Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,Qwhuqhwri7Klqjv, R76Hfxulw/3Odwirupv:) Ljxuh5Dslgo/Lqfuhdvhri&Rqqhfwhg, R7Ghylfhv @
,Qwhuqhwri7Klqjv, R76Hfxulw/3Odwirupv:) Ljxuh5Dslgo/Lqfuhdvhri&Rqqhfwhg, R7Ghylfhv @
,(((
WRJHWKHU WKHVH GR QRW DOORZ 7&3,3 VWDFN DQG ZHE 7KHIXOOVHFXULW\VWDFNVIRU,R7FRQWDLQLQJDXWKRUL]DWLRQDV
WHFKQRORJLHVWREHXVHGHDVLO\IRU,R7>@ D FRUQHU LWHP ZKLFK DOVR LQFOXGHV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ HQFU\SWLRQ
DQG LQWHJUDWLRQ ,R7 GHYLFHV FDQQRW FRQWDLQ SROLFLHV DQG
SHUPLVVLRQV RI DXWKRUL]HG WKLQJV VR D VHSDUDWHG IXQFWLRQ LV
XVHGWRDFKLHYHWKLV'&$)'HOHJDWHG&R$3$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ
DQG $XWKRUL]DWLRQ IUDPHZRUN LV XVHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKH
FRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ,R7QRGHVXVLQJ'7/6SURWRFRO>@
2XWOLQH6HFWLRQ,,,R7DUFKLWHFWXUH6HFWLRQ,,,VRPH,R7
DWWDFNV6HFWLRQ,9WKHPDLQVHFXULW\UHTXLUHPHQWV6HFWLRQ
9 ,R7 SODWIRUPV 6HFWLRQ 9, XQILQLVKHG UHVHDUFK DUHDV
)LQDOO\FRQFOXVLRQRIWKLVZRUNLQ6HFWLRQ9,,
,, ,27$5&+,7(&785(
7KHUH DUH VRPH DUFKLWHFWXUHV XVHG WR UHSUHVHQW WKH ,R7
V\VWHP DQG WKHUH DUH FRPPRQ OD\HUV EHWZHHQ WKHP 7KH
)LJXUHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQOD\HUVLQERWK,R7DQG:HE IROORZLQJ ILJXUH VKRZV RQH RI OD\HUHG DUFKLWHFWXUH IRU ,R7
'HVLJQVGLIIHUDFFRUGLQJWRQHHGVDQG,R7PD\EHUHSUHVHQWHG >@
DVVFDWWHUHGVHQVRUVRUDIXOORUJDQL]HGV\VWHPZKLFKKDVOLNH
RUGLQDU\QHWZRUNVOD\HUVRIVHFXULW\DQGFROODERUDWLRQ$SSO\
6HFXUH (QJLQHHULQJ SULQFLSOHV WR WKH GHVLJQ RI FRQQHFWHG
GHYLFHVDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWVLQ ZKLFKWKH\RSHUDWH >@2QH
RI WKH ELJJHVW FKDOOHQJHV IDFHG E\ EXVLQHVVHV DUFKLWHFWV DQG
GHYHORSHUV ZKLOH GHDOLQJ ZLWK ,R7 SURMHFWV LV VHOHFWLQJ WKH
WHFKQRORJ\ VWDFN DQG WRROV WKLV VWHPV IURP WKH IDFW WKDW
VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ LQ WKH ,R7 SURWRFROV LV YLUWXDOO\ QRQH[LVWHQW
>@ (YHU\ FRPSDQ\ DQG PDQXIDFWXUHV PXVW FRQVLGHU WKH
,R7GHVLJQFRQVLGHUDWLRQ>@&RVW1HWZRUN±)HDWXUHV±8VHU
,QWHUIDFH± 3RZHU± 6L]H± $QWHQQD± &ORXG± ,QWHURSHUDELOLW\±
6HFXULW\(DFKLWHPRIWKHPFDQLQIOXHQFHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI
WKH ,R7 VR PDQXIDFWXUHUV PXVW PDNH EDODQFH EHWZHHQ WKH
UHTXLUHGOHYHORIVHFXULW\DQGWKHSULFHRIWKH,R7GHYLFH
7KHUH DUH VRPH VWHSV KDG EHHQ GRQH WR IROORZ WUDGLWLRQDO
,QWHUQHWVHFXULW\V\VWHPEXWWKHUHLVDOVRVWLOODELJJDSLQ,R7
6HFXULW\ DQG DFFRUGLQJ WR UHFRUGV PRVW FRQFHUQV LQ VHFXULW\
QRZDGD\V DUH FRPH IURP ,R7 GHYLFHV EHFDXVH RI PDQ\
UHDVRQVOLNH<RXFDQQRWVHFXUHZKDW\RXFDQ
WXSGDWH6HFXUH
ERRWLQJ6HFXUHFRPPXQLFDWLRQHWF«
0DQ\ ,R7 GHYLFHV DUH VPDOO DQG LQH[SHQVLYH XVLQJ ORZ
FRVWKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUH VROXWLRQVWKDWODFNWKHFRPSXWLQJ
SRZHU DQG PHPRU\ WR UXQ WKH FXUUHQW H[LVWLQJ VHFXULW\
VRIWZDUHRSHUDWLQJLQPDQ\RIWRGD\
VLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ )LJXUH,R7/D\HUHG'HVLJQ
,7 DQG KRPH QHWZRUNV ,QVWHDG RI XVLQJ RUGLQDU\ RSHUDWLQJ
V\VWHPVOLNH:LQGRZV81,;DQG/LQX[HPEHGGHGUHDOWLPH A. Physical layer
RSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVVXFKDV)UHH57262SHQ5726DQGRWKHU
VPDOO FRPPHUFLDO 5726 DUH JDLQLQJ SRSXODULW\ LQ ORZHQG 7KHSK\VLFDOOD\HULVDFRPELQDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHKDUGZDUH
,R7GHYLFHV :KLOH WKHVHVROXWLRQVHQDEOHRULJLQDOHTXLSPHQW HTXLSPHQW LH ZDWHU PHWHU GHYLFH HOHFWULF PHWHU GHYLFH
PDQXIDFWXUHUV 2(0V WR PLQLPL]H SURGXFW ELOO RI PDWHULDOV WHPSHUDWXUH PHWHU GHYLFH VWUHHW FDPHUDV DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ
WKH\GRQRWSURYLGHSUHLQWHJUDWHGVHFXULW\VROXWLRQVWRSURWHFW GHYLFH«DQGWKHLQWHOOLJHQWGHYLFHWKDWKDVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\
WKH GHYLFHV IURP LQHYLWDEOH F\EHUDWWDFNV ,QWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK WKH XSSHU OD\HU WR H[SUHVV WKH REMHFW
VRIWZDUH,'6FDQEHDILUVWOD\HURIGHIHQVH2QHRIWKHPRVW VWDWHWKURXJKLWVVRIWZDUHDQGQHWZRUNFDSDELOLWLHV
VLJQLILFDQW VHFXULW\ SUREOHPV IRU HPEHGGHG GHYLFHV WRGD\ LV
WKH LQDELOLW\ WR NQRZ ZKHQ D V\VWHP LV EHLQJ DWWDFNHG RU WR B. Network broker layer
HYHQNQRZZKHQLWKDVEHHQFRPSURPLVHG0RVWGHYLFHVODFN 1HWZRUN EURNHU RU JJDWHZD\ OD\HU XVHG ZKHQ WKH GHYLFH
