Social Sector

SOCIAL SECTOR
A. Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, participants shall have:
1. gained a deeper appreciation of the importance and core concerns of the social
development sector; and
2. obtained a satisfactory level of knowledge about the various tools and methodologies
for social sector analysis; and

3. acquired some basic skills in using such tools and methodologies in social sector
analysis, planning and development.

B. The Basic Concerns of the Social Sector:
1. analysis and monitoring of the demographic characteristics and behaviour of the

population, and
2. interpreting these in terms of planning implications
This sector has to do with changes in the area or community relative to the following:
1. Social characteristics of the area population

2. Overall quality of life
3. Availability of and access to social services
4. Social justice concerns
“Social characteristics” - This refers to any or all of the following aspects of the area’s
population:
1. Demographic structure (population size, density, growth rate, age – sex structure) –.
a. Ethno – linguistic characteristics (population grouping according to race, tribe

clan, or language)
b. Inheritance system, including tenure on land
c. Religious beliefs and practices
d. Other cultural practices (customs, ceremonies, taboos, prejudices)
e. Individual and group activities in any aspect of life which may result from any of
the other social characteristics or from the personal views of the individuals and
groups concerned.

Quality of life - In measuring the quality of life, the usual practice is to use a composite
set of indicators covering specific sectors or dimensions of welfare which more easily
lend themselves to measurement.
1. Family income, which is normally regarded as an economic indicator is also a welfare

indicator because it determines the ability of the individual or family to procure goods
and services they need.
The poverty line is likewise used as a benchmark for measuring the level of well –
being of a given population, i.e. how many are above, below, or on the line.
Access to social services – It is the concern of the social sector to guarantee access to
social services either:

Social Development Sector Page 1
1. by providing adequate social services or
2. by removing the different types of barriers to access to these facilities and services
a. The physical availability of social services does not automatically mean that the
citizens are well – served, because some social services are not for free.
b. Access, therefore, is often determined by affordability.
c. Also, the need for certain goods and services does not occur uniformly
throughout the lifetime of individuals and certain groups of the population.
Social Justice – The concept of social justice is the underlying principle behind all social
development policies and programs. Applied to local areas and territories, the principle of
social justice requires that the distribution of income, wealth, and command over
society’s resources should be such that:
1. The needs of the population within the territory are adequately met;
2. Inter – territorial multiplier effects are maximized; and
3. Extra resources are allocated to overcome special difficulties stemming from the
physical and social environment.
The Philippine Constitution defines social justice as preferential treatment for the “least
advantaged groups and areas”. Article XIII calls for the “enactment of measures that protect
and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political
inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power…”
(Sec.1). Accordingly, the preferred priority laws and policies that need to be enacted or
formulated are those that:
1. recognize the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and of
enterprises to reasonable returns on investment (Sec. 3);
2. encourage the just distribution of agricultural lands and at the same time respect for
the rights of small landowners (Sec. 4);
3. protect the rights of subsistence fisherfolk, landless farmers, and indigenous people
to preferential use of lands, waters and other natural resources (Sec. 5-7);
4. make available affordable decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and
homeless citizens (Sec. 9);
5. give priority to the health needs of the underprivileged sick, disabled, women, and
children as well as free medical care to paupers (Sec. 11);
6. protect working women (Sec. 14); and
7. respect the right of the people to free and independent association and guarantee
participation of people’s organizations at all levels of decision making (Sec. 15 & 16).
C. General Welfare Goals Relevant to the Social Sector (from Sec. 16, RA 7160)
A. Preservation and enrichment of culture

B. Promotion of health and safety
C. Maintenance of peace and order
D. Examples of data for Social Sector Analysis and Planning as well as the possible
sources are shown in the table below:

Data by Sub-Sector Suggested / Possible Sources of Data
Education 1. Educational institutions DepEd Division Office
2. Name of Schools and Location
3. Type of construction materials / existing
condition
4. Total population by age group To be computed using Sprague Multiplier
5. Enrolment DepEd Division Office
6. Current and past three (3) years enrolment DepEd Division Office
per school, public and private, by level
7. Drop-out rate DepEd Division Office; may be computed
8. Literacy of household population 10 years old National Statistics Office
and over
9. Total number of teachers employed by sex, Individual school, DepEd, CHED, TESDA
per school, per level, public and private
10. Inventory of non-formal programs for LGU, Department of Labor and
manpower training Employment
Housing 1. Average Number of Persons per household National Statistics Office

2. Number of homeless/ informal settlers Social Welfare and Development Office
3. Number of Housing Units
a. Occupied and vacant National Statistics Office, City/municipal
b. By type of building (single, duplex and records
shanties)
c. By type of construction materials of outer
walls and roofs)
d. By condition (state of repair) of building
and year built
e. By floor area and number of occupants
per housing unit
4. Number of households
a. By type of building, tenure status of
housing unit
b. By tenure status of lot
5. Percentage distribution of owner-households

in occupied housing units
a. By mode of acquisition
b. By reported sources of financing
6. Percentage distribution of renter households

in Occupied Housing Units by Monthly rental
7. Inventory of subdivisions City/ municipal records; Housing and Land

a. Open market housing Use Regulatory Board
b. Economic Housing
c. Socialized Housing
8. Average cost of housing (house and lot, if

available)
9. Number of households in occupied housing Municipal records; local water

units system/district; electric cooperative
a. By type of toilet facilities
b. By main source of drinking water
c. By type of fuel used for lighting


Housing 10. Number of housing units City/municipal Engineering Office; DPWH

a. In danger zones
b. Those affected by infrastructure projects
c. Those subject of court order for eviction
11. Blighted/Informal settlements City/ municipal records; PCUP; National

a. Area and location of blighted/ informal Statistics Office; City/municipal records;
settlements
b. Number of families affected
c. Services/assistance received/available
12. State of homelessness City/Municipal Social Welfare and

