves-Beams
3.8 Waves on Strings and Beams – A Comparison
3.9 Flexural Waves -Plates
3.10 Orthotropic Plates
3.11 Energy Flow
Problems
Chapter 4
Interaction Between Longitudinal and Transverse Waves
4.1 Generalised Wave Equation
4.2 Intensity
4.3 Coupling Between Longitudinal and Transverse Waves
4.4 Bending of Thick Beams
4.5 Quasi Longitudinal Waves in Thick Plates
4.6 Rayleigh Waves
4.7 Sandwich Plates- General
4.8 Bending of Sandwich Plates
4.9 Equations Governing Bending of Sandwich Plates
4.10 Wavenumbers of Sandwich Plates
4.11 Bending Stiffness of Sandwich Plates
4.12 Bending of I-Beams
Problems
Chapter 5
Wave Attenuation Due to Losses and Transmission Across Junctions
5.1 Excitation and Propagation of L-Waves
5.2 Excitation and Propagation of F-Waves
5.3 Point Excited Infinite Plate
5.4 Spatial Fourier Transforms
5.5 Added Damping
5.6 Losses in Sandwich Plates
5.7 Coupling Between Flexural and Inplane Waves
5.8 Transmission of F-Waves Across Junctions, Diffuse Incidence
5.9 Transmission of F-Waves Across Junctions, Normal Incidence
5.10 Attenuation Due to Change of Cross Section
5.11 Some Other Methods to Increase Attenuation
5.12 Velocity Level Differences and Transmission Losses
5.13 Measurements on Junctions Between Beams
Problems
Chapter 6
Longitudinal Vibrations of Finite Beams
6.1 Free Longitudinal Vibrations in Finite Beams
6.2 Forced Longitudinal Vibrations in Finite Beams
6.3 The Mode Summation Technique
6.4 Kinetic Energy of Vibrating Beam
6.5 Mobilities
6.6 Mass Mounted on a Rod
6.7 Transfer Matrices
Problems

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Chapter 7
Flexural Vibrations of Finite Beams
7.1 Free Flexural Vibrations of Beams
7.2 Orthogonality and Norm of Eigenfunctions
7.3 Forced Excitation of F-Waves
7.4 Mode Summation and Modal Parameters
7.5 Point Mobility and Power
7.6 Transfer Matrices for Bending of Beams
7.7 Infinite Periodic Structures
7.8 Forced Vibration of Periodic Structures
7.9 Finite Composite Beams
Problems
Chapter 8
Flexural Vibrations of Finite Plates
8.1 Free Vibrations of Simply Supported Plates
8.2 Forced Response of Simply Supported Plates
8.3 Forced Excitation of a Rectangular Plate with Two Opposite Sides Simply Supported
8.4 Power and Energy
8.5 Mobility of Plates
8.6 The Rayleigh-Ritz Method
8.7 Application of the Rayleigh-Ritz Method
8.8 Non-Flat Plates
8.9 The Effect of an Added Mass or Mass-Spring System on Plate Vibrations
8.10 Small Disturbances
8.11 Plates Mounted on Resilient Layers
8.12 Vibration of Orthotropic Plates
8.13 Circular and Homogeneous Plates
8.14 Bending of Plates in Tension
Problems
References
Index

VOLUME II (X plus 452 pages)

Chapter 9
Hamilton´s Principle and Some Other Variational Methods
9.1 Hamilton´s Principle
9.2 Flexural Vibrations of Slender Beams
9.3 Equation of Motion for Honeycomb Beams in Flexure
9.4 Plate with Constrained Viscoelastic Layer
9.5 Timoshenko Beam
9.6 Mindlin Plates
9.7 Cylindrical Shells
9.8 Lagrange´s Equation
9.9 Galerkin´s Method
9.10 An Example Using Garlekin´s Method
Problems
Chapter 10
Structural Coupling Between Simple Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Coupled Mass-Spring Systems