WKH ORJJLQJ DQG UHSRUWLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV XVHG E\ HQWHUSULVH FDSDELOLWLHV LV VPDOO DQG WKH GHYLFH LWVHOI FDQQRW SHUIRUP
VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV WR GHWHFW ZKHQ D KDFNHU LV SURELQJ RU KDV VWDQGDUG QHWZRUN WUDIILF 1HWZRUN EURNHU DFWV DV D WUDQVODWRU
SHQHWUDWHGD QHWZRUNRUGHYLFH7KHUH DUH QRZ VRPH VSHFLILF EHWZHHQWKH,R7GHYLFHDQGLQWHUQHWOD\HUWKDWKHOSVWRUHPRYH
,'6IRU,R7OLNH69(/7( WKHQHWZRUNDQGVHFXULW\ORDGIURPLW
C. Internet layer FXVWRPL]HWUDGLWLRQDOSURWRFROVDQGVWDQGDUGV7KHUHDUHPDQ\
,QWHUQHWOD\HUIRUZDUGVWUDIILFIURPJDWHZD\VRUGHYLFHVWR FODVVLILFDWLRQV WR ,R7 DWWDFNV ILJXUH VKRZV DWWDFNV LQ HDFK
RWKHUV\VWHPV7KHWUDIILFLQWKLVOD\HULVD QRUPDOWUDIILFDQG OD\HURIWKH,R7VWUXFWXUH
DOOWUDQVPLVVLRQVWDQGDUGVFDQEHXVHGZLWKLW
,9 0$,16(&85,7<5(48,5(0(176,1,27
D. Application layer (DFK OD\HU KDV LWV VHFXULW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG WKHVH
7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU LV WKH RXWSXW UHSUHVHQWV WR WKH XVHU UHTXLUHPHQWV FKDQJHV DFFRUGLQJ WR RUJDQL]DWLRQ SHUVSHFWLYH
WKDWFRQWDLQVUHSRUWVDQGFRQWUROVGHOLYHUHGIURPWKHVHUYLFHRU 0DQ\ FRQWULEXWLRQV WU\ WR DGGUHVV WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV DV LQ
WKH PLGGOHZDUH OD\HU 6LPSO\ LW LV D SURJUDP RU D ZHEVLWH >@>@>@>@
DOORZLQJ WKH XVHU WR NQRZ LQIRUPDWLRQ JDWKHUHG RU DSSOLHG
7RDFKLHYHIXOOVWDFNVHFXULW\\RXKDYHWRVHFXUHGDWDRQ
DFWLRQWRWKHGHYLFH7KHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKLVOD\HUVXPPDUL]HV
GHYLFHV RQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG DW WKH UHVW GHYLFHV DQG
WKHDOOHIIRUWVDFKLHYHGLQWKHRWKHURSHUDWLRQDOOD\HUV
WUDQVPLVVLRQ PHGLD VRIWZDUH DQG VHUYLFHV >@ 'LYLGHV WKH
DUFKLWHFWXUH LQWR IRXU OD\HUV GHYLFHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
E. Service layer QHWZRUN DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG PHQWLRQV HDFK OD\HU WKUHDWV DQG
6HUYLFH RU PLGGOHZDUH OD\HU LVDV\VWHPWKDWLWVIXQFWLRQV VHFXULW\ LVVXHV DOVR LQWURGXFHV VROXWLRQV IRU WKHVH VHFXULW\
YDULHV DFFRUGLQJ WR GHVLJQ QHHGV LW PD\ FRQWDLQ VHUYLFH LVVXHV0DLQVHFXULW\FKDOOHQJHVDUHVKRZQLQILJXUH
VWRUDJH DQDO\VLV WRROV GDWD PRGHOLQJ HWF 0LGGOHZDUH
EHQHILWVDQGDFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQH[LVWLQJPLGGOHZDUHV>@
$OVRWKHUHDUHDORWRI,R70LGGOHZDUHVWUXFWXUHVLH+<'5$
>@$85$>@:LVH0,'>@7LQ\'%>@
,Q>@RWKHUDUFKLWHFWXUHLVSUHVHQWHGZKLFKFOHDUO\VKRZV,R7
PLGGOHZDUH FRPSRQHQWV WKDW FRPELQHV JDWHZD\ DQG
DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HUV LQWR RWKHU GLVWULEXWHG IRXU OD\HUV 7KHVH
OD\HUV DUH D FRPSOHWH IUDPHZRUN EHWZHHQ WKLQJV DQG XVHUV
DOORZLQJ WKH GDWD FROOHFWHG WR EH WUHDWHG DGMXVWHG DQG
DQDO\]HGWRHQGXVHU7KLVPLGGOHZDUHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJXUH0LGGOHZDUHIXQFWLRQV
)LJXUH,R7$WWDFNVSHUHDFKOD\HU
,,, ,27$77$&.6
6HFXULW\LQHYHU\OD\HURI,R7LVUHTXLUHGWRDYRLGDWWDFNV
LQ HDFK OD\HU LQ >@ D FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI HYHU\ OD\HU DWWDFNV
SUHVHQWHG$QRWKHUGHHSFODVVLILFDWLRQRIHYHU\OD\HULVVXHVLV
SUHVHQWHG LQ >@ FRQFHUQHG DERXW WKH VHFXULW\ GHVLJQ DQG
VDIHW\ FKDOOHQJHV RI ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV DQG VHSDUDWHG ,R7 WR
PXOWLSOH OD\HUV 3HUFHSWLRQ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG $SSOLFDWLRQ
OD\HU$OVRLWLQWURGXFHGDQDO\VLVDQGVROXWLRQVWRHYHU\OD\HU
VHFXULW\FRQFHUQV7RDFKLHYHIXOOVHFXULW\\RXQHHGWRVHFXUH
HDFKFRPSRQHQWLQWKH ,R7V\VWHPDVLQGLFDWHGLQ,QWHUQHWRI
7KLQJV 7RS 7HQ 3URMHFW >@ $Q LQVHFXUH FRPSRQHQW FDQ
LPSRVH WKH ZKROH V\VWHP WR WKUHDWV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR
DYRLG WKLV ZH KDYH WR DSSO\ ,R7 VHFXULW\ VWDQGDUGV RU WU\ WR
)LJXUH,R76HFXULW\&KDOOHQJHV
A. Trust in IoT >@ ZKLFK FRPSDUHV EHWZHHQ WUDGLWLRQDO HQFU\SWLRQ
7UXVW LV FRPPRQO\ XVHG EHWZHHQ QRGHV HDFK QRGH KDV WR DOJRULWKPV XVHG LQ LQWHUQHW DQG OLJKWZHLJKW HQFU\SWLRQ
DFFHSWLWVQHLJKERUVWKURXJKGLIIHUHQWZD\VVXFKDVUHSXWDWLRQ DOJRULWKPVHYHQLWLV6\PPHWULF&U\SWRJUDSK\%ORFN6WUHDP
WHFKQLTXHVKLHUDUFKLFDO VWUXFWXUHIX]]\VRFLDO QHWZRUNQRGH &LSKHUVDQGKDVKIXQFWLRQVRU$V\PPHWULF&U\SWRJUDSK\DQG
EHKDYLRURUURXWLQJSODQV6RWKHUHLVQRIL[HGZD\WRHVWDEOLVK FRPSXWHV$OVRFDOFXODWLRQVRIWKHZHLJKWRIHDFKSURWRFRORQ
WUXVWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQQRGHVWKLVOHDGWRWKHQHHGRIDZHOO ,R7GHYLFH FRVW PHPRU\VSHHG DQGSRZHU ZKHQDSSO\LQJ LQ
GHILQHGQHJRWLDWLRQPHFKDQLVP HLWKHU KDUGZDUH RU VRIWZDUH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV $OVR 1,67
,Q DGGLWLRQ EHFDXVH RI GLIIHUHQW WHFKQLTXHV DQG PHFKDQLVPV DQQRXQFHGLQ>@IRUDFRPSHWLWLRQIRUSULPLWLYH OLJKWZHLJKW
PDOLFLRXV QRGHV FDQ WDNH SODFH RQ WKH ,R7 HQYLURQPHQW WKDW HQFU\SWLRQDOJRULWKPVDQGVSHFLI\GHVLJQFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
DLPWRGHVWUR\LWVRSHUDWLRQSURFHVVE\JRRGPRXWKLQJRUEDG G. Secure routing
PRXWKLQJ7KHUHDUHVRPHRSHQHGDUHDVLQWKH,R7WUXVW
5RXWLQJ LV WKH SURFHVV RI FKRRVLQJ WKH QHWZRUN SDWK ZKLFK
$ZHOOGHILQHGWUXVWQHJRWLDWLRQODQJXDJH
VHQGHUQHHGVLWWRGHOLYHUWKHWUDIILFWRWKHUHFHLYHU7KLVSDWK
,QWHURSHUDELOLW\RI,R7FRQWH[W
VKRXOGKDYHVRPHPDQGDWRU\SURSHUWLHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH W\SH
,QWURGXFHDVXLWDEOHREMHFWLGHQWLW\PDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP
RIWKHXVHGSURWRFROHDFKURXWLQJSURWRFROKDVDZD\WRFKRRVH
7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIDWUXVWQHJRWLDWLRQWHFKQLTXHWRDFKLHYH
LWVSUHIHUUHGSDWKDV5,3XVHVKRSFRXQWVRPHSURWRFROVXVHD
DFFHVVFRQWUROGDWDVWHDPLQJ
FROOHFWLRQRIQHWZRUNSDUDPHWHUVFRVWEDQGZLGWKVSHHGHWF
B. Privacy in IoT &RQVWUDLQHGGHYLFHVXVHV53/DVLWVURXWLQJSURWRFRODQGLW
$FFRUGLQJ WR ,R7 VSUHDGLQJ LQ HYHU\ZKHUH LQ RXU OLIH IRU LVDGLVWDQFHYHFWRUSURWRFRO±RSHUDWHVLQQHWZRUNOD\HUWKDW
H[DPSOH WUDIILF FRQWURO UHPRWH PRQLWRULQJ VXSHUPDUNHW VHOHFWV WKH EHVW SDWK WKURXJK GLIIHUHQW SDUDPHWHUV OLNH OLQN WR
VKRSSLQJ JSV VWUHHW FDPHUDV SDUNLQJ V\VWHP VPDUW PRELOH WKHURRWFRVWWKURXJKSXW,R7GHYLFHSRZHUDQGODWHQF\
SKRQHV VRFLDO ZHEVLWHV VXFK DV 7ZLWWHU DQG )DFHERRN WKHUH 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ DWWDFNV WKDW KDSSHQ LQ WKH QHWZRUN OD\HU
DUHDKXJHDPRXQWRIGDWDFROOHFWHGDQGELJGDWDDQDO\WLFWRROV HDFK DWWDFK KDV D ZD\ RI WUHDWPHQW WR DFKLHYH QHWZRUN
FRXOG EH XVHG WR WUDFN XVHUV DQG WKHLU EHKDYLRU 7KHUHIRUH VHFXULW\VRPHRIWKHVHDWWDFNVDQGKRZWRGHDOZLWKHDFKRQHRI
XVHUVQHHGWRSURWHFWWKHLUGDWDSHUVRQDOKDELWVDQGFRQQHFWLRQV WKHPDUHLQWURGXFHGLQ>@7KHUHDUHDWWDFNVWKDWFKDQJHWKH
IURPRWKHUV>@>@>@WU\WRIRFXVRQSULYDF\LVVXH URXWLQJWDEOHE\DGGLQJZURQJURXWHVRUGHOHWLQJULJKWURXWHV
VRQRGHVXVHVWKHVHZURQJDQGPLVVLQJLQIRUPDWLRQWRIRUZDUG
C. Enforcement in IoT WUDIILFWRXQZDQWHGORFDWLRQVDWWDFNHUVFUHDWHORRSVGHQLDORI
7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO ZD\V WR DSSO\ SROLF\ HQIRUFHPHQW LQ VHUYLFH SDFNHW ORVV HWF ,QWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ VROXWLRQV ±ZKLFK
WUDGLWLRQDO LQWHUQHW IRU H[DPSOH DSSO\LQJ WKH SROLF\ WKURXJK DUHFXVWRPL]HGWRGHDOZLWKFRQVWUDLQHGGHYLFHVOLNH69(/7(
ZLQGRZV GRPDLQ FRQWUROOHU WR DOO ZRUNVWDWLRQV RU XVHUV DUHQRUPDOO\XVHGWRRYHUFRPHWKHVHQHWZRUNDWWDFNV
FUHDWLQJVFULSWVDQGSXVKLWKDYLQJDQDSSOLFDWLRQZLWKNQRZQ
SURFHGXUHV WR DSSO\ RQ FOLHQWV ZLWK DJHQWV UHODWHG WR WKLV ,QDGGLWLRQ>@LQWURGXFHVDSURDFWLYHVHFXULW\VWHSVWR
DSSOLFDWLRQ,Q,R7SROLF\HQIRUFHPHQWLVDQRSHQVHDUFKDUHD SUHYHQWWKHVHDWWDFNVOLNHXVLQJ,36(&&2$36DQGGLUHFWWUXVW
DQGWKHUHLVQRVROXWLRQDFKLHYHG EHWZHHQQRGHVZKLFKSUHYHQW6HOILVKVSRRILQJDQGEODFNKROH
DWWDFNV
D. Secure Middlewares in IoT
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW WHFKQLTXHV WHFKQRORJLHV DQG H. Authentication and authorization
PHFKDQLVPVXVHGLQVLGHWKH,R7GRPDLQVRDPLGGOHZDUHFDQ %HFDXVH RI WKH ODFN RI ,R7 UHVRXUFHV WKH IXQFWLRQV RI
WDNH SODFH WR DFKLHYH ERWK LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG VHFXULW\ $ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DUH GRQH LQ D VHSDUDWH
PLGGOHZDUH VHUYLFH PXVW JXDUDQWHH WKH VHFXUH PRYHPHQW RI ORFDWLRQWRRIIOLQHWKHORDGIURPWKHGHYLFHDQGDOOWKHSROLFHV
GDWDWKURXJKWKLVKHWHURJHQHRXVV\VWHP DUH VWRUHG LQ D VHSDUDWH VHUYHU ,Q >@ D PRGHO IRU DQ
DXWKRUL]DWLRQVHUYHUDQGDUHVRXUFHVHUYHUDQGWKHXVHUVKRXOG
E. Key Management Systems DXWKRUL]HG ILUVW IURP WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ VHUYHU 7ZR VHFXUH
.H\ PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP LV XVHG WR JHQHUDWH GLVWULEXWH DQG DSSOLFDWLRQSURWRFROVDUHXVHGZLGHO\ZLWKFRQVWUDLQHGGHYLFHV
PDQJH HQFU\SWLRQ NH\V WR JXDUDQWHH GDWD FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ &R$3'/76 DQG 04777/6 GHWDLOHG H[SODQDWLRQ LV