Development Office
1. Livebirths by sex, by barangay Local Civil Registrar

Health
2. Fertility, mortality and morbidity rates Local Health Office; may also be
computed
3. Number of deaths, by sex, all causes, in a Local Civil Registrar; primary survey
calendar year
4. Number of deaths, less than 1 year of age in a Local Civil Registrar; Local Health Office
calendar year; number of livebirths in the
same year
5. Ten leading causes of mortality and morbidity

(as reflected by the recorded consultations
and hospitalization) over the past three (3)
years
6. Epidemic occurrence during the last three (3) Local Health Office
years
7. Number of malnourished children by sex, Local Health Office; Local Nutrition Office;
degree of malnutrition, by barangay primary survey
8. Number and location of medical/health Local Health Office; primary survey

facilities, by type, areas served, personnel
composition and services offered.
9. Health programs (national government, local LGU; primary survey; interviews

government, non-government / people’s
organizations)
a. Type of programs, frequency of service,
beneficiaries
b. Financial resources
10. Crude death rate Local Health Office; CBMS; may be

computed
11. Maternal/ young/ and infant mortality rate
12. Sanitary toilet facilities LGU; primary survey; CBMS


Social Welfare 1. Existing social welfare organizations/ Local Social Welfare and Development
instrumentalities (public and private) by: Office; primary survey
a. Location
b. Manpower complement
c. Services offered, e.g., family
life education and counselling,
day care services, senior
citizen services, supplemental
feeding, relief/rehabilitation,
etc., including clientele served)
2. Facilities, e.g., day care centers,
3. DSWD Clientele System Local Social Welfare and Development
4. On-going programs and projects Office
5. Number of families in especially difficult
circumstances, e.g.,
a. Those unable to meet basic minimum
needs/ belonging below the poverty
threshold
b. Solo-parent – headed families
c. Those at risk as manifested by threats to
family dissolution due to infidelity of
spouse, working wife, OFW spouse,
violence in the family, etc.
d. Those experiencing crisis such as death,
chronic illness, role reversal, etc.
e. Those unprepared and unable to fulfil their
responsibilities to their members per
Family Code and PD 603;
f. Those who are displaced due to man-
made and natural disasters
6. Location of Communities:
a. Where 50% or more of their population are
unable to meet their basic needs
b. At risk and lacking preparedness for
disaster
c. With unresolved survival, security and Local Social Welfare and Development
enabling needs ( without potable water, Office
without sanitary toilets, without day care
centers, without schools, etc.)
d. Of disadvantaged social, ethnic or religious
groups
e. Prone to conflicts between government
armed forces and organized armed groups
f. Classified as urban poor or informal
settlements
7. Number and location of women who are:

a. Victims of physical abuse/battering
b. Functionally illiterate, lack skills in personal
care, livelihood, etc.


Social Welfare 8. Number and location of children and youth Local Social Welfare and Development
who are: Office
a. Neglected and abandoned
b. Abused (physical, psychological and
sexual)
c. Sexually exploited
d. Street children
e. Working children
f. Victims of drug sale, trafficking and
abduction
g. in situations of armed conflict
h. victims of natural disaster
i. of indigenous cultural communities,
detained parents/mendicants, etc.
j. delinquent/ law offenders
9. Number of persons with disabilities, by type

of disability, by sex, by barangay
10. Number of elderly, by sex, by barangay
11. Indigenous peoples in especially difficult

circumstances
Sports and 1. Number, type, area and location of existing LGU, DepEd, Private institutions, Primary
Recreation sports and recreation facilities survey
a. Active recreation areas (areas for hiking,
tennis, basketball, swimming, fencing,
golf, horseback riding, jogging, etc.)
b. City/municipal parks
c. Coliseum/ sports center/ sports complex/
sports field
d. Gymnasium/ stadium
e. Neighbourhood park/ playground/play
lots
f. Passive recreation areas (areas for
strolling, picnicking, playing chess,
movies, etc.)
2. Listing of existing and potential open space for LGU, HLURB, primary survey
sports and recreation
Public Order 1. Total number of policemen/firemen, barangay DILG, PNP, BFP, LGU, Barangay
and Safety brigades Operations Center
DILG, PNP, BFP, LGU
2. Existing number of police and fire facilities,
e.g., fire trucks, police patrol car,
communications equipment, etc.
3. Number and location of existing police

headquarters/fire departments, prison camp,
etc.
LGU, Primary survey
4. Number and location of existing security and
detective agencies
5. Total number of private security

agencies/force



DILG, PNP, BFP, LGU
6. Crime rate / fire incidence for the past three
(3) years
7. Number of criminal complaints filed,

investigated and resolved
8. Other facilities for emergency, warning and

rehabilitation purposes
E. Social Sector Sub-sectors:
1. Health
Legal Basis
Art. XII, Sec. 11, Philippine Constitution:
The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health

development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social
services available to all the people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the
needs of the underprivileged sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State
shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.
Section 16, RA 7160
Every local government unit shall exercise the powers expressly granted, those
necessarily implied therefrom, as well as powers necessary, appropriate or incidental
for its efficient and effective governance and those which are essential to the
promotion of general welfare. Within their respective territorial jurisdiction, LGUs
shall ensure, support, among other things the promotion of health and safety of its
inhabitants.
Sec. 17, RA 7160
LGUs shall likewise exercise such other powers & discharge such other functions &
responsibilities as are necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficient and effective
provision of the basic services and facilities enumerated herein...
Barangay
• Health and social welfare services which include maintenance of barangay health
center ...
Municipality
• “... Clinics, health centers and other health facilities necessary to carry out health
services
For the Province

• “... Health services, which include hospitals and other tertiary health services
For the City

• All the services and facilities of the municipality and province...