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10.3 Coupled Systems with Losses
10.4 Example
10.5 Rubber Mounts, Some Material Parameters
10.6 Wave Propagation in Rubber Mounts, Approximate Solutions
10.7 Equivalent Stiffness of Simple Mounts- Approximate Methods
10.8 Static Deflection of Cylindrical Rubber Mounts
10.9 Wave Propagation in Circular Rods, Exact Solutions
10.10 Measurements of Effective Stiffness of Mounts
10.11 Structural Coupling via Resilient Mounts
10.12 Simple Transmission Model
10.13 Multi Point Coupling
10.14 Multi Point Coupling, Low and High Frequency Limits
10.15 Source Strength
Problems
Chapter 11
Waves in Fluids
11.1 Wave Equation
11.2 Energies and Intensity
11.3 Losses
11.4 Basic Solutions to Wave Equation
11.5 Green`s Function
11.6 Dipole and Other Multipole Sources
11.7 Additional Sources and Sollutions
11.8 Moving Monopole Sources
11.9 Reflection from a Plane Surface
11.10 Reflection from a Water Surface
11.11 Influence of Temperature and Velocity Gradients
11.12 Acoustic Fields in Closed Rooms
11.13 Geometrical Acoustics
11.14 Near and Reverberant Acoustic Fields in a Room
11.15 Measurement of the Sound Transmission Loss of a Wall
Problems
Chapter 12
Fluid Structure Interaction and Radiation of Sound
12.1 Radiation and Fluid Loading of Infinite Plates
12.2 Radiation – General Formulation
12.3 Green´s Function –Rigid Plane Boundary
12.4 Spatial Fourier Transforms- Several Variables
12.5 Radiation from Infinite Point- Excited Plates
12.6 Mobilities of Fluid Loaded Infinite Plates
12.7 Discussions of Results- Infinite Fluid Loaded Plates
12.8 Radiation from Finite Baffled Plates
12.9 Radiation Ratios- Finite Baffled Plates
12.10 Radiation from Point Excited Plates
12.11 Sound Radiation Ratio- Cylinders
12.12 Losses due to Radiation
12.13 Radiation from Fluid Loaded Finite Plates
Problems
Chapter 13
Sound Transmission Loss of Panels

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13.1 Sound Transmission Through Infinite Flat Panels
13.2 Plate Velocity Induced by an Acoustic Field
13.3 Sound Transmission Between Rooms Separated by a Single Leaf Panel
13.4 Sound Transmission Between Equal Rooms
13.5 Sound Transmission Between Irregular Rooms
13.6 Effect of Boundary Conditions of Plate on Sound Transmission Loss
13.7 Effect of a Baffle on Sound Transmission Loss
13.8 Measurement Results
13.9 Loss Factors and Summary
13.10 Sound Transmission Through Complex Structures
13.11 Flanking Transmission
13.12 Sound Transmission Through Fluid Loaded Plates
Problems
Chapter 14
Waveguides
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Structural Waveguides
14.3 Coupled Structural Waveguides
14.4 Measurements and Predictions
14.5 Composite Sandwich and Honeycomb Plates
14.6 Flexural Vibrations of Honeycomb/Sandwich Beams
14.7 Wavenumbers, Sandwich/Honeycomb Beams
14.8 Displacement
14.9 Dynamic Properties of Sandwich Beams
14.10 Bending Stiffness of Sandwich Plates
14.11 Response of Sandwich Beams
14.12 Energy Flow in Sandwich Beams
14.13 Energy Flow Across Pinned Junctions
14.14 Wave Propagation on Infinite Cylinders
14.15 Vibration of Open Circular Cylindrical Shells
14.16 Sound Transmission Loss of Shallow Shell Segments
14.17 Comparison Between Measured and Predicted TL
Problems
Chapter 15
Random Excitation of Structures
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Excitation of Plates
15.3 Rain on the Roof Excitation of Plates
15.4 Turbulent Boundary Layers
15.5 TBL Models
15.6 Plate Response Due to TBL Excitation
15.7 Measurement of TBL Induced Vibrations
15.8 Comparison Between Measured and Predicted Results
15.9 Parameter Study
15.10 Flow Noise Induced in Ships
Problems
Chapter 16
Transmission of Sound in Built- Up Structures
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Statistical Energy Analysis, SEA

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16.3 Energy Flow Between Continuous Systems
16.4 Coupling Between Acoustic Fields and Vibrating Structures
16.5 Prediction of Sound Transmission Through a Panel using SEA
16.6 Sound Transmission Through Double Walls
16.7 Coupling Between Vibrating Structures
16.8 Energy Flow in Buildings- SEA
16.9 SEA Parameters
16.10 Ship Noise
16.11 Waveguide Model
16.12 Noise Levels in Accommodation Spaces on Ships
16.13 Source Data
16.14 Measured and Predicted Results
16.15 Conclusions- Noise Prediction on Ships
Problems
References
Appendices
VOLUME III (XIII plus 275 pages)
Part 1 Problems
Part 2 Solutions
Part 3 Summary of Results

For more information see

www.springer.com/us/book/9783662478066

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