([FKDQJH NH\V LV LPSRUWDQW WR EHJLQ HQFU\SWLRQ SURFHVV SUHVHQWHGIRUILUVWRQH
H[LVWLQJ NH\ PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHPV DUH QRW VXLWDEOH ZLWK ,R7 1. CoAP
GHYLFHV VR WKHUH QHHGV WR EH D FXVWRPL]HG NH\ PDQDJHPHQW 7KH&RQVWUDLQHG$SSOLFDWLRQ3URWRFRO&R$3LVDFXVWRPL]HG
V\VWHPIRU,R7GHYLFHV YHUVLRQRI+773SURWRFROIRU,R7GHYLFHVDQGXVHVVRPHRILWV
F. Lightweight Encryption Protocols IXQFWLRQV OLNH '(/(7( *(7 387 DQG 3267 WR WUDQVPLW
WUDIILF DPRQJ ,R7 QRGHV DQG LQWHUQHW ,W DGMXVWHG IRU ,R7
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ WUDGLWLRQDO HQFU\SWLRQ SURWRFROV XVHG LQ GHYLFHVDQG00DSSOLFDWLRQV8QOLNH+773&R$3VXSSRUWV
LQWHUQHWWRGD\PRVWRIWKHPFDQQRWEHDSSOLHGGLUHFWO\WR,R7 8'3 DQG PXOWLFDVW WR UHGXFH 7&3 RYHUKHDG &R$3 XVHV
VR ZH ILQG DQRWKHU W\SHV RI SURWRFROV DSSHDUV DV /LJKWZHLJKW '7/6 WR VHFXUH LWV WUDIILF EHFDXVH LW KDV QR EXLOW LQ VHFXULW\
&U\SWRJUDSK\IRU(PEHGGHG6\VWHPVDQGWKH\GLYLGHGDVQHZ DOVR 0477 ±GRHV QRW KDYH EXLOW LQ VHFXULW\ XVHV 7/6 IRU
SURWRFROV IRU ,R7 RU WR FXVWRPL]H WUDGLWLRQDO HQFU\SWLRQ DFKLHYLQJHQGWRHQGVHFXULW\
SURWRFROV$&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\VLVLVIRXQGLQ>@>@>@ 2. DTLS
7KH 'DWDJUDP 7UDQVSRUW /D\HU 6HFXULW\ '7/6 XVHG ZLWK
&R$3 WR SURYLGH HQGWRHQG VHFXULW\ ,W LV D FXVWRPL]HG
YHUVLRQRIWUDGLWLRQDO7/6WKDWLQWHJUDWHZLWK8'3SURWRFROV
3. DTLS Handshake
$V VKRZQ LQ ILJXUH '7/6 KDQGVKDNH LV VLPLODU WR 7&3
KDQGVKDNHWKUHHPHVVDJHKDQGVKDNHDQGRU6<16<1$&.
+HOOR5HSO\+HOOR
6HUYHU3&HUW
͕ VH
&OLHQW3&HUW
ĞƌƚŝĨŝĐĂƚĞ
.H\([FK
$JUHHG6SHF͘
%HJLQVHFXUHWUDIILF
)LJXUH,R72$6VWHSVD$FFHVV7RNHQVWHSVDQGE5HODWLRQEHWZHHQWKH
2$XWKDQGVHUYLFHSURYLGHUWRJUDQWDXWKRUL]DWLRQ
)LJXUH'7/6+DQGVKDNH
)LUVW PHVVDJH WKH FOLHQW VHQGV D +HOOR PHVVDJH WR LQLWLDWH 7KH VHSDUDWLRQ RI 2$XWK 6HUYLFH LV KHOSIXO LQ RIIORDGLQJ WKH
VHVVLRQ 7KH VHUYHU UHVSRQGV WR WKH FOLHQW FU\SWRJUDSKLF UHTXLUHG SURFHVVLQJ DQG DFWLRQV IRU ERWK ,R7 GHYLFH DQG
VXJJHVWLRQVZLWKDKHOORPHVVDJHZLWKLWVSXEOLFFHUWLILFDWH 6HUYLFH 3URYLGHU ,W JLYHV GHVLJQHUV EHWWHU FKRLFHV WR SXW LW
6HFRQG PHVVDJH IURP WKH FOLHQW WR HVWDEOLVK WKH FRQQHFWLRQ DQ\ZKHUH WKH\ ZDQW DQG WKLV VROXWLRQ ZRUNV LQ D PL[HG
FRQWDLQV WKH FOLHQW SXEOLF FHUWLILFDWH DQG NH\ H[FKDQJH 7KH HQYLURQPHQW EHWZHHQ ,R7 DQG 2UGLQDU\ ,QWHUQHW ,R7GHYLFHV
FOLHQW DQG WKH VHUYHU JHQHUDWH WKH VHVVLRQ NH\ DQG VWDUWV WKH FDQYDU\IURPGHYLFHVWKDWQHHGQHWZRUNEURNHURUDJDWHZD\
HQFU\SWLRQSURFHVVXVLQJWKHVHWRIGHULYHGSDUDPHWHUV,Q>@ WR LQWHUIDFH ZLWK RWKHU FRPSRQHQWV WR GHYLFHV WKDW FDQ PDNH
DQRYHONH\H[FKDQJHDQGDXWKHQWLFDWLRQSURWRFROLVSURSRVHG HQGWRHQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKRWKHUFRPSRQHQWV
&/,.(YSURWRFROLVDFHUWLILFDWHOHVVDQGOLJKWZHLJKWYHUVLRQ ,Q>@WKHDXWKRULQWURGXFHGD PRGLILFDWLRQWR,R72$6WKDW
RIWKHH[LVWLQJSURWRFRO KHOSVXVHUVWRVKDUHKLVKHUDXWKRUL]DWLRQVWRRWKHUVHYHQLILWLV
7KHUHDUHPDQ\VFKHPHVSURYLGHGLIIHUHQWZD\VWRDFKLHYH UHDFWLYHVKDULQJRUSURDFWLYHVKDULQJRIUHVRXUFHV
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQDQGDXWKRUL]DWLRQ
,Q >@ >@ LQWURGXFH WZRZD\ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ EDVHG RQ
H[LVWLQJ ,QWHUQHW VWDQGDUGV VSHFLILFDOO\ WKH 'DWDJUDP 9 ,273/$7)2506
7UDQVSRUW/D\HU6HFXULW\'7/6SURWRFRO ,R7SODWIRUPLVWKH ZKROH IUDPHZRUNRIWKH,R7 VHUYLFHV WKDW
,Q >@ LQWURGXFHV DQ LQWHUGHYLFH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG VHVVLRQ KHOSV RSHUDWLRQV OLNH GHSOR\PHQW GHYHORSPHQW PDLQWHQDQFH
NH\ GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP IRU GHYLFHV ZLWK RQO\ HQFU\SWLRQ UHSRUWLQJ DQG FDSDELOLWLHV RI GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ WR DQ ,R7
PRGXOHV ZKHUH HDFK VHQVRU QRGH LV LQYROYHG ZLWK WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ+RZHYHU,R7PLGGOHZDUHLVDQDEVWUDFWOD\HUWKDW
JHQHUDWLRQ RI VHVVLRQ NH\V DOVR LW LQWURGXFHV DQ ,R7 6HUYLFH LVUHVSRQVLEOHWR GHDOZLWK WKHKHWHURJHQHLW\ LVVXHRIWKH KROH
PLGGOHZDUHSODWIRUPWRJXDUDQWHHUHTXLUHGVHVVLRQJHQHUDWLRQ ,R7 V\VWHP E\ DOORZLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ GHYLFHV DQG
DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ EHWZHHQ ,R7 QHWZRUN DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQW FRQWULEXWRUVDQGGLIIHUHQW WHFKQRORJ\