2. Sports and Recreation
Legal Basis
Art. XIV, Sec. 19, Philippine Constitution
“The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to
foster self-discipline, teamwork and excellence for the development of a healthy and
alert citizenry...”
Sec. 17, RA 7160
“... Local government units shall likewise exercise such other powers and discharge
such other functions & responsibilities as are necessary, appropriate, or incidental to
efficient and effective provisions of the basic services and facilities enumerated
herein...”
For a Barangay:
• Infrastructure facilities such as multi-purpose hall, multi-purpose pavement, plaza,

sports center & other similar facilities
• Information and reading center
For the municipality:
• ... Cultural centers, public parks including freedom parks, playgrounds & sports
facilities and equipment & other similar facilities.
For the province:
• Freedom parks, public assembly areas & other similar facilities
For the city: All services and facilities of the municipality and province ...
Definition of terms
1. Recreation – the refreshment of the body and/or mind during one’s leisure hours.
2. Sports – an occupation that constitutes a diversion; a form of recreation with
formal arrangements/ agreement for completion. .
3. Passive Recreation Area – refers to refers a mix of uses in a neighborhood
park, undeveloped land or minimally improved lands which includes the following:
landscaped area, natural area, ornamental garden, non-landscaped greenspace,
stairway, decorative fountain, picnic area, water body, or trail without recreational
staffing.
4. Active Recreation Area – a mix of uses in a neighborhood park that includes the
following facilities or facility types: athletic fields, building or structures for
recreational activities, concession, community garden, courses or courts,
children's play area, dog play area, or a bike path. Activities include hiking,
tennis, basketball, swimming, fencing, golf, jogging, etc.
5. Sports Field – any open area distinctly devoted to sports activity, e.g., an open-
air track and field, an outdoor grandstand; usually provided with appropriate
lighting facilities.
6. Stadium – a track oval the center of which may be used for baseball, softball, or
soccer; must have a complementary grandstand and spectator’s gallery.

7. Sports Center – contains the basic features of a stadium; has a swimming pool
or auditorium and other facilities for outdoor sports; must have a small multi-
purpose gym, but no or minimal space for spectators.
8. Sports Complex – contains the basic features of a sports center; have a
gymnasium with ample space for spectator’s gallery; must also have housing and
training facilities for athletes, such as dormitory, cafeteria, classrooms and
administrative offices. All these facilities must be located in one area, adjacent to
one another.
9. Coliseum – a multi-purpose court surrounded by a big spectator’s gallery all
roofed over. The court may be used for basketball, indoor tennis, boxing, as well
as non-sporting activities.
10. Gymnasium – generally smaller than a coliseum. It serves the athletic needs of
most educational institutions; primarily used for physical education activities as
well as for public assembly. It may have a minimal spectator’s gallery or none at
hall.
11. Playlot – a safe recreation and play areas designed for pre-school children;
usually located in densely populated areas with a high concentration of pre-
school age population and with a service radius of 0.25 km. from every home and
community; commonly located on playground sites.
12. Neigborhood Park – area primarily made for passive recreation; usually with
open lawn areas and walks. Sculptural forms and pools are considered as
ornaments. Its size is normally about 1.2 hectares.
13. Neigborhood Playground – area designed to serve children under 14 years old;
may have additional interesting features to attract teenagers and adults.
14. City/ Municipal Parks – areas developed for both active and passive recreation.
Its facilities include picnic areas, gardens, areas for active games & possibly
other amenities such as boating facilities, swimming facilities
15. Open Space – means an area reserved exclusively for parks, playgrounds,
recreational uses and other similar facilities and amenities. It can be best defined
according to its functions, i.e., as areas for recreation; preservation/conservation
and as tools to enhance and control urban growth.
16. Parks and Playgrounds – a type of center piece open space which may range
from neighborhood to city/municipal park; cater to the recreational needs of the
residents of the community; a portion of a subdivision which is generally not built
on and intended for passive or active recreation.
Outdoor Recreation in Protected Areas
1. Outdoor Recreation, with or without tourism is the most readily available type of
use for a protected area.
2. The best incentive for the community to participate in the protection of the
resource is to identify and develop its beneficial use and open up opportunities
for income generation.
Classification of Recreation Resources
1. High density recreational areas – intensively developed and managed for mass
use.
2. General outdoor recreational areas – subject to substantial development for a
wide variety of specific recreation uses.
3. Natural environment areas – various types of areas that are suitable for
recreation in a natural environment and usually in combination with other uses.
4. Unique natural areas – areas of outstanding scenic splendor, natural wonder or
scientific importance.
5. Primitive areas – undisturbed roadless tracks, characterized by natural wonder or
6. Historic and cultural sites – sites of major historic or cultural significance, either
local or regional, or national.

7. Natural environment areas – various types of areas that are suitable for
recreation in a natural environment and usually in combination with other uses.
8. Unique natural areas – areas of outstanding scenic splendor, natural wonder or
Classification according to the users in terms of the following:
1. Time they use the resource (day, week-end, long vacation)
a. User-oriented recreation resources:

i. as close to the home of the users as possible;
ii. activities are the most important feature;
iii. great deal of alteration is acceptable & often necessary to protect the area
against the damaging effects of heavy use
iv. Use is most intensive after school/office hours & during weekends.
Examples: golf, tennis, swimming, horseback riding
b. Intermediate-type recreation resources

i. available to the city dwellers for use on day outings or weekends
ii. generally larger than the 1st category
iii. Common activities
Camping
Hiking
Picnicking
Hunting
Fishing
2. Physical and ecological characteristics of the resource
a. Resource-based recreational areas

i. Environment is all important in these areas, so human impact must be
minimized except in limited areas.
ii. Areas where outstanding resources are found, independently of the
distribution of the population.
iii. Common use periods are long vacations
iv. Activities depend upon the resources offered
Camping
Hiking
Picnicking
Hunting
Fishing
F. Application of the Formula and Methodologies for Some Indicators Relative to the
Social Sector
1. Education
a. Total School-going age population – Since the age groupings of the National
Statistics Office (e.g., 5 – 9, 10 – 14, 15 – 19, 20 – 24) do not match the brackets
for school-age population (e.g., 6 – 10 for primary; 11 – 12, intermediate; 13 – 16,
secondary or high school; and 17 – 21 for tertiary or collegiate level), the latter
can be determined by utilizing the Sprague Multiplier. This method disaggregates
an age bracket.

