BFC 32202

ENGINEERS AND
SOCIETY
SECTION 2

Name: Dr Riduan Bin Yunus

Office: M-004-16 (Administration Office)
Phone number: 07-4564227/012-9200530
E-mail: riduan@uthm.edu.my
 CHAPTER 3
RELATIONSHIP OF HUMANISATION IN ENGINEERING
 Sustainable Approach

Current Trend

Globalisation & Global

economic crisis

Increasing Pressure

Sustainable
Construction as priority

Paradigm shift from traditional to sustainable approach (Yang et al. 2005)

Engineering and
Environmental
 Introduction
• Engineers play a key role in providing
development that can improve the quality of
life for society as a whole.
• Engineers are responsible to ensure the
design, construction, operation and
maintenance is provided to meet existing
needs without compromising the
environment, for future generations.
 Environment Issue
Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks
countries on performance indicator tracked
across policy categories that cover both
environmental public health and ecosystem
vitality.
These indicators provide a gauge at a national
government scale of how close countries are
to established environmental policy goals.
Based (EPI) 2012, Malaysia is ranked at the
25th position.
http://www.epi.utm.my/v4/
Environment Issue
 Environmental Damage

5. Flora
1. Air 2. 3. Climate 6. People 7.
4. Land and
Pollution Chemical Change Problem Hydrology
Fauna
Environmental Damage (Air Pollution)
 Acid rain:
 Acid rain affects vegetation and also destroys limestone
structures, which includes many old buildings.
 Visual air pollution:
 Smoke, smog, and from vehicles and factories.
 Toxic:
 Hazardous chemicals released into the air, includes benzene,
nitric compounds, etc.
Environmental Damage (Air Pollution)
• Ozone depletion:
– Loss of ozone layer due to chlorine radicals from
CFC compounds and other man-made
compounds, causing a rising incidence of skin
carcinoma.
• Indoor air pollution:
– Low quality air in enclosed areas such as buildings
due to bad design.
– This may lead to transmission of disease and
respiratory illnesses.
Environmental Damage (Chemical)
 Fertilizer pollution
 Excess fertilizer is toxic to the environment.
 Pesticide pollution:
 Overuse of pesticides can not only produce immunized pests but also
destroy the very predators of pests.
 Pesticides become health risks when it contaminates groundwater, and
it also disrupts biological habitats.
 Hazardous wastes:
 Hazardous waste is more of a problem in developing countries,
(industrialized nations).
 Environmental Damage (Climate
Change)
 Desertification:
 This is defined as the "destruction of the biological potential of the
land, which can lead ultimately to desert-like conditions."
 Extreme heat wave-droughts:
 Human disruption of the environment has to certain extents
disrupted normal weather patterns, causing abnormal droughts.
 Microclimate disruption:
 Urban crawl and mega-projects all create a microclimate disruption
that can affect vegetation and wildlife.
 Environmental Damage (Climate
Change)
• Greenhouse effect:
– An increase in greenhouse gases - water vapour, methane and carbon
dioxide has increased the average temperature worldwide, creating
the global warming effect.
• Disrupted hydrological cycle:
– Large-scale human development has disrupted the natural cycle of
water.
 Environmental Damage (Land)
 Land degradation
 value of the biophysical environment is affected by
one or more combination of human-induced
processes acting upon the land
 viewed as any change or disturbance to the land
perceived to be deleterious or undesirable
 Erosion and soil conservation:
 Loss of topsoil and valuable soil constituents due to
agriculture and other human activities.
 Loss of soil leads to erosion and loss of the land’s
ability to support life.
 Environmental Damage (Flora and
Fauna)
 Deforestation:
 Loss of forests is principally due to needs for agriculture,
timber and forest products (firewood, charcoal, etc.)
 Deforestation is less pronounced in industrialized countries
as they have begun to conserve what little forests they
have left.
 Deforestation affects the hydrology system, water
retention, and affects forests as a sink for carbon dioxide.
 Endangered and extinct flora and fauna:
 Rampant human encroachments into natural habitats have
made many species extinct.
 Environmental Damage (Flora and
Fauna)
 Loss of biodiversity:
 This is happening principally due to loss of habitat, but
it can also happen with the introduction of non-native
species into a relatively isolated habitat.
 Ocean pollution:
 Too much toxic wastes flow to the ocean, including
excess pesticides and fertilizer.
 Wetlands:
 Coastal development is threatening a very rich and
precious habitat.
 Environmental Damage (People
Problem)
 Overconsumption:
 The rich consume too much, and lead wasteful lives.
 Overpopulation:
 A high growth rate puts stress on infrastructure and society,
more so if living conditions are barely adequate.
 Energy issues:
 A major portion of the world’s energy production is from non
renewable sources.
 A lot of energy is needlessly wasted because of inefficient
insulation or transmission or conversion.
 Waste disposal:
 Proper disposing of waste is a problem in large urban areas.
 Environmental Damage (People
Problem)
 Health risks
 An increase in EM radiation and chemicals over the past 50
years have long-term effects on humans, though it may be
unnoticed by the general population.
 Humans have also unwittingly produced pesticide-resistant
pests and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
 Transportation pollution:
 Inefficient transportation systems and inefficient and badly
maintained vehicles.
 Noise pollution:
 Changes in lifestyle and leisure activities are causing an
increase in the incidence of hearing loss, especially among
youth.
Environmental Damage (Hydrology)

