dharmastikay (medium of motion), adharmastikay (medium of

rest), akashastikay (space), pudgalastikay (matter), and kala (time).

3) Punya: By undertaking wholesome activities, we acquire punya or

good karmas. Some such activities are providing food or other items to
the needy people, doing charity work, propagating religion, etc. When
punya matures, it brings forth comfort and happiness.

4) Pap: By undertaking bad activities, we incur pap or bad karmas.

Some such activities are being cruel or violent, showing disrespect to
parents or teachers, being angry or greedy and showing arrogance or
indulging in deceit. When pap matures, it brings forth suffering,
misery, and unhappiness.

5) Asrava: The influx of karman particles to the soul is known as

asrava. It is caused by wrong belief, vowlessness (observing no vows),
passions, negligence, and psychophysical activities. Such and influx of
karmas is facilitated by mental, verbal, or physical activities.

6) Samvar: This is the process by which the influx of karman particles

is stopped. This is achieved by observing samiti (carefulness), gupti
(control), ten fold yati-dharma (Monkshood), and contemplating on the
twelve bhavanas (mental reflections), and parishaha (suffering).

7) Bandh: This refers to the actual binding of karman particles to the

soul. Bandh occurs when we react any situation with a sense of
attachment or aversion.

8) Nirjara: The process through which we shed karmas is called nirjara.

Karmas can be shed either by passivity or active efforts. When we
passively wait for karmas to mature and to give their results in due
time, it is called Akam Nirjara. On the other side, if we put active
efforts for karmas to mature earlier than supposed to be, it is called
Sakam Nirjara. Sakam Nirjara can be achieved by performing penance,
regretting, asking for forgiveness for the discomfort we might have
caused to someone, or meditation, etc.

9) Moksha: If we rid ourselves of all karmas, we will attain moksha or

liberation.

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