The Sprague Multipliers are shown in the table below.
Age 0-4 Age 5-9 Age 10-14 Age 15-19

Age 0 0.3616 -0.2768 0.1488 -0.0336
Age 1 0.2640 -0.0960 0.0400 -0.0080
Age 2 0.1840 0.0400 -0.0320 0.0080
Age 3 0.1200 0.1360 -0.0720 0.0160
Age 4 0.0704 0.1968 -0.0848 0.0176
Age 0-4 Age 5-9 Age 10-14 Age 15-19

Age 5 0.0336 0.2272 -0.0752 0.0144
Age 6 0.0080 0.2320 -0.0480 0.0080
Age 7 -0.0080 0.2160 -0.0080 0.0000
Age 8 -0.0160 0.1840 0.0400 -0.0080
Age 9 -0.0176 0.1408 0.0912 -0.0144
Age 0-4 Age 5-9 Age 10-14 Age 15-19 Age 20-24
Age 10 -0.0128 0.0848 0.1504 -0.0240 0.0016
Age 11 -0.0016 0.0144 0.2224 -0.0416 0.0064
Age 12 0.0064 -0.0336 0.2544 -0.0336 0.0064
Age 13 0.0064 -0.0416 0.2224 0.0144 -0.0016
Age 14 0.0016 -0.0240 0.1504 0.0848 -0.0128
Age 15 -0.0128 0.0848 0.1504 -0.0240 0.0016
Age 16 -0.0016 0.0144 0.2224 -0.0416 0.0064
Age 17 0.0064 -0.0336 0.2544 -0.0336 0.0064
Age 18 0.0064 -0.0416 0.2224 0.0144 -0.0016
Age 19 0.0016 -0.0240 0.1504 0.0848 -0.0128
Age 20 -0.0128 0.0848 0.1504 -0.0240 0.0016
Age 21 -0.0016 0.0144 0.2224 -0.0416 0.0064
Age 22 0.0064 -0.0336 0.2544 -0.0336 0.0064
Age 23 0.0064 -0.0416 0.2224 0.0144 -0.0016
Age 24 0.0016 -0.0240 0.1504 0.0848 -0.0128
and so on …
… … … until
the age group
60-64.
Age 55-59 Age 60-64 Age 65-69 Age 70-74
Age 65 -0.0144 0.0912 0.1408 -0.0176
Age 66 -0.0080 0.0400 0.1840 -0.0160
Age 67 0.0000 -0.0080 0.2160 -0.0080
Age 68 0.0080 -0.0480 0.2320 0.0080
Age 69 0.0144 -0.0752 0.2272 0.0336
Age 55-59 Age 60-64 Age 65-69 Age 70-74

Age 70 0.0176 -0.0848 0.1968 0.0704
Age 71 0.0160 -0.0720 0.1360 0.1200
Age 72 0.0080 -0.0320 0.0400 0.1840
Age 73 -0.0080 0.0400 -0.0960 0.2640
Age 74 -0.0336 0.1488 -0.2768 0.3616

To compute for the primary school-going (6 – 10 years old) based on the
given population by age bracket shown in the table below, follow the steps
listed beneath the table:
AGE BRACKET POPULATION (BOTH SEXES)

0–4 2,926
5–9 3,438
10 - 14 3,198
15 - 19 2,856
20 – 24 2,580
25 - 29 1,871
30 - 34 1,599
a) First compute for the single age population of 6 – 10 years old, i.e., 6
years old, 7 years old, 8 years old, 9 years old and 10 years old, following
the steps below:
i. To get the number of the 6-year old population:
Multiply the given population 0 - 4 with the multiplier across Age 6

under 0 – 4 column of the Sprague Multiplier Table.
2,926 x 0.0080 = 23.408
Then, multiply the given population 5 – 9 with the multiplier across

Age 6 under the 5- 9 column of the Sprague Multiplier Table.
3,438 x 0.2320 = 797.616
Then, multiply the given population 10 – 14 with the multiplier

across Age 6 under the 10 – 14 column of the Sprague Multiplier
Table.
3,198 x -0.0480 = -153.504

Table.
2,856 x 0.0080 = 22.848
Then add all the products of the computations above.
23.408
+ 797.616
+ -153.504
+ 22.848
690.368 or 690 = Total number of 6-year old children
ii. To get the number of the 7-year old population:
Multiply the given population 0 - 4 with the multiplier across Age 7

under 0 – 4 column of the Sprague Multiplier Table.

2,926 x -0.0080 = -23.408
Then, multiply the given population 5 – 9 with the multiplier across

Age 7 under the 5- 9 column of the Sprague Multiplier Table.
3,438 x 0.2160 = 742.608

Table.
3,198 x -0.0080 = -25.584

Table.
2,856 x 0.0000 = 0
Then add all the products of the computations above.
-23.408
+ 742.608
+ -25.584
+ 0
693.616 or 694 = Total number of 7-year old children
To get the single-age population of 8-, 9-, and 10- year old children, as well
as single-age population of those in the intermediate level (11- 12 years old),
secondary (13 – 16 years old), and tertiary (17 – 21 years old) follow the
same steps shown above, carefully noting the multipliers across the specific
single age being computed.
Another method of disaggregating the NSO age group by total population per
educational level is through the interpolation technique. This technique
assumes that each of the age brackets contributes equally to the total
population of a specific age bracket.
This is illustrated in the example below:
AGE BRACKET POPULATION (BOTH SEXES)

