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ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
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Chapter 2: Electronic Devices and
Transducers
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/index.html
http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/contents.htm
Lesson Outcome
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TOPIC 1: Semiconductors
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/index.html
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Semiconductors
What is Semiconductor?
Conductivity
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Semiconductors
Definition:
Semiconductors are materials whose electrical properties lie
between Conductors and Insulators.
Semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or
compound that can conduct electricity.
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Why Semiconductors?
If you use conductors instead, you will have no control over the
voltage/electrical properties of your power source. We use semiconductors to
limit the properties of your power source to the desired output power. It’s also
used for logical circuits on your computer.
The main reason semiconductor materials are so useful is that the behaviour of
a semiconductor can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities,
known as doping.
Semiconductor conductivity can be controlled by introduction of an electric or
magnetic field, by exposure to light or heat, or by mechanical deformation of a
doped mono-crystalline grid; thus, semiconductors can make excellent
sensors.
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Semiconductors in our Daily Life
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Examples of Semiconductors
Diodes
Transistor
Thyristors
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Semiconductors
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Semiconductors
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Semiconductors
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3D Crystal Lattice Structure
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Doping
14 http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/50.html
Doping
An impurity, or element like
arsenic, has 5 valence
electrons.
Adding arsenic (doping) will
allow four of the arsenic
valence electrons to bond
with the neighboring silicon
atoms.
The one electron left over for
each arsenic atom becomes
available to conduct current
flow. 15
Doping: Different Approach
You can also dope a semiconductor
material with an atom such as boron
that has only 3 valence electrons.
The 3 electrons in the outer orbit do
form covalent bonds with its
neighboring semiconductor atoms
as before. But one electron is
missing from the bond.
This place where a fourth electron
should be is referred to as a hole.
The hole assumes a positive charge
so it can attract electrons from some
other source.
Holes become a type of current
carrier like the electron to support
current flow. 16
Doping Effect
N P
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N
Silicon doped with material missing electrons that produce locations called
holes is called “P type” semiconductor.
“P” is for positive, which is the charge of a hole.
In P-type doping, boron or gallium is the dopant. Boron and gallium each have
only three outer electrons.
When mixed into the silicon lattice, they form "holes" in the lattice where a
silicon electron has nothing to bond to.
The absence of an electron creates the effect of a positive charge, hence the
name P-type. Holes can conduct current.
A hole happily accepts an electron from a neighbor, moving the hole over a
space. P-type silicon is a good conductor.
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END OF TOPIC 1
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Video 1
TOPIC 2: Diodes
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/54.html
Diodes
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Diodes
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Types of Diodes
PN Junction
Diodes: A K
Are used to allow
current to flow in one Schematic Symbol for a PN
Junction Diode
direction while blocking
current flow in the
opposite direction. The P N
pn junction diode is the
typical diode that has Representative Structure for a
PN Junction Diode
been used in the
previous circuits.
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Types of Diodes
Zener Diodes: A K
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Types of Diodes
Schottky Diodes:
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Types of Diodes
Shockley Diodes:
A K
The Shockley diode is a four-layer diode
Schematic Symbol for a four- while other diodes are normally made
layer Shockley Diode
with only two layers. These types of
diodes are generally used to control the
average power delivered to a load.
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Types of Diodes
Photodiodes:
Radio demodulation
The first use for the diode was the demodulation of amplitude
modulated (AM) radio broadcasts. The history of this discovery
is treated in depth in the radio article. In summary, an AM signal
consists of alternating positive and negative peaks of voltage,
whose amplitude or “envelope” is proportional to the original
audio signal. The diode rectifies the AM radio frequency signal,
leaving an audio signal which is the original audio signal, minus
atmospheric noise. The audio is extracted using a simple filter
and fed into an audio amplifier or transducer, which generates
sound waves.
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Application of Diodes
Power conversion
We can construct rectifiers from diodes. They are used to
convert alternating current (AC) electricity into direct
current (DC).
Example : Automotive alternators, where the diode, which
convert AC into DC, provides better performance than the
commutator of earlier dynamo.
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Application of Diodes
Over-voltage protection
Diodes are used to conduct damaging high voltages away from
sensitive electronic devices. They are usually reverse-biased (non-
conducting) under normal circumstances. When the voltage rises, the
diodes become forward-biased (conducting).
For example, diodes are used in motor controller and relay circuits to
de-energize coils rapidly without the damaging voltage spikes that
would otherwise occur. Many integrated circuits also incorporate
diodes on the connection pins to prevent external voltages from
damaging their sensitive transistors. Diodes are used to protect from
over-voltages at higher power.
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Application of Diodes
Logic gates
Diodes can be combined with other components to construct AND and OR
logic gates. This is referred to as diode logic
Temperature measurements
A diode can be used as a temperature measuring device, since the forward
voltage drop across the diode depends on temperature, as in a Silicon
bandgap temperature sensor. From the Shockley ideal diode, it appears the
voltage has a positive temperature coefficient (at a constant current) but
depends on doping concentration and operating temperature. The
temperature coefficient can be negative as in typical thermistors or positive
for temperature sense diodes down to about 20 kelvins. Typically, silicon
diodes have approximately −2 mV/˚C temperature coefficient at room
temperature.
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END OF TOPIC 2
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Video 2
TOPIC 3: Transistors
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Transistors
Ira Flatow
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Transistors
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Transistors’ Evolution
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Transistors’ Evolution
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Types of Transistor
Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect
FET(MOSFET) Transistor
(FET)
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o
o
o
o
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45
o
o
o
o
o
o
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Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Collector
Base
Emitter
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Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
BJT JFET
Collector Drain
Base Gate
Emitter Source
N/A Body
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/66.html 49
Junction Field-Effect Transistor
(JFET)
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Junction Field-Effect Transistor
(JFET)
When the gate is negative ,it repels the When the negative voltage is removed from
electron in the N-channel. So there is no way Gate ,the electrons can flow freely from
for electrons to flow from source to drain. source to drain. So the transistor is on.
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Metal-Oxide Semiconductor FET
(MOSFET)
The device terminals are the drain (D), GATE (G), source (S) and body
(B)
It can be divided into two types: Depletion and Enhancement (D and E-
MOFSET). It differs in terms of the construction of the MOSFET.
The MOSFET operates when a positive gate-to-source voltage is
applied for n channel MOSFET. So the current will flow in this
condition.
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http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/68.html
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor FET
(MOSFET)-D-MOSFET
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Metal-Oxide Semiconductor FET
(MOSFET)-E-MOSFET
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END OF TOPIC 3
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TOPIC 4: Thyristors
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Thyristors
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Thyristors-Construction
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Thyristors-Operation
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TOPIC 5: Triacs
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Triacs
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Triacs-Construction
A TRIAC is approximately
equivalent to two
complementary unilateral
thyristors (one is anode
triggered and another is
cathode triggered) joined in
inverse parallel (paralleled
but with the polarity
reversed) and with their
gates connected together.
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Triacs-Application
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TOPIC 6: Transducer
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Transducers
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Transducers-Application
Example: microphones, loudspeaker
Microphones
Microphones are transducers which detect sound signals and produce
an electrical image of the sound, i.e., they produce a voltage or
a current which is proportional to the sound signal
Loudspeaker
Electrical signal from any source e.g microphones makes loudspeaker a
transducers which detect the electric signal and produce the sound (in
contrast with microphones)
Actuator (e.g. valve)
Receive signal from controller to perform mechanical task
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Conclusion
Semiconductor?
Diode?
Transistors?
Thyristors and triacs?
Transducer?
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