• Water pollution:
– Little is done about degrading sources of water
due to development.
• Water rights and management:
– The management of water and how it is shared
among people, agriculture, and the natural habitat
is a difficult exercise in ecological balance.
 International Organization for
Environment
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
• United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP)
• Earth System Governance Project
• Global Environment Facility
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
• to provide comprehensive scientific
assessments of current scientific, technical
and socio-economic information worldwide
about the risk of climate change caused by
human activity, its potential environmental
and socio-economic consequences, and
possible options for adapting to these
consequences or mitigating the effects
 United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP)
 an international organization that coordinates United Nations
environmental activities, assisting developing countries in
implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.
 UNEP's main activities are related to:
 climate change;
 disasters and conflicts;
 ecosystem management;
 environmental governance;
 harmful substances; and
 resource efficiency.
 Earth System Governance Project
 to address with cutting-edge science the large,
complex challenge of governance in the face of
intensifying global environmental change and earth
system transformation, and to create a better
understanding of the role of institutions,
organizations and governance mechanisms by which
humans currently regulate their relationship with
the natural environment and global biochemical
systems.
 Global Environment Facility
 provides grants to developing countries and
countries with economies in transition for
projects related to biodiversity, climate change,
international waters, land degradation, the
ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants.
 These projects benefit the global environment,
linking local, national, and global environmental
challenges and promoting sustainable
livelihoods.
 Environmental Management System
• Refers to the management of an
organization's environmental programs in a
comprehensive, systematic, planned and
documented manner. It includes the
organisational structure, planning and
resources for developing, implementing and
maintaining policy for environmental
protection.
Environment Agencies/ Organizations in
Malaysia
• Department of Environment (DOE)
– The Department’s main role is to prevent, control
and abate pollution through the enforcement of
the EQA,1974 and its 34 subsidiary legislation
made there under.
 Environment Agencies/
Organizations in Malaysia
• Malaysian Environmental NGOs (MENGO)
– MENGO aspires towards an ecologically-sound,
transparent, participatory and socially just society,
through sustainable development policies and practices
related to natural resources management and
biodiversity conservation.
 Environmental Management System
 An Environmental Management System (EMS):
 Serves as a tool to improve environmental performance
 Provides a systematic way of managing an organization’s
environmental affairs
 Is the aspect of the organization’s overall management
structure that addresses immediate and long-term impacts of
its products, services and processes on the environment
 Gives order and consistency for organizations to address
environmental concerns through the allocation of resources,
assignment of responsibility and ongoing evaluation of
practices, procedures and processes
 Focuses on continual improvement of the system
 Environmental Management System
 In September 1996, the International Organization for
Standardization published the first edition of ISO 14001,
the Environmental Management Systems standard.
 This is an international voluntary standard describing
specific requirements for an EMS. ISO 14001 is a
specification standard to which an organization may
receive certification or registration.
 ISO 14001 is considered the foundation document of the
entire series. A second edition of ISO 14001 was published
in 2004, updating the standard.
 ISO14001 is the dominant environmental management
system in the world
 Environmental Management System
 The ISO 14000 family addresses various aspects of
environmental management.
 The very first two standards, ISO 14001:2004 and ISO
14004:2004 deal with environmental management
systems (EMS).
 As a guidance documents to help organizations
address environmental issues.
 Included in the family are standards for Environmental
Management Systems, environmental and EMS
auditing, environmental labelling, performance
evaluation and life-cycle assessment.
 ISO 14000 implementation in Malaysia
An EMS meeting the requirements of ISO
14001:2004 is a management tool enabling an
organization of any size or type to:
 identify and control the environmental impact of its
activities, products or services, and to
 improve its environmental performance continually,
and to
 implement a systematic approach to setting
environmental objectives and targets, to achieving
these and to demonstrating that they have been