All ages 58,274
5–9 8,359
10 – 14 7,399
15 – 19 6,751
19 - 24 6,254
(a) To obtain the primary school-going age population(6 – 10 years old):
(i) Get 4/5 of age group 5- 9 years old and multiply by the total
population of age group 5 – 9 years
4/5 X 8,359 = 6,687

(ii) Get 1/5 of age group 10 – 14 and multiply by the total population of
age group 10 – 14 years
1/5 X 7,399 = 1,480
(iii) Add the results of (i) and (ii).
6,687 + 1,480 = 8,167
(iv) The sum of 8, 167 is the primary school-going age population (6 – 10

years old)
(b) To obtain the school-going population for the intermediate level ( 11 – 12

years old):
(i) Get 2/5 of the age group 10 – 14 years old and multiply by the total
population of the same age group.
2/5 X 7,399 = 2,960
(ii) The product, i.e., 2,960 is the total population for the intermediate
level.
(c) To arrive at the school-going population for the secondary level:
(i) Get 2/5 of age group 10 – 14 and multiply by the total population of
the same age group
2/5 X 7,399 = 2,960
the same age group.
2/5 X 6,751 = 2,700
2,960 + 2,700 = 5,660
(iv) The sum is the total population for secondary level age group (13 – 16
years old)
(d) To get the school-going age population for the tertiary level:
(i) Get 3/5 of age group 15 – 19 and multiply by the total population of
the same age group.
3/5 X 6,751 = 4,051
the same age group.
2/5 X 6,254 = 2,502
4,051 + 2,502 = 6,553

(iv) The sum is the total population for the tertiary level (age group 17 –
21)
i. Enrolment Participation Ratio (EPR) refers to the ratio between the enrolment
in the school-age range to the total population of that age range. The
enrolment participation ratio is arrived at using the following formula:
Number of enrolees by school level

EPR = ______________________________________ X 100
School-going age population of Age level
Example:
School-going age population in the primary level (6 – 10 years old) = 8,167

Number of enrolees in the primary level = 1,240
1,240
EPR = ________ X 100
8,167
= 15.18%
This means that for every 100 children aged 6 – 10 years, only 15 are
enrolled. The remaining 85 do not go to school or are enrolled in schools
located outside the boundary of the municipality or city.
ii. Drop – out rate (DOR) is the proportion of pupils/students who leave school
during the year as well as those who complete the grade/year level but fail to
enrol in the next grade/year level the following school year to the total number
of pupils/students enrolled during the previous school year.
Number of pupils who left school during the school year or number of
pupils who completed the grade/year level but fail to enrol in the next
grade/ year level
DOR = ____________________________________________________________ X 100
Total number of children enrolled during the school year
iii. Student - teacher ratio is obtained by dividing the total number of enrolees by
the total number of teachers involved in teaching academic courses.
Example:
Number of pupils in the primary level = 1,250
Number of primary school teachers = 25
Number of pupils in the primary level

Student – Teacher Ratio = _________________________________
Number of primary school teachers
= 1,250
25
= 50: 1
The result shows that there is one primary school teacher for every 50
pupils in the primary level.

iv. Student - Classroom Ratio is computed by dividing the total number of
students by the total number of classrooms.
Number of students
Classroom - Student Ratio = _________________________________
Number of classrooms
= 1,240
30
= 41: 1
v. Determining additional classroom requirement – The current classroom

requirement may be computed using the following formula:
Example:
Current enrolment = 1,400

Standard classroom-student ratio = 1:50
Current number of classrooms in
good condition = 25
Number of dilapidated classrooms = 1
vi. Determining additional teacher requirement – The current teacher

requirement can be determined by using the following formula:
Current teacher requirement = Current enrolment X - Current number of

Teacher – Student ratio teachers
The DepEd standard on teacher - student ratio is shown in the table

below:
Level Ratio (Teacher per Student)
Kindergarten 1:30
Elementary
• Public 1:50
• Private 1:52
Secondary 1:50
Tertiary 1:50

Example:
Current primary school enrolment = 1,400

Standard teacher-student ratio = 1:52
Current number of teachers = 25
vii. Projecting Enrolment – In projecting enrolment, use the enrolment projections

prepared by DepEd.
2. Housing
a. Estimating current housing demand – total current housing demand may be

computed based on the following formula:
Unacceptable housing units may be assumed as a certain percentage of housing

units made of mixed materials. Or it could be determined by actual survey.
For example:
Given:
Number of households = 8,333
Total number of families = 8,500
Total number of housing units = 8,200
Housing made of mixed and light materials = 500 units
Barong- barong = 200 units
Current Housing Demand = (8,333 – 8,200) + (8,500 – 8, 333) + (500 X 0.05) + 200
= 133 + 167 + 25 + 200
= 525 housing units
b. Determining the number of new units to cover the housing backlog –This is derived by
adding up the requirements for doubled-up households, displaced units and homeless
households.

• Doubled up households exist when one dwelling unit is shared by two or
more households. This is mathematically expressed as follows:
DHHT = HHT – DUT
Where:
DHHT = Doubled up Household in time t
HHT = Total number of household in time t
DUT = Total dwelling units in time t
For example:
DUT = 156,540
HHT = 159,976
DHHT = 3,436
The household - dwelling unit ratio is 1.02. This means that about 2% of
households are sharing a unit with another household.