VHUYLFH WRUXQVPRRWKO\DQGVDIHW\>@
,R7 ±2$6 LV DQ 2$XWK%DVHG $XWKRUL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH ,R7 SODWIRUPV DUH WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW GHYLFHV DQG
$UFKLWHFWXUH IRU VHFXUH VHUYLFHV LQ ,R7 VFHQDULRV 2SHQ VHUYLFHVFRQQHFWHGWKURXJKQHWZRUNSURWRFROVXVHGWRSUHVHQW
$XWKRUL]DWLRQ 2$XWK LV DQ RSHQ SURWRFRO WR DOORZ VHFXUH DSSOLFDWLRQV WR XVHUV E\ LQ D VWDQGDUG DQG VHFXUH ZD\ >@
DXWKRUL]DWLRQ IURP WKLUGSDUW\ DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ D VLPSOH DQG LQWURGXFHV DQ DUFKLWHFWXUH RI VWDQGDUG ,R7 SODWIRUP DQG
VWDQGDUGL]HG ZD\ LQ >@ WKH DXWKRU LQWURGXFHG D GHILQHVWKHHLJKWOD\HUV3K\VLFDOOD\HU 1HWZRUN3URFHVVLQJ
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQIURPDVWDQGDUG2$XWKVHUYLFHZKLFKLQFOXGHV 6WRUDJH$EVWUDFWLRQ6HUYLFH$SSOLFDWLRQ&ROODERUDWLRQ
DXWKRUL]DWLRQ PRGXOH LQVLGH VHUYLFH SURYLGHU FORXG WR D
VHSDUDWHGVHUYLFHDVVKRZQLQILJXUHV
7KHUHDUHPDQ\,R7SODWIRUPVLQWURGXFHGE\PDQXIDFWXUHVDQG IHDWXUHVLQHYHU\SODWIRUP>@3UHVHQWVDVWUXFWXUHGOLWHUDWXUH
FRPSDQLHVIRUH[DPSOH$]XUH,R70LFURVRIW:DWVRQ,%0 UHYLHZ RI PLGGOHZDUHV DQG GLVFXVVHV WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI
-DVSHU&LVFR+RPH.LW$SSOH$:6,R7$PD]RQ%ULOOR VHFXULW\IHDWXUHVLQHDFKRQH
*RRJOH ,R7LYLW\ ,QWHO +$1$ 6$3 RU $OO-R\Q
4XDOFRPP7KLVFUHDWHVWKHKHWHURJHQHRXVSUREOHPDVHDFK
FRPSDQ\KDVLWVVHUYLFHVDQGSURWRFROV
:H QHHGD FHQWHU SRLQWWKDWDFWVDV WKH SODWIRUPRI SODWIRUPV
WR LQWHJUDWH WKHVH GLVSDUDWH VROXWLRQV DV ZHOO DV SURYLGH
DGGLWLRQDO FDSDELOLW\ ([DPSOHV RI GLIIHUHQW ,R7 SODWIRUPV
>@ ,%0 :DWVRQ,R7 3ODWIRUP EDVHG RQ ,'&¶V *OREDO
,R7'HFLVLRQ0DNHUWKDWEHOLHYHV WKHUHDUHILYHNH\ HOHPHQWV
WR WKH ,R7 SODWIRUP 'HYLFH 0DQDJHPHQW &RQQHFWLYLW\
0DQDJHPHQW $SSOLFDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW 'DVKERDUG DQG
5HSRUWLQJ $QDO\WLFV >@ +XDZHL¶V 2FHDQ &RQQHFW ,R7
3ODWIRUP >@ 026'(1 0LGGOHZDUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKHUH DUH
PDQ\ SUHVHQWHG ,R7 SODWIRUPV DV LQ WKH QH[W H[DPSOHV >@
7KH 9,5786 0LGGOHZDUH >@ $57,.70 6DPVXQJ ,R7
3ODWIRUP>@7KH,QWHO,R73ODWIRUP>@$\OD,R7SODWIRUP
>@ 3$$60(5 ,27 3ODWIRUP >@ 60$57,(>@
,QWURGXFHV D QHZ ,R7 UHIHUHQFH DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG FRPSDUHV LW &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬ͗ůŝƐƚŽĨ>ĞĂĚŝŶŐϮϯ/ŽdƉůĂƚĨŽƌŵƐ
ZLWK RWKHU PLGGOHZDUHV>@ LQWURGXFHV D VROXWLRQ WKDW FDQ 7KLVPHDQVWKDWHYHU\SODWIRUPLVUHODWHGWRRQHFDWHJRU\DQG
KHOS LQ D PL[HG FRQVWUDLQHG GHYLFHV HQYLURQPHQW >@ WKLV OHDG WR FRQIXVLRQ DQG PDQ\ LGHDV QRZ LQWURGXFH WKH
LQWURGXFHV DQ ,R7 PLGGOHZDUH WKDW XVHG LQ 6PDUW &LWLHV>@ FRQFHSW RI SODWIRUP RI SODWIRUPV WKH FKDOOHQJH KRZHYHU LV
'LVFXVV WKH UHTXLUHG VSHFLILFDWLRQV RI DQ ,R7 SODWIRUP IRU WKDWPDQ\RIWKHVHSODWIRUPVIRFXVRQRQHDVSHFWRIDKROLVWLF
6PDUW&LW\>@6KRZVKRZWRFKRRVHDQ,R7SODWIRUPWKDWLV SODWIRUP ZKHWKHU GHYLFH FRQQHFWLYLW\ FRQQHFWLYLW\
LQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHHQYLURPHQW DSSOLFDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWRUHYHQDQDO\WLFV
$V PHQWLRQHG DERYH WKHUH DUH PDQ\ ,R7 SODWIRUPV 9, 23(15(6($5&+$5($6
SUHVHQWHGWRGD\DQGWKH\DUHGLIIHUHQW7KHUHDUHWKUHHZD\VWR 0DQ\ UHVHDUFKHV WU\ WR DGGUHVV VHFXULW\ LVVXHV
GLIIHUHQWLDWH ,R7 SODWIRUPV 7KH WHFKQRORJLFDO GHSWK WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ NH\ PDQDJHPHQW LGHQWLW\
VHJPHQWIRFXV DQG WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ FXVWRPL]DWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW SULYDF\ HQFU\SWLRQ SROLFLHV EXW WKH JDS
DSSURDFK>@$VNVWKHVDPHTXHVWLRQKRZWRFKRRVHWKHEHVW EHWZHHQWKHH[LVWLQJVHFXULWLHVDQGWKHUHTXLUHGLVVWLOOELJDQG
VXLWDEOH ,R7 SODWIRUP IRU \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG OLVW WKHVH QHHGV PRUH HIIRUWV 'HVLJQHUV PXVW WDNH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDVIROORZV EHIRUHPDQXIDFWXULQJFUHDWHDQLQWHJUDWHGVHFXUHV\VWHPIURP
&RPSUHKHQVLYH6HFXULW\2SHQDQG)OH[LEOH$UFKLWHFWXUH WKHEHJLQQLQJLVPXFKHDVLHUWKDQWRIL[DQH[LVWLQJRQH
,QWHJUDELOLW\DQG0DQDJHDELOLW\
A. Architecture Standards
5REXVWDQG6FDODEOH,7,QIUDVWUXFWXUH
,27FDVHVSHFLILFKDUGZDUHDQGRUPRGXOHV 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ ,R7 SODWIRUPV WRGD\ DV PHQWLRQHG