achieved.
 Environmental management in
Malaysia
 Controlled by Department of Environment,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
 Become more focussed with the gazzettement of
the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) on 14
March 1974.
 An enforcement agency named Environment
Division (known as Department of Environment
(DOE) in 1983) was institutionalised in 1975.
 Environmental management in Malaysia
(Environment Policy)
 National Policy on the Environment which
integrates the three elements of sustainable
development: economic, social and cultural
development and environmental conservation
was formulated and approved in 2002.
 The Policy aims at continued economic, social
and cultural progress and enhancement of the
quality of life of Malaysians through
environmentally sound and sustainable
development.
 Environmental management in Malaysia
(Environment Policy)
 Based on eight (8) inter-related and mutually supporting
principles set to harmonise economic development goals
with environmental imperatives:
 Stewardship of the Environment
 Conservation of Nature’s Vitality and Diversity
 Continuous Improvement in the Quality of the
Environment
 Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
 Integrated Decision-Making
 Role of the Private Sector
 Commitment and Accountability
 Active Participation in the International Community
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• DOE Handbooks
– Metal Finishing - Electroplating, 1999
– Raw Natural Rubber Industry, 1999
– Crude Palm Oil Industry, 1999
– Textile and Clothing Industry, 2000
– Food Industry - Noodle Process, 2000
– Handbook for Legislators: A Guide to Air Pollution,
2003
– Handbook for Legislators: A Guide to Water Quality,
2003
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• EIA Guidelines
– EIA Guidelines For Coastal Resort Development
Projects
– EIA Guidelines For Petrochemical Industries
– EIA Guidelines For Industrial Estate Development
– Penilaian Kesan Kepada Alam Sekeliling Bagi
Pembangunan Padang Golf
– EIA Guidelines For Development Of Tourist And
Recreational Facilities In National Park
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• EIA Guidelines
– EIA Guidelines For Development Of Tourist And
Recreational Facilities On Island In Marine Parks
– EIA Guildelines For Drainage and/or Irrigation
Projects
– EIA Guidelines For Fishing Harbours and/or Land
Based Aquaculture Projects
– EIA Guidelines For Dam and/or Reservoir Projects
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• EIA Guidelines
– EIA Guidelines For Coastal and Land Reclamation
– EIA Guidelines For Agriculture
– EIA Guidelines For Housing and Township
Development Projects
– EIA Guidelines For Risk Assessment
– EIA Guidelines For Industrial Projects
– EIA Guidelines For Toxic And Hazardous Waste
Treatment And Disposal Projects
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• EIA Guidelines
– EIA Guidelines For Municipal Solid Waste And
Sewage Treatment And Disposal Projects
– A Handbook Of EIA Guidelines
– Guidelines For Siting And Zoning Of Industries
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Land / Industrial Development
– Siting and Zoning of Industries, 1976 [revised
1994]
– Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and
Siltation,1978 [revised 1996:1999]
– Environmental Requirements : A Guide for
Investors (1989) [reprint 1996;1999]
– Interim guidelines for Controlled Burning of Felled
Plant Materials and Combustible Solid Wastes
from Housing Industry in the Klang Valley, 1991
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Marine Enforcement Activities
– Marine Pollution Enforcement Procedure
• Manual of Monitoring Procedure
– Manual of Marine Water Monitoring Procedure
• National Contingency Planning
– National Contingency Plan for Oil Spill Control
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Ozone Depleting Substances
– Control Measures for Protection of Ozone
Layer, 1994
– Project Preparation under the Multilateral
Fund, 1995
– Prequalifying and Selection Criteria for
Acceptable Alternatives of Ozone Depleting
Substances in Malaysia, 1995
– Halon Directory
– Siginificant New Alternatives List For Ozone
Depleting Substances, 1999
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Waste Management
– Code of Practice for Service Stations, 1980
[revised 1993]
– Explanatory Notes: Clean Air Requlations & You,
1980
– Air Pollution Control measures in Palm Oil Mills,
1985 [revised 1997]
– Erection of Fuel Burning Equipment, 1981
– Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid
Wastes, 1981
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Waste Management
– Best Practicable Means for Minimization of
Offensive Odour from Fishmeal Factories, 1981
– Best Practicable Means for Wood-based
Industries, 1981
– Application for Written Permission to Install
Generators, 1982
– Selection of Landfill Sites for Scheduled Wastes,
1985
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Waste Management
– Monitoring of Landfills for Scheduled Wastes,
1985
– Scheduled Waste Sampling, 1985
– Recommended Code of Practice for the Disposal