• Displaced units (Relocation needs) – To determine the number of
displaced units, simply total the number of housing units in danger
zones or uninhabitable areas, those affected by major government
infrastructure projects, and those which are subject of a court order for
eviction or demolition. An estimate of displacement due to natural
disasters can also be added to the total.
For example:
Housing units in danger zones (HUDZ) = 150

Housing units in uninhabitable areas (HUUA) = 25
Housing units affected by infrastructure projects (HUIP) = 75
Housing units subject for demolition (HUSD) = 20
Displaced Units (DU) = HUDZ + HUUA + HUIP + HUSD = 150 + 25 + 75 + + 20
= 270 housing units
• Homeless –
o If it is assumed that homeless population consist mainly of

families, divide the number of homeless persons by the average
household size. This will result in the number of homeless
households.
o If the homeless population consists of distinct individuals, each of

these individuals is considered as a separate household.
Therefore, the number of homeless persons equals the number of
homeless households. This, however, may be addressed by
improved institutional care.
To compute for homeless households and total needs of
homeless, the following formula may be used:
Total homeless Homeless

population (HP) - individuals (HI)*
Homeless ______________________________ + Homeless
Households (HH) = individuals
Average household size
* Not member of any household

For example:
No. of Homeless based on actual survey = 300 persons

No. of Homeless who are not part of any HH = 28 persons
Average household size = 5 persons

300 persons - 28 persons
Homeless ______________________________ + 28
Households (HH) =
5
= 272
__________ + 28
5
= 54 + 28
= 82

c. New number of the housing units needed to meet the requirements of the projected
number of population – Future housing needs can be estimated for projected years by
adopting the following formula:
Future housing demand = X ert

Where:
X = No. of housing units at latest census
e = 2.71828 (constant)
r = rate of increase of housing units between two (2) censal years
t = time interval between latest housing censal year and projected
planning years
Example:
Given:
No. of housing units in 1995 = 16,482
No. of housing units in 1990 = 8,200
t = 5
HU 1995
In ________
r= HU 1990
_____________
t
16,482
In ________
r= 8,200
_____________
5
0.698
r= ________
5
r= 0.1396 or 13.96%
t= 1998 (projected year) – 1995 (census year)
t= 3 years

Therefore:
Future housing demand (1998) = Xert
= 16,482 X 2.71828 (0.1396) (3)

= 16,482 X 2.71828 (0.4188)
= 16,482 X 1.52
= 25,055 housing units
d. Determining upgrading need – This can be best determined through actual

survey. To avoid double counting, displaced units must be excluded because
these are included in the calculation of new housing units needed due to
relocation needs.
Upgrading need may take the form of one or a combination of the following:
a) Improving land tenure status, e.g., from provision of minimum security of

tenure as in a written contract to awarding a title of land – Land requirements
will be estimated on the basis of present design standards and number of
different housing options. The total area of land needed has to be determined
and matched with available and suitable land for housing development.
b) access to basic services, e.g., dirt road to macadam road;
c) house condition, e.g., from semi – permanent to permanent structure
The LGU has to determine the criteria to be used for upgrading.
3. Health
a. General Health Indicators
i. Fertility
• Crude birth rate
• Total fertility rate
ii. Mortality
• Crude death rate
• Infant mortality rate
• Young child mortality rate
• Maternal mortality rate
iii. Morbidity
• General Medical Consultation Rate
• Hospitalization Rate
Crude birth rate (CBR) is often expressed as the number of livebirths per
1,000 population in a given year. It may be computed using the formula
below:
Number of livebirths
CBR = __________________ X 1,000
Total population
For example:
Given:
No. of livebirths (1995) = 22,000
Total population (1995) = 600,000

22,000
CBR = __________________ X 1,000
600,000
= 37
The result shows that the estimated number of livebirths per 1,000 population
in 1995 was 37.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) refers to the number of livebirths per 1,000 female
population in child-bearing ages 15 – 44 years. It may be computed using the
formula below:
No. of livebirths
TFR = __________________ X 1,000
Female population in child-bearing age,
15 – 44 years old
For example:
Given:
Number of livebirths = 22,000
Female population 15-44 years old = 250,000
22,000
TFR = __________________ X 1,000
250,000
= 88
The result means that there were 88 livebirths for every 1,000 females in
child-bearing age.
Crude death rate (CDR), Infant mortality rate (IMR), and maternal mortality
ratio - The Resource Person reminds the participants that this has already
been taken up during the previous session.
Morbidity – Morbidity rate is used to determine the health risks in the area.
The Philippine Health Development Plan use the following assumptions in
computing for morbidity:
42% of the population will get sick
• 80% of the 42% usually go to government hospitals

• 20% of the 42% usually go to private hospitals
• 10%of the 80% who go to government hospitals will be confined
(hospitalized)
o 50% of the 10% will go to primary hospitals
o 30% of the 10% will go to secondary hospitals
o 20% of the 10% will go to tertiary hospitals
The assumptions above are illustrated below:
Total population = 600,000

• 600,000 x 42% = 252,000 will get sick
• 252,000 x 80% = 201,600 sick people will go to government hospitals
• 252,000 x 20% = 50,400 sick people will go to private hospitals

• 201,600 x 10 = 20,160 will be confined/hospitalized
• 20,160 x 50% = 10,080 will go to primary hospitals
• 20,160 x 30% = 60,480 will go to secondary hospitals
• 201,600 x 2% = 40, 320 will go to tertiary hospitals
Malnutrition rate refers to proportion of malnourished children aged 0 – 14

years old to the total population in the 0 – 14 bracket.
Manpower requirements for health services correlate with the adequacy and
inadequacy of health service rendered based on health status.

a) For out – patient care – This may be computed as follows:
No. of man-hours required for out-patients

No. of manpower = ______________________________________
Available professional time in hours
(No. of cases) x (Frequency of visit) x duration in minutes

Man-hour required for ____________________________________________________
out-patient =
60 minutes per hour
Professional time = (272 days) x ( No. of available professional time)
Where professional time available for:
• Municipal/ City Health Officer = 4 hours for direct patient care and
4 hours for administrative / auxiliary time
• Public Health Nurse = 5 hours for direct patient care and

3 hours for administrative/ auxiliary time
• Rural Health Midwife = 6 hours for direct patient care and