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ,QWHJUDWLRQ6XSSRUW DERYH HDFK SODWIRUP KDV GLIIHUHQW GHYLFHV SURWRFROV OD\HUV
DQGVHUYLFH,QWHJUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHSODWIRUPVLVDELJLVVXH
,QDGGLWLRQ>@>@DQG>@LQWURGXFHWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV DQG VKRXOG IROORZ VWDQGDUGV WR DYRLG PLVVLQJ GDWD RU WLPH
RI,R73ODWIRUPDQGKRZLWFDQEHFKRVHQ GHOD\ (DFK YHQGRU 0LFURVRIW 2UDFOH ,%0 KDV WRGD\ LWV
>@ ,QWURGXFHV HOHYHQ ,R7 SODWIRUPV DQG FRPSDUHV RZQ SODWIRUPV XVLQJ FXVWRPL]HG SURWRFROV GHYLFHV DQG
EHWZHHQ WKHP DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHVXOW RI FRPSDULVRQ HDFK DUFKLWHFWXUH WKDW LV GLIILFXOW WR LQWHJUDWH ZLWK RWKHUV 7KHUH
SODWIRUP KDV DQ HGJH DPRQJ RWKHUV IRU H[DPSOH 7KLQJ:RU[ QHHGV WR EH ZHOOGHILQHG ,R7 IUDPHZRUN VWDQGDUGV GDWD
DQG0LFURVRIW$]XUHDUHWKHPRVWSURPLVLQJSODWIRUPVIRU,R7 VWUXFWXUHSURWRFROVDQGLQWHUIDFHVZKLFKFDQVXSSRUWGLIIHUHQW
VROXWLRQFRPSDUHWRWKHRWKHUV[49] In the +±81,)< GHYLFHVVHUYLFHVRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVDQGKXPDQV
,R73URMHFWUHSRUWDJRRGDQDO\VLVDPRQJWRS,R7SODWIRUPV B. Abstract Layer
DFFRUGLQJWRGLIIHUHQWFDWHJRULHVDVVKRZQLQILJXUH7KHVH
:KHQ D VHVVLRQ LV PRYLQJ IURP RQH OD\HU WR DQRWKHU RU
FDWHJRULHV DUH RSHQ VRXUFH SODWIRUPV &RPPXQLFDWLRQ FHQWULF
PRYLQJ IURP RQH ERXQGDU\ GRPDLQ WR DQRWKHU RU IURP RQH
3ODWIRUPV&ORXGFHQWULF SODWIRUPV,QGXVWU\FHQWULFSODWIRUPV
SODWIRUPWRDQRWKHUDQDEVWUDFWOD\HUPXVWEHDGGHGWRKDQGOH
DQG'HYLFHFHQWULFSODWIRUPV
WKLV WUDQVLWLRQ DQG JXDUDQWHH VPRRWK DQG VDIH RSHUDWLRQ LH
$OVR >@ LQWURGXFHV D FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW ,R7 ZKHQDQDSSOLFDWLRQRUDVHUYLFHLVZULWWHQLQRQHODQJXDJHDQG
SODWIRUPV XQWLO >@ &RPSDUHV WKH H[LVWLQJ SODWIRUPV PRYHV IURP RQH SODWIRUP WR DQRWKHU LW LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW
DQGWU\WRLGHQWLI\WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIDQHZSODWIRUPWRDYRLG PRYLQJRUPLJUDWLRQKDSSHQVVPRRWKO\DQGVHFXUHO\$EVWUDFW
WKH FRQFHUQV LW IRXQG >@ (YDOXDWHV RI WKH H[LVWLQJ ,R7 OD\HU DFWV OLNH D JDWHZD\ WKDW IDFLOLWDWH LQWHURSHUDELOLW\ DQG
SODWIRUPVWKURXJKDFULWHULRQWKDWGHWHUPLQHVVWURQJDQGZHDN SODWIRUP LQGHSHQGHQFH 7KLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ VKRXOG IROORZ
VRPH UXOHV EHWZHHQ WKHVH SODWIRUPV ZKR LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU >@ ,(((6(16256-2851$/92/12)(%58$5<,R7
2$6E\6LPRQH&LUDQL0DUFR3LFRQH3LHWUR*RQL]]L/XFD9HOWULDQG
PDQDJLQJ WKLV SURFHVV IRU H[DPSOH D WUDIILF PRQLWRULQJ DQG *LDQOXLJL)HUUDUL
FRQWUROOLQJ V\VWHP QHHGV WR LQWHJUDWH ZLWK ZHDWKHU V\VWHP WR >@ ,((( QG :RUOG )RUXP RQ ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV(IIHFWLYH
NQRZ WKH VWDWXV RI WKH ZHDWKHU LQ GLIIHUHQW DUHDV DQG WDNH $XWKRUL]DWLRQ IRU WKH :HE RI 7KLQJV 6LPRQH &LUDQL DQG 0DUFR
DFWLRQVDFFRUGLQJO\ 3LFRQH&DOLJRR±*XJOLHOPRVUO
>@ ,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV6HFXULW\'HYLFH$XWKHQWLFDWLRQDQG$FFHVV&RQWURO
C. Authentication and Authorization $ 5HYLHZ $UWLFOH $XJXVW $XWKRUV ³ ,QD\DW $OL =DKLG 8OODK
$WWDFNHUV JDLQ DFFHVV WR GDWD DQG LQYDGLQJ WKH QHWZRUN &206$76,QVWLWXWHRI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\´
EHFDXVH RI WKH ODFN RI ERWK DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ >@ 6HFXULW\RIWKH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJVSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGFKDOOHQJHV
6RPRUHHIIRUWLQWKLVDUHDFRXOGSUHYHQWXQDXWKRUL]HGDFFHVV %\4L-LQJ$WKDQDVLRV99DVLODNRV-LDIX:DQ-LQJZHL/X
,36(&DQG7/6DUHWKHPRVWXVHGSURWRFROVWRDFKLHYHHQGWR >@ 0XWXDO$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ6FKHPHLQ6HFXUH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV7HFKQRORJ\
IRU&RPIRUWDEOH/LIHVW\OH%\1DPMH3DUNDQG1DPKL.DQJ
HQGVHFXULW\DQGEHFDXVHRIFRQVWUDLQHGHQYLURQPHQWV7/6LV
>@ 7ZRZD\ $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ IRU WKH ,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV %\ &RULQQD
ZLGHO\ XVHG WKDW FRPELQHG ZLWK DSSOLFDWLRQ SURWRFROV OLNH 6FKPLWW7KRPDV.RWKPD\U:HQ+XDQG%XUNKDUG6WLOOHU
0477DQG&R$3 >@ 2:$63,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV7RS7HQ
>@ 6HFXUHURXWLQJIRULQWHUQHWRIWKLQJV$VXUYH\E\'DYLG$LUHKURXU-DLUR