of Solid Wastes on Land, 1985
– Standard Methods For Analysis of Rubber and
Palm Oil Mill Effluents [revised 1985]
– Installation of Tee Pee and Package Type
Incinerators, 1985
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Waste Management
– Stack Sampling, 1989
– Private Investments in Toxic Hazardous Waste
Disposal Facilities (Secured Landfills) 1989
– Disposal of Asbestos Wastes 1993 [revised 1995]
– Export of Scheduled Wastes, 1993
– Storage of Scheduled Wastes, 1993
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Waste Management
– Interim Guidelines for the Transportation of
Dangerous Goods (Chemicals Not Otherwise
Controlled) 1993
– Import of Scheduled Wastes, 1994
– Zero Burning of Felled Plant Materials, 1994
– Open Burning of Felled Plant Materials
(Agricultural Wastes) 1981, [revised 1994]
– Management and Disposal of Wastes from
Downstream Petroleum Industries, 1994
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Waste Management
– Notification and Control Procedure for Movement
of Waste between Singapore and Malaysia, 1995
– Disposal of Asbestos Wastes 1993 [revised 1995]
– Export, Import and Storage of Scheduled Wastes
in Malaysia (CD ROM)
– Implementation of the Basel Convention in
Malaysia
 Malaysia Environment Guideline
• Waste Management
– Monitoring and Control of Pollution from Cement
Plants, 1996
– Air Emission Load Calculation, 2000
– Disposal of Chemical Wastes from Laboratories,
2000
– Applications for Licenses and Permits for
Hazardous Activities, 1990
– Processing Written Permission for Industrial Waste
Water Treatment Systems, 2000
 MSC Malaysia Status
• Recognition by Malaysian Government
through Multimedia Development
Corporation (MDeC) for companies that
participate and undertake its ICT activities in
MSC Malaysia.
• Awarded to the companies that develop or
use multimedia technologies to produce or
enhance their products and services and for
process development.
 MSC Malaysia Status
• One of criteria for MSC Malaysia status is to comply
with environmental guidelines.
• To maintain the status, companies are expected to
continuosly comply with the MSC Malaysia
environmental guidelines as stipulate in :
– Environmental Guidelines for the MSC Malaysia Investor’s
Guide
– Physical Planning Guidelines for the MSC Malaysia
September 2000
– Urban Design Guidelines for Cyberjaya, September 2000.
 Benefits of MSC Malaysia Status
• World Class physical and information
infrastructure
• Allow unrestricted employment of foreign
knowledge workers
• Freedom of ownership by exempting from local
ownership requirements
• No Income tax for up to 10 years or Investment
Tax Allowance (ITA)
 Benefits of MSC Malaysia Status
• No Duties on importation of Multimedia
Equipment
• Intellectual Property Protection and Cyber
laws
• No censorship of the Internet.
• Competitive telecommunication tariff
• Tender key MSC infrastructure contracts
 Environmental Objective of MSC
• Maintain a clean and safe environment
throughout the MSC.
• Maintain a top quality of life and provide a
world-class working atmosphere.
• Minimize the impact of industry and
enterprises within the MSC.
• Emphasize pollution-prevention strategies
rather than curative measures.
 Environmental Objective of MSC
• Incorporate economically friendly strategies
for conserving water, energy, and recycling.
• Promote the use of high-tech methods and
operations for industrial applications.
 MSC Environmental Targets
• To have a near-zero emission target.
• To use solar and waste power generation.
• To use rainwater and recycled water.
• To prohibit the use of hazardous materials.
• To achieve harmony with existing topology
and ecology.
 MSC Environmental Targets
• To maximize space utilization without
compromising on environment.
• To use automation wherever possible.
ETHICS OF ENGINEERING
 What is Engineering Ethics?
• Engineering Ethics is the study of moral issues
and decisions confronting individuals and
organizations engaged in engineering.
• The Study of related questions about moral
ideals, character, policies and relationship
ofpeople and corporations involved in
technologicalactivity.
 Why??
• Engineering ethics is not about preaching virtue
rather, its objective is to increase your ability as
engineers to responsibly confront moral issues raised
by technological activity.
• Engineering ethics represents the attempts of
professional engineers to define proper courses in
their dealing with each other, with their clients and
employees and with the general public.
 Engineering Ethics
• Issue of ethics arise because of the specialist
knowledge of the Professional, and how the
use of this knowledge should be governed
when providing a service to the public
 Engineering Ethics
• Example :
• Engineer  possess specialist knowledge and
training
• Client  places trust in the Engineer that the
service provided will be to the client’s best
interest
• Engineer  must not use the specialist
knowledge and training to exploit the Client 
incorporating overly high factor of safety in his
designs
 Scope of Engineering Ethics
Engineering as
Social
Moral Experimentation
Reasoning & The Engineers
Ethical Theories Responsibility for
safety