• Rural Sanitary Inspector = 6 hours for direct patient care and

• Vaccinator = 7 hours for direct patient care and 1 hour

For administrative / auxiliary time
• Dentist = 5 hours for direct patient care and

3 hours for administrative /auxiliary time
• Assumed frequency of clinic

Consultation = 2.88 times
• Duration of each visit or

consultation = < / > 15 minutes depending on type
of illness/ disease
Sample computation for determining manpower requirements for out-

patient care is shown hereunder:
Given:
Cases of gastroenteritis = 100,000
Frequency of consultation by patient = 2 times
Physician’s time (duration in minutes) = 15 minutes
Physician’s productive time = 4 hours

Working days in one year = 272 days
Therefore:
(No. of cases) x (Frequency of visit) x duration in minutes

Man-hour required for ____________________________________________________
out-patient =
60 minutes per hour
= 100,000 x 2 x 15
____________________
60
= 50,000 man-hours required for out-patient
Professional time = (workings days /year) x ( Physician’s productive time)
= 272 x 4
= 1,088 hours
No. of man-hours required for out-patients

No. of manpower = ______________________________________
Available professional time in hours
= 50,000
_______
1,088
= 46 Municipal Health Officers
For Rural Health Units (RHU) – The required manpower is computed based
on the staffing pattern required by law. The standards in RHU personnel
population are as follows:
• One (1) Municipal Health Officer per 20,000 population

• One (1) Public Health Nurse per 20,000 population
• One (1) Rural Sanitary Inspector per 20,000 population
• One (1) Rural Health Midwife per 5,000 population
Hospital bed requirements may be computed using two methods: the

expected patient – load approach and the normative approach.
• The expected patient – load approach converts the required bed days
based on the assumption that patients suffering from acute communicable
diseases would need an average of seven (7) days of confinement or
hospitalization; while those with chronic degenerative diseases would
need an average of fifteen days of confinement. The required bed-days
are converted into bed requirements.
• The normative approach uses the bed population ratio of 1:2,000 to

determine the total bed requirements.

The available beds of existing hospitals are then subtracted from the
required number of beds to get the number of additional beds needed.
The suggested bed requirements by type of facility are as follows:
• Municipal Hospital = 6 – 24 beds

• Provincial Hospital = 100 – 199 beds
• Regional Hospital = 200 – 299 beds
• Medical Centers = minimum of 300 beds
Hospital Bed-Population Ratio refers to the ratio of hospital beds to the

population, usually expressed as the number of available hospital beds for
every 1,000 population.
No. of hospital beds available

Hospital bed – population ratio = ____________________________ X 1,000
Total population
Hospital Bed Occupancy Rate refers to the number of in-patient hospital beds
occupied divided by the average number of hospital beds, expressed in
percent.
No. of in-patient hospital beds

occupied
Hospital bed occupancy rate = ____________________________ X 100
Average number of hospital beds
4. Social Welfare
a. The projected social welfare clientele may be determined using the participation
rate method:
For example:
Projected Population below poverty line = 154,000
Current clientele based on Actual LSWDO Survey = 1,500
Current population below poverty line = 13,030
Current clientele
Projected clientele = Population below poverty line x _______________________
Current population below
poverty line
= 15,500 x 1,500
___________
13,030
= 15,400 x 0.115
= 1,773
b. Requirements for day care centers – day care service is the provision of
supplemental parental care to children 0 – 6 years old who may be neglected,
abused, exploited or abandoned during part of the day when parents cannot
attend to their needs. According to the Department of Social Welfare and
Development, the requirements for the establishment of day care centers in a
community are as follows:

a) 1 day care center for every 500 families where
• majority of parents are both working
• parents are emotionally unprepared
b) There is no form of socialization (no social activities)

c) Plenty of street children aged 3 to 6 years old
d) Willingness of the community to put up a day care center
5. Public Order and Safety
a. To compute the ratio of police force to the total population, the following formula
can be used:
Police force - population ratio = Size of police force

Total population
According to the Philippine National Police the manning levels of the police force
in the country shall be within the following standards:
• ideal police-to-population ratio is 1:500 persons;

• minimum standard police-to-population ratio is 1:1,000 persons
The actual strength, however, shall depend on the peace and order situation,
population density and actual demand of police services in a given locality.
Generally, urban areas have higher minimum police-to-population ratio.
In computing for the total population demand for policemen, the following formula
can be used:
Given:
Population = 600,000
Minimum standard police-population ration = 1:1,000
Total population demand for

policemen = Population x standard ratio
1
= 600,000 x _______
1,000
= 600 policemen
The above procedure can be used to compute for the population demand
for firemen.
To compute for the current police force requirement, simply subtract the actual
size of the police force or firemen from the total population demand for policemen
or firemen.
For example:
Current police requirement = Total demand for policemen / firemen –

Actual number of policemen/ firemen

Given:
Actual number of policemen/ firemen = 20
Total demand for policemen/ firemen = 120
Therefore:
Current police requirement = 120 – 20
= 100 policemen/ firemen
To determine the projected police force requirements, use the following formula:
Projected police force = Projected population x Standard Police

force-to-population ratio
For example:
Given:
Projected population for 1998 = 65,000
Projected population for 2000 = 70,000
Police force-to-population ratio = 1:500
Therefore:
1
Projected police force for 1998 = 65,000 x _______
500
= 130 policemen
1
Projected police force for 2000 = 70,000 x _______
500
= 140 policemen
f. Sports and Recreation
i. Examine the following:
• Number and type of recreation facilities available

