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DMMPPT PDF
DMMPPT PDF
Hand-held DMM
Portable Analog
Multimeter
Bench-top DMM
Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
Digital voltmeter
Digital display
Attenuator Analog to Digital
Amplifier Converter
111
110
Digital output
101
step size = 1 V
100
Quantization error = 1/7 × 100 =14.3%
011
010 A/D will give 010 digital code. Ex. An analog inputs 1.5-2.5 V will be
represented by digital output 010
1.5 2.5
001
000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Full scale)
Analog input (V)
An example of 3 bit ADC
Ramp-type Digital Voltmeter
(also called single slope)
Operation principle: The measurement of the time it takes for a linear ramp voltage to
rise from O V to the level of the input voltage, or to decrease from the
level of the input voltage to zero. This time interval is measured with
an electronic time-interval counter.
Start measurement
Ramp signal Coincindence Vramp(t) = Vo – m t
Vin
Where m is the ramp rate
Vramp(t1) = Vin = Vo –m t1
Time
Vramp(t2) = 0 = Vo – m t2
∆t
Gating ∆t = t2- t1 = Vin/m
time interval
If the period of the clock is T, then during the
time interval ∆t1, the number of pulses is
Vo
V(1)
Vref +
Vo
Vin
V(0)
Vin
Vref
Ramp-type Digital Voltmeter
Voltage-to-time conversion
Time measurement unit
input
Ranging vin comparator Digital
DC input
voltage
and - display
Attenuator
+ start
count
clk
Oscillator Gate Counter
ground
vramp stop
Ramp comparator
- count
Generator
0V +
start ramp
Sample
reset
Rate
MV
Digital output
Vin
D/A output
VAX
Clock Counter
clock period
Control circuit
time
Block diagram
Successive Approximation Digital Voltmeter
Ex. To determine a number between 0 – 511 (9 bit binary),
given, the number to be determined is 301
Succesive Vin
3 Full
Clock Approximation
D/A output 4 scale
Register
1 Full
2 scale VAX
V in R V in R
- -
V out V out
+ +
V ref V ref
Phase 1: charging C with the unknown input for Phase 2: discharging C with the reference voltage
a given time. until the output voltage goes to zero.
Assume Vc(0) = 0
Vin T Vref Tx
Vout1 = − Vout = + Vout1
RC RC
where T is the charging time find Tx at which Vout becomes zero
Charge Discharge
time
Vin T
Tx =
Vref
Vout
Phase 1 Phase 2
Dual-slope Digital Voltmeter
Conversion time
Charge Discharge
0
Sm
time
all
inp
ut
v olt
La
ag
e •Accuracy does not depend on R C and Clock
rg
e
(high accuracy)
in
pu
tv
•Relatively slow
ol
ta
Clock
generator
Control logic
Ex A dual slope A/D has R= 100 kΩ and C = 0.01 µF . The reference voltage is 10 volts
and the fixed integration time is 10 ms. Find the conversion time for a 6.8 volt input.
Ex Find the successive approximation A/D output for a 4-bit converter to a 3.217 volt
input if the reference is 5 volts.
Analog instrument:
Voltage error = ± 2% of 25 V ½ digit
= ± 0.5 V
error = ± 0.5 V × 100%
20 V
= ± 2.5%
Digital instrument:
For 20 V displayed on a 3 ½ digit display 3½ digit display
1 Digit = 0.1 V
Voltage error = ± (0.6% of reading + 1 Digit)
= ± (1.2 V + 0.1 V)
= ± 0.22 V
error = ± 0.22 V × 100%
20 V
= ± 1.1%