Engineers and Scope

Managers,
Responsibility to
Consultants and Employees
headers

Global Issues Rights of Engineers

 Code of Ethics
• The code of ethics consists of
principles and canons about the
rules of professional behavior
suitable for all specialties.
• Ethics codes are valuable as general
guides to professional conduct, as
educational tools and as a basic for
court proceedings and formal
support and enforcement
procedures. They are useful in
justifying ethical behavior to
others.
 Code of Ethics
• The code of ethics is designed to instill trust
and confidence the public on the profession.
The public is protected from abuse of
knowledge of the profession for his interest.
• The code of ethics ensures that all
professional advice shall be to the best of his
knowledge, be unbiased, sound and objective.
 Code of Ethics
• The code of ethics also requires that a member shall not
recklessly or maliciously injure the reputation and prospect of
another member. By doing so, the profession can work
together towards the advancement of the profession.
• By name man is greedy and without a proper code of ethics,
he tends to exploit the layman using his special knowledge to
achieve personal interest. The code ensures that whatever
action taken by the profession, it shall be the best of the
client's interest and to the public.
The flyover collapsed in a busy area of Kolkata
India Kolkata flyover collapse: At least 20 dead
31 March 2016
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35933452

The area is surrounded by tall buildings and heavy traffic

Volunteers have used their bare hands to help those trapped under the rubble
• Safety issues such as lack of inspections and the use of substandard materials
have plagued construction projects in the country.
• The accident took place in an area near Girish Park, one of Kolkata's most densely
populated neighbourhoods, with narrow lanes, and shops and houses built close
together.
• The 2km-long (1.2 mile) flyover had been under construction since 2009 and
missed several deadlines for completion.
 Importance of Code of Ethics
• To protect the public from abuse of
knowledge
• As general guides to professional conduct
• Prevent reckless or malicious criticism among
members
• To instill trust and confidence to the public on
the profession
 Code of Professional Conduct
• A set of internally enforced rules or regulations that
members of a Profession must follow
• The main intention is to ensure public safety, prevent
exploitation of the Client, and preserve the integrity
of the Profession
• Code of Professional Conduct  Given in Part IV of
Registration of Engineers Regulations 1990
• Failure to observe infringement of REA
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 23
Conduct of Registered Engineer
Every registered Engineer shall at all times uphold
the dignity, high standing and reputation of his
profession
• Regulation 24
Responsibility to employer, client or profession
A registered Engineer in his responsibility to his
employer, client or the profession shall have full
regard to the public interest
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 25
Discharge of duties
(1) A registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to
his employer or client as the case may be with
complete fidelity
(2) Except with the permission of his employer, a
registered Engineer shall not accept any
remuneration for services rendered other than from
his employer
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 26
Reputation etc. of a registered Engineer not to
be injured
A registered Engineer shall not maliciously
injure or attempt to maliciously injure
whether directly or indirectly, the professional
reputation, prospects or business of another
registered Engineer
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 27
Canvassing and advertising prohibited
A registered Engineer shall not :
(a) canvass or solicit professional employment;
(b) offer to make by way of commission or any other
payment for the introduction of his professional
employment;
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 27(cont)
(c) except as permitted by the Board,
advertise in any manner or form in
connection with his profession; or
(d) provide professional engineering services to any