• Locational distribution & area occupied by each type of facility
• Kind of recreational activity most liked by the residents
• Ownership
• Condition or status
ii. Assess the adequacy or inadequacy of the facilities available versus

standards
SPACE IDEAL SIZE OF

TYPE OF ACTIVITY REQUIREMENT SPACE (in has.) POSSIBLE LOCATION
ACTIVE RECREATION
1. Children’s Play 0.2 has./1,000 pop’n. 0.4 Playground,

area neighborhood/community parks,

2. Field play areas 0.6 has./1,000 pop’n. 1.2 school grounds
for young
children
3. Older - adult 0.6 has./1,000 pop’n. 6.1 Playfield/community parks
PASSIVE RECREATION
1. Picnicking 1.6 has./1,000 pop’n. variable All parks
2. Passive water One lake or variable Community parks/ special

sports lagoon/25,000 pop’n. regional reservation
3. Zoos 0.4 has./1,000 pop’n. 40 – 50 has. Special facilities
FIELD SPORTS
1. Tennis/ outdoor 4 has/1,000 pop’n. 0.80 ha. Playfield/ community park

basketball & other
courts
2. Swimming 1 outdoor pool/ 2,500 Competition size/
population wading pool
Department of Education Standards:
a. Minimum of 500 sqm./1,000 pop’n. for city or municipal park

b. Minimum of 0.50 ha./1,000 pop’n. For playfield/athletic field
Allocation of Space for Athletic Fields (Handbook on Educational Facilities, 1993)
1. Standard oval track with a distance of 400 meters

2. Baseball diamond with sides measuring 27.4 meters long
3. Softball diamond with sides measuring 18.2 meters long
4. Soccer football field measuring 90 – 120 meters long and 45 – 90 meters wide
5. Basketball court which should be flat, hard, not grass surface measuring 26 x 14 meters
6. Volleyball court measuring 18 meters long and 9 meters wide
7. Lawn tennis court, for singles measuring 23.77 meters long and 8.23 meters wide; for
doubles10.97 meters wide.
8. Perimeter space for the construction of a grandstand or bleachers.
a. Conduct an inventory of existing & potential open spaces and recreation areas and
assess them on the basis of the following:
i. Natural and physical features

ii. Potential of physical features
1) How can the natural resource function to provide a healthful area of clear
water and air, healthy vegetation and needed wildlife?
2) How can they promote the economic development of the community
3) How can the LGU meet the growing need for a variety of recreation needs?

4) Potential areas for wholesome and healthful recreational development, e.g.,
scenic views, unique physical features, games and wildlife, schools/colleges
with extra space for sports, etc.
iii. Assess whether existing facilities meet the needs of the various socioeconomic
and population age group
Facilities could be any of the following:
1) SPORTS FACILITIES
a) Gymnasium/ stadium
b) Golf links
c) Basketball/ volleyball courts
d) Badminton courts
e) Tennis courts
f) Swimming pool
g) Others, e.g., track and field, soccer field, archery, driving range, etc.
2) RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
a) Parks & playgrounds

b) Movie houses/amphitheatres
c) Public library/ reading centers
d) Others, e.g., bowling alleys, botanical gardens, cockpits, billiard halls,
amusement center


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SOCIAL SECTOR

By the end of this session, participants shall have:

1. analysis and monitoring of the demographic characteristics and behaviour of the

1. Social characteristics of the area population

a. Ethno – linguistic characteristics (population grouping according to race, tribe

1. Family income, which is normally regarded as an economic indicator is also a welfare

6. protect working women (Sec. 14); and

A. Preservation and enrichment of culture

Housing 1. Average Number of Persons per household National Statistics Office

5. Percentage distribution of owner-households

6. Percentage distribution of renter households

7. Inventory of subdivisions City/ municipal records; Housing and Land

8. Average cost of housing (house and lot, if

9. Number of households in occupied housing Municipal records; local water

Data by Sub-Sector Suggested / Possible Sources of Data

Housing 10. Number of housing units City/municipal Engineering Office; DPWH

11. Blighted/Informal settlements City/ municipal records; PCUP; National

12. State of homelessness City/Municipal Social Welfare and

1. Livebirths by sex, by barangay Local Civil Registrar

5. Ten leading causes of mortality and morbidity

8. Number and location of medical/health Local Health Office; primary survey

9. Health programs (national government, local LGU; primary survey; interviews

10. Crude death rate Local Health Office; CBMS; may be

12. Sanitary toilet facilities LGU; primary survey; CBMS

Data by Sub-Sector Suggested / Possible Sources of Data

7. Number and location of women who are:

Data by Sub-Sector Suggested / Possible Sources of Data

9. Number of persons with disabilities, by type

10. Number of elderly, by sex, by barangay

11. Indigenous peoples in especially difficult

3. Number and location of existing police

5. Total number of private security

Data by Sub-Sector Suggested / Possible Sources of Data

7. Number of criminal complaints filed,

8. Other facilities for emergency, warning and

E. Social Sector Sub-sectors:

Art. XII, Sec. 11, Philippine Constitution:

The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health

Sec. 17, RA 7160

For the Province

For the City

Art. XIV, Sec. 19, Philippine Constitution

Sec. 17, RA 7160

• Infrastructure facilities such as multi-purpose hall, multi-purpose pavement, plaza,

For the municipality:

For the province:

• Freedom parks, public assembly areas & other similar facilities

Outdoor Recreation in Protected Areas

Classification of Recreation Resources

Classification according to the users in terms of the following:

1. Time they use the resource (day, week-end, long vacation)

a. User-oriented recreation resources:

Examples: golf, tennis, swimming, horseback riding

b. Intermediate-type recreation resources

2. Physical and ecological characteristics of the resource

a. Resource-based recreational areas

Age 0-4 Age 5-9 Age 10-14 Age 15-19

Age 0-4 Age 5-9 Age 10-14 Age 15-19

Age 55-59 Age 60-64 Age 65-69 Age 70-74

AGE BRACKET POPULATION (BOTH SEXES)

i. To get the number of the 6-year old population:

Multiply the given population 0 - 4 with the multiplier across Age 6

2,926 x 0.0080 = 23.408

Then, multiply the given population 5 – 9 with the multiplier across