9,,&21&/86,21 *XWLHUUH]6D\DQ.XPDU5D\
6HFXULW\ RI HDFK FRPSRQHQW DQG OD\HU LQ ,27 3ODWIRUPV LV D >@ 6HFXULW\DVD&R$3UHVRXUFHDQRSWLPL]HG'7/6LPSOHPHQWDWLRQIRUWKH
ELJ LVVXH DQG PDQ\ RSHQ JDSV VWLOO IRXQG DQG QHHGHG WR EH ,R7%\$QJHOR&DSRVVHOH9DOHULR&HUYR*LDQOXFD'H&LFFR
DGGUHVVHG ,R7 DGGHG D YDOXH WR RXU WUDGLWLRQDO LQWHUQHW DQG >@ /LJKWZHLJKW $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ IRU &2$3 EDVHG ,27 E\ /DYDQ\D DQG
1DWDUDMDQ
OLIHDOVREULQJVDORWRIDSSOLFDWLRQVGXHWRWKHYDULRXVW\SHVRI
>@ $SSO\LQJ DQ XQLILHG DFFHVV FRQWURO IRU ,R7EDVHG ,QWHOOLJHQW $JHQW
GHYLFHVDQGGDWDFROOHFWHGDQGRSHQDQHZDUHDRIUHVHDUFKWR 6\VWHPV E\ 'LHJR 5LYHUD /XLV &UX]3LULV*HUPDQ /RSH]&LYHUD
GHVLJQVHFXUHVWDQGDUGL]HDQGFROODERUDWHDOORIWKHVHWKLQJV (QULTXHGHOD+R]DQG,YDQ0DUVD0DHVWUH
7R DGG WKH ,R7 GHYLFHV WR RXU LQWHUQHW D JRRG GHVLJQ LV >@ /LJKWZHLJKW &U\SWRJUDSK\ IRU (PEHGGHG 6\VWHPV ± $ &RPSDUDWLYH
QHHGHGWKLVLVDFOHDUYLVLRQRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVLQHDFKVWDJH $QDO\VLVE\&KDUDODPSRV0DQLIDYDV*HRUJH+DW]LYDVLOLV.RQVWDQWLQRV
DQG KRZ WR DFKLHYH LW WDNLQJ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ FRPSDWLELOLW\ )\VDUDNLVDQG.RQVWDQWLQRV5DQWRV
DQGFROODERUDWLRQRI WKHVHQHZWKLQJV ZLWKH[LVWLQJ QHWZRUNV >@ /,*+7:(,*+7 &5<372*5$3+< &U\SWRJUDSKLF (QJLQHHULQJ IRU D
3HUYDVLYH:RUOGE\$[HO<RUN3RVFKPDQQ%RFKXP)HEUXDU\
7KLV HPHUJLQJ LQWHJUDWLRQ VKRXOG IROORZ WKH VWDQGDUGV DQG
>@ 5HSRUWRQ/LJKWZHLJKW&U\SWRJUDSK\1,67E\.HUU\$0F.D\
VKRXOG QRW GHJUDGH WKH OHYHOV RI VHFXULW\ RI WKHVH QHWZRUNV /DUU\%DVVKDP0HOWHP6|QPH]7XUDQ1LFN\0RXKD
1RZDGD\V ZH KDYH PDQ\ ,R7 SODWIRUPV LQWURGXFHG IURP >@ $ 6XUYH\ RI /LJKWZHLJKW&U\SWRJUDSK\ ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQV E\ 7KRPDV
FRPSDQLHVOLNH0LFURVRIW2UDFOH,%0DQGHDFKFRPSDQ\RU (LVHQEDUWK 6DQGHHS .XPDU &KULVWRI 3DDU $[HO 3RVFKPDQQ /HLI
PDQXIDFWXUH DGGHG D QHZ WLWOH WR LWV FORXG QDPHG ,R7 8KVDGHO
SODWIRUPV DFFRUGLQJ WR LWV RZQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHVLJQ DQG >@ 7 7HL[HLUD 6 +DFKHP DQG 1 *HRUJDQWDV ³6HUYLFH 2ULHQWHG
0LGGOHZDUHIRUWKH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV$3HUVSHFWLYH´SS±
FOLHQWV QHHGV WKDW LQWURGXFH ODFN RI RYHUDOO FROODERUDWLRQV
EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW V\VWHPV DQG LQWURGXFH D QHZ FKDOOHQJHV LQ >@ 6 %DQG\RSDGK\D\ 0 6HQJXSWD 6 0DLWL DQG 6 'XWWD ³5ROH RI
VHFXULW\ 7KLV DEVWUDFW OD\HU EHWZHHQ V\VWHPV DQG GRPDLQV 0LGGOHZDUHIRU ,QWHUQHW2I7KLQJV´,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RPSXWHU
VKRXOG KDYH PRUH FRQVLGHUDWLRQV DV LW PD\ FDXVH VHFXULW\ 6FLHQFH (QJLQHHULQJ 6XUYH\ ,-&6(6 YRO QR SS ±
DWWDFNVDQGWKUHDWVWKHWZRGRPDLQV
>@ 3 (LVHQKDXHU 0DUNXV 5RVHQJUHQ DQG 3 $QWROLQ +\GUD $
GHYHORSPHQW SODWIRUP IRU LQWHJUDWLQJ ZLUHOHVV GHYLFHV DQG VHQVRUV LQWR
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ DPELHQWLQWHOOLJHQFHV\VWHPV6SULQJHUSS±
>@ 7KH ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV *DUWQHU ,7 QG 5HWULHYHG IURP >@ 3-RDQG'*DUODQ³$XUDDQDUFKLWHFWXUDOIUDPHZRUNIRUXVHUPRELOLW\
KWWSZZZJDUWQHUFRPLWJORVVDU\LQWHUQHWRIWKLQJV LQXELTXLWRXVFRPSXWLQJHQYLURQPHQWV´.OXZHU
>@ *XLOOHPLQ3)ULHVV3,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJVVWUDWHJLFUHVHDUFKURDGPDS7KH >@ - 'RPLQJXHV $ 'DPDVR 5 1DVFLPHQWR DQG 1 5RVD ³$Q (QHUJ\
&OXVWHURI(XURSHDQ5HVHDUFK3URMHFWV7HFK5HS6HSWHPEHU $ZDUH 0LGGOHZDUH IRU ,QWHJUDWLQJ :LUHOHVV 6HQVRU 1HWZRUNV DQG WKH
>@ 6HQVLQJ DV D VHUYLFH PRGHO IRU VPDUW FLWLHV VXSSRUWHG E\ ,QWHUQHW RI ,QWHUQHW´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 'LVWULEXWHG 6HQVRU 1HWZRUNV YRO
7KLQJV&KDULWK3HUHUD$UNDG\=DVODYVN\3HWHU&KULVWHQDQG'LPLWULRV SS±
*HRUJDNRSRXORV >@ 650DGGHQ0-)UDQNOLQ-0+HOOHUVWHLQDQG:+RQJ³7LQ\'%
>@ 6HFXULW\ *XLGDQFH IRU (DUO\ $GRSWHUV RI WKH ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV ,R7 $Q DFTXLVLWLRQDO TXHU\ SURFHVVLQJ V\VWHP IRU VHQVRU QHWZRUNV´ $&0
$SULO 7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ'DWDEDVH6\VWHPV72'6YROQR$&0SS±
>@ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'DWD &RUSRUDWLRQ ,'& :RUOGZLGH VPDUW FRQQHFWHG
GHYLFHVKLSPHQWV0DUFK >@ $ 6XUYH\ RI 0LGGOHZDUH IRU ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV E\ 6RPD