person, unless the scope of such services are clearly
defined in a written agreement between both parties
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 28
A registered Engineer in an Engineering
Consultancy Practice (ECP) not to practice with
any person whose registration has been
cancelled
A registered Engineer in an Engineering
Consultancy Practice shall not practice
engineering with any person whose
registration has been cancelled
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 29
Restrictions on making payments or placing contracts
A registered Engineer in an ECP shall not be a
medium of payment made on his client’s behalf
unless he is so requested by his client nor shall he, in
connection with work on which he is employed,
placed contracts or orders except with the authority
of and on behalf of his client
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 31
A registered Engineer is not to intervene or to take over the
work of another
A registered Engineer shall not directly or indirectly :
(a) supplant or attempt to supplant another registered
Engineer;
(b) intervene or attempt to intervene in or in connection with
engineering work of any kind which to his knowledge has
already been entrusted to another registered Engineer; or
 Code of Professional Conduct
(c) take over any work of that other registered
Engineer acting for the same client unless he
has :
(i) obtained the consent of that other
registered Engineer; or
(ii) been formally notified by the client
that the services of that other registered
Engineer have been terminated
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 32
Restrictions on being a director, member or
shareholder of contracting and manufacturing
company, etc
(1) Except with the prior approval of Board, a
registered Engineer in an ECP shall not be a director
or executive of or substantial shareholder in or agent
for any contracting or manufacturing company or
firm or business related to building or engineering
 Code of Professional Conduct
(2) If such approval is given, such registered
Engineer shall not undertake any contract
work wherein he is engaged to provide
professional engineering services in such
project unless it is in respect of a “design and
build” project
 Code of Professional Conduct
• Regulation 33
Disclosure of interest
Every registered Engineer while acting in his
professional capacity shall disclose in writing to his
client of the fact if he is a director/ member/
substantial shareholder in or agent for any
contracting/ manufacturing company/ firm/ business
or has any financial interest in any such company/
firm/ business, with which he deals on behalf of his
client
 Guidelines for Code of Professional
Conduct by BEM
• A Registered Engineer shall at all times hold
paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public.
• A Registered Engineer shall undertake
assignments only if he is qualified by education
and experience in the specific technical fields in
which he is involved.
• A Registered Engineer shall issue public
statements only in objective and truthful manner.
 Guidelines for Code of Professional
Conduct by BEM
• A Registered Engineer shall act for each
employer or clients as faithful agent or
trustee.
• A Registered Engineer shall conduct himself
honorably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully
so as to enhance the honor, reputation and
usefulness of the profession.
 Case Example 1
1) Developer AA engages Engr #1 for an industrial
project
2) AA is unhappy with the work of Engr #1 and
discharges him
3) AA then engages Engr #2 to complete the work
4) Engr #1 complains to the Board on the conduct of
Engr #2
5) Has Engr #2 committed an offence under the
Registration on Engineers Act (REA)?
 Case Example 1
• Regulation 31
A registered Engineer is not to intervene or to take over the
work of another
A registered Engineer shall not directly or indirectly :
(a) supplant or attempt to supplant another registered
Engineer;
(b) intervene or attempt to intervene in or in connection with
engineering work of any kind which to his knowledge has
already been entrusted to another registered Engineer; or
 Case Example 1
c) take over any work of that other registered
Engineer acting for the same client unless he
has :
(i) obtained the consent of that other
registered Engineer; or

Circular 1/2006 Consent in writing in a

letter to be known as “Letter of Release”.
 Case Example 2
1) Engineer A is working with Consultant ABC and
he/she is responsible to the Construction of School
Building by Public Work Department (PWD).
2) Consultant ABC is require to choose concrete
supplier which one of them are belongs to Engineer
A.
3) Has Engineer A committed an offence under the
Registration on Engineers Act (REA)?
 Advantages of Code of Ethics
• Set out the ideals and responsibilities of the
profession.
• Protecting both client and professionals.
• Improve the profile of profession.
• Motivate and inspire practitioners, by attempting to
define their reasons.
• Provide guidance on acceptable conduct
• Raise awareness and consciousness issue.
• Improve quality and consistency.
 Disadvantages of Code of Ethics.
• Whether the so-called standards are
obligatory, or are merely an aspiration.
• Whether such a code is desirable or feasible.
• Whether ethical value are universal or cultural
relativistic.
• The difficulty of providing universal guidance
given the heterogeneous nature of the
profession.
PROFESSIONALISM OF ENGINEERING
 Introduction
• At a minimum, a profession is an occupation that
requires advanced training in the liberal arts or
sciences and mental rather than manual work.
• This definition excludes professional athletes, police,
firefighters, politicians, actors, and soldiers.
• But being a professional is more than being in or of a
profession. True professionals are those who pursue
their learned art in a spirit of public service.
 True professionalism
characteristics
• Professional decisions are made by means of general
principles, theories, or propositions that are independent
of the particular case under consideration.
• Professional decisions imply knowledge in a specific area
in which the person is expert. The professional is an
expert only in his or her profession and not an expert at
everything.
• A professional's relations with his or her clients are
objective and independent of particular sentiments
about them.
 True professionalism
characteristics
• A professional achieves status and financial reward
by accomplishment, not by inherent qualities such as
birth order, race, religion, sex, or age or by
membership in a union.
• A professional's decisions are assumed to be on
behalf of the client and to be independent of self-
interest.
 True professionalism
characteristics
• The professional relates to a voluntary association of
professionals and accepts only the authority of those
colleagues as a sanction on his or her own behavior.
• A professional is someone who knows better what is good for
clients than do the clients. The professional's expertise puts
the client into a very vulnerable position. This vulnerability
has necessitated the development of strong professional
codes and ethics, which serve to protect the client. Such
codes are enforced through the colleague peer group.
 Behavior of an Engineer
• Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor
and dignity of the engineering profession by:
– Using their knowledge and skill for the
enhancement of human welfare;
– Being honest and impartial and serving with
fidelity the public, their employers and clients;
– Striving to increase the competence and prestige
of the engineering profession; and
– Supporting the professional and technical
societies of their disciplines.