>@ (PHUJLQJ 2SHQ DQG 6WDQGDUG 3URWRFRO 6WDFN IRU ,R7 %DQG\RSDGK\D\0XQPXQ6HQJXSWD6RXYLN0DLWLDQG6XEKDMLW'XWWD
%\$QLUXGGKD&KDNUDEDUWL$93'LJLWDO3UDFWLFH >@ $Q $50&RPSOLDQW ,R7 3ODWIRUP 6HFXULW\ E\ 'HVLJQ IRU WKH 6PDUW
>@ KWWSZZZUWLQVLJKWVFRPGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHLRWDQGWUDGLWLRQDO +RPHE\9LFWRULD%HOWUDQ-XDQ$0DUWLQH]$QWRQLR6NDUPHWD3HGUR
LQWHUQHW 0DUWLQH]-XOLD
>@ ,%032,172)9,(:,17(51(72)7+,1*66(&85,7< >@ &RPSDULVRQ RI ,R7 3ODWIRUP $UFKLWHFWXUHV $ )LHOG 6WXG\ EDVHG RQ D
5HIHUHQFH $UFKLWHFWXUH E\ -DVPLQ *XWK 8ZH %UHLWHQEXFKHU 0LFKDHO
>@ 6HFXULQJWKH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV2SSRUWXQLW\3XWWLQJ&\EHUVHFXULW\DWWKH )DONHQWKDO)UDQN/H\PDQQDQG/XNDV5HLQIXUW
+HDUWRIWKH,R7
>@ ,R72QH ,QWHJUDWHG 3ODWIRUP IRU +HWHURJHQHRXV ,R7 'HYLFHV E\
>@ 7HQ,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV,R7'HVLJQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQV±JULGFRQQHFW 1DWKDQLHO*\RU\0&KXDK
>@ '&$) GUDIWJHUGHVDFHGFDIDXWKRUL]H E\
VJHUGHVREHUJPDQQFERUPDQQ
>@ &LW\+XE $ FORXG EDVHG ,R7 SODWIRUP IRU 6PDUW&LWLHVE\ 5RGJHU /HD
0LFKDHO%ODFNVWRFN
>@ 6KDQFDQJ/L7KHR7U\IRQDV+RQJOHL/L7KHLQWHUQHWRIWKLQJV
DVHFXULW\SRLQWRIYLHZ,QWHUQHW5HVHDUFK
>@ ,R7 SODWIRUP IRU 6PDUW &LWLHV UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ FDVH
VWXGLHV(GRDUGR3DWWLDQG$QGUHD$FTXDYLYD
>@ $UFKLWHFWXUH RI 6WDQGDUGEDVHG ,QWHURSHUDEOH DQG ([WHQVLEOH ,R7
3ODWIRUP E\ 6ODYNR ß =LWQLN 0DUNR -DQNRYLF .OHPHQ 3HWURYßFLßF
0DUNR%DMHF
>@ ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV $UFKLWHFWXUH 6HFXULW\ ,VVXHV DQG &RXQWHUPHDVXUHV
E\0D\XUL$%KDEDG6XGKLU7%DJDGH
>@ ,R76HFXULW\$6XUYH\E\0DHGH=RODQYDUL
>@ ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV ,R7 6HFXULW\ &XUUHQW 6WDWXV &KDOOHQJHV DQG
&RXQWHUPHDVXUHV E\ 7DVQHHP <RXVXI 5ZDQ 0DKPRXG )DGL $ORXO
,PUDQ=XDONHUQDQ
>@ 3ULYDF\$ZDUH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ LQ WKH ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV E\ +DQQHV
*URVV0DUNR+ROEO'DQLHO6ODPDQLJDQG5DSKDHO6SUHLW]HU
>@ 6XUYH\ RI 6HFXULW\ DQG 3ULYDF\ ,VVXHV RI ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV E\ 7XKLQ
%RUJRKDLQ8GD\.XPDU6XJDWD6DQ\DO
>@ ,R7 6HFXULW\ 2QJRLQJ &KDOOHQJHV DQG 5HVHDUFK 2SSRUWXQLWLHV E\ =KL
.DL =KDQJ 0LFKDHO &KHQJ <L &KR &KLD:HL :DQJ &KLD:HL +VX
&KRQJ.XDQ&KHQ6KLXKS\QJ6KLHK
>@ 3ULYDF\LQWKH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV7KUHDWVDQG&KDOOHQJHVE\ -DQ+HQULN
=LHJHOGRUI2VFDU*DUFLD0RUFKRQDQG.ODXV:HKUOH
>@ +81,)<,R75HSRUWRQ,R7SODWIRUPVDFWLYLWLHV
>@ ,+6 7(&+12/2*< ,R7 SODWIRUPV HQDEOLQJ WKH ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV
0DUFKE\6DP/XFHUR
>@ $57,.70 7KH 8OWLPDWH 3ODWIRUP 6ROXWLRQ IRU ,R7 E\
0\XQJ.RR.DQJ936DPVXQJ(OHFWURQLFV
>@ 7KH,QWHO,R73ODWIRUP
>@ 1RYHPEHU ,27 3/$7)2506 7KH FHQWUDO EDFNERQH IRU WKH
,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJVE\,R7$QDO\WLFV*PE+
>@ +RZWR6HOHFWWKH5LJKW,R73ODWIRUPE\$\OD1HWZRUN
>@ $ &RPSOHWH *XLGH WR &KRRVLQJ WKH 5LJKW ,27 3ODWIRUP E\
ZZZPRERGH[WHUFRPZZZSDDVPHUFR
>@ 7KH3ODWIRUPRI3ODWIRUPVLQWKH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV6SRQVRUHGE\,%0
&DUULH0DF*LOOLYUD\)HEUXDU\
>@ &RQWHPSRUDU\,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJVSODWIRUPVE\-XOLHQ0LQHUDXG2OHNVL\
0D]KHOLV;LDQJ6XDQG6DVX7DUNRPD
>@ 6XUYH\ RI ,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV SODWIRUPV )HEUXDU\ %\ 0LODQ
=GUDYNRYLü0DULR/H]RFKH$OH[LV$XEU\DQG+HUYp3DQHWWR
>@ 6WXG\ RI YDULRXV LQWHUQHW RI WKLQJV SODWIRUPV E\ %KXPL 1DNKXYD DQG
3URI7XVKDU&KDPSDQHULD
>@ KWWSWHFKQRORJLFDOWKHPHVEORJVSRWLQGLIIHUHQFLDWLQJEHWZHHQ
SODWIRUPKWPO
>@ $ JDS DQDO\VLV RI ,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV SODWIRUPV %\ 2OHNVL\ 0D]KHOLV
;LDQJ6X
>@ 026'(1$Q,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV0LGGOHZDUHIRU5HVRXUFH&RQVWUDLQHG
0RELOH'HYLFHVE\&KDULWK3HUHUD3UHP3UDNDVK-D\DUDPDQ
$UNDG\=DVODYVN\'LPLWULRV*HRUJDNRSRXORVDQG3HWHU&KULVWHQ
>@ 7KH9,57860LGGOHZDUHDQ;033EDVHGDUFKLWHFWXUHIRUVHFXUH,R7
FRPPXQLFDWLRQV E\ 'DYLGH &RQ]RQ 7KRPDV %RORJQHVL 3DROR %UL]]L
$QWRQLR/RWLWR5LFFDUGR7RPDVL0DXUL]LR$6SLULWR
>@ $VXUYH\RIVHFXUHPLGGOHZDUHIRUWKH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV3DXO)UHPDQWOH
DQG3KLOLS6FRWW