DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

2012
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS


Submitted To: Submitted By:
Mukesh Wadhwani Sir Madhura Modi(0801EC101046)
Meghna Pippal(0801EC101048)
Neha Sayata(0801EC101056)
Prachi Shukla(0801EC101061)
Priyanka Kimtee(0801EC101065)




The data converters converts one form of
data to another.
d/a converter converts digital data into its
equivalent analog data.the analog data is
required to drive motors and other analog
devices.
a/d convertor converts analog data into its
equivalent digital data i.e binary data.
Real world processes produce analog signals
which carry information pertaining to process
variables such as
voltage,current,charge,temp,pressure.
DACs are used in many other applications, such as voice
synthesizers, automatic test system, and process control actuator.
In addition, they allow computers to communicate with the real
(analog) world.
R
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
Voltage
Switch
Resistive
Summing
Network
Amplifier
Input Binary
Number
Analog Voltage
Output
Register: Use to store the digital input (let
it remain a constant value) during the
conversion period.

Voltage: Similar to an ON/OFF switch. It is
closed when the input is 1. It is opened
when the input is 0.

Resistive Summing Network: Summation
of the voltages according to different
weighting.

Amplifier: Amplification of the analog
according to a pre-determined output
voltage range. For example, an operation
amplifier

The computers need to communicate
with people and physical processes
through the use of analog
signals,which neccesitated the process
of digital to analog communication.
ABSOLUTE ACCURACY: It defines the
maximum deviation of the output from the
ideal value and it is expressed in fractions of
one LSB. The d/a converter errors are
classified as static and dynamic errors.
OFFSET VOLTAGE: the simplest kind of
static errors are offset error and gain
error.Ideally,the output of a d/a converter is
0 Volts.in practice however,there is a very
small output voltage called offset voltage or
offset error.
LINEARITY: The most common dynamic
errors are full scale errors and linearity
error. Linearity error is the maximum
deviation in step size from the ideal step
size. The linearity of a D/A convertor is
defined as the precision with which digital
input is converted to analog output. The
linearity error measures the deviation of
the output from the fitted straight line
passing through the measured output
points.
MONOTONICITY: a d/a convertor is
monotonic if its output value increases
as the binary inputs are incremented
from one value to the next. i.e the
staircase output can have no
downward step as the binary input is
incremented.The monotonic
characteristic is important in control
application without which oscillations
will result.
RESOLUTION (step size) : It is
defined as the smallest change that
can occur in the analog output as a
result of a change in the digital input.
Percentage resolution=(1/total no. of
steps)*100
For an n-bit digital input ,the total no.
of steps is ((2^n)-1)
Percentage resolution
= {1/((2^n)-1)}*100
Settling time: It is the time required for
the output for the d/a convertor to settle
down to within (+/-) LSB of the final
value for a given digital input. It normally
ranges from 100 nanoseconds to
10microsec.
Temperature sensitivity :For a fixed
digital input, the analog input varies with
temperature, normally from (+/-) 50 -1.5
ppm /degree centigrate.This factor
determines the stability of d/a convertor.
The d/a convertor converts digital or binary
data into its equivalent analog value.
Quantity D=b(1)*2^(-1)+ b(2) *2^(-2)+----
-------+b(n)*2^(-n), where : D is n bit
binary input digital data, b(1) is MSB and
b(n) is LSB.
V=KV(fs)=KV(fs)*{D}
V=output voltage,
V(fs) = full scale range of voltage.
K=scaling factor, usually unity.

Types
Binary Weighted Resistor
R-2R Ladder
Multiplier DAC
The reference voltage is constant and is set by the manufacturer.
Non-Multiplier DAC
The reference voltage can be changed during operation.
Characteristics
Comprised of switches, op-amps, and resistors
Provides resistance inversely proportion to
significance of bit

In the weighted resistor type d/a
converter, each digital level is converted
into an equivalent analog voltage or
current.
In a 4-bit d/a converter which accepts
data from 0000-1111 there are 15
discrete levels of input. Hence, it can be
divided into 15 levels.
The LSB of the digital data causes a
change in the analog output=(1/15)Vr of
full scale analog output voltage.
Similarly,it is designed in such a way
that at 1 in the (2^1) bit position
causes a change = (2/15)Vr.
Similarly,at 1 in (2^2) bit position and
(2^3)bit position causes a
change=(4/15)Vr and (8/15)Vr.
Sum of the weights assigned to various
bit positions=1.

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =

R
B
R
B
R
B
R
B
V I
REF
8 4 2
0 1 2 3
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + = =
8 4 2
0 1 2
3
B B B
B V R I V
REF f OUT
Same input switch setup as Binary
Weighted Resistor DAC
All bits pass through resistance of 2R

The less significant the bit, the more
resistors the signal must pass
through before reaching the op-amp
The current is divided by a factor of
2 at each node.


24
Result:




|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
8 4 2
0 1 2
B B B
V
R
R
V
REF
f
OUT
In this resistors the 2R resistors are switched
between the two v0ltage levels V(l) and
V(h).
The output from the ladder is obtained from
the leftmost ladder node and buffered at the
output of op-amp.
As the input binary word changes from
0.0(all 0 bits) to 1.1( all 1 bits) the
voltage of node changes correspondingly in
steps of 2^(-n)*{v(h)-v(l)} from min voltage
of v(0) = v(l) to the max of v(o)=v(h)-2^(-
n){v(h)-v(l)}.

Only two resistor values
8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 bit resolutions
are common
11
The current flowing through the resistors
changes as the input data changes.
The bit position of each subsequent MSBs
and LSBs are interchanged.
Each binary input is connected to either
ground or to the input terminal of op-amp
which is virtual ground.
Since both the positions of switch are at
ground potential (actual or virtual),the
current flow is constant and independent
of input binary bit value.
12
I1=V(r)/2R
I2=(V(r)/2)/(2R)=V(r)/4R=I1/2
I(n)=(V(r)/2^n-1)/(2R)=I1/(2^n-1)

V(o)=-I(o)*R(f)=-R(f){I1+I2+.I(n)}
-V(f)R(f)/R {b1.2^(-1)+b2.2^(-2)+
bn.2^(-n) }

The advantages of current mode are that
the stray capacitances do not affect the
speed of response of the circuit due to
the constant ladder node voltages and
non-linearity due to varying power
dissipation values is reduced.

Binary Weighted R-2R
Pros
Easily understood
Only 2 resistor values
Easier implementation
Easier to manufacture
Faster response time
Cons
Limited to ~ 8 bits
Large # of resistors
Susceptible to noise
Expensive
Greater Error
More confusing analysis
30
Digital audio:- CD/ MP3 players, HD
radio, digital telephones
Digital videos:- DVD players, DTV,
computer displays
Industrial control systems:- motor
control, valves, transducer excitation
Waveform function generators, test
equipment
Calibration/ tuning in embedded
systems, built-in self test
Generic use
Circuit Components
Digital Audio
Function Generators/Oscilloscopes
Motor Controllers



32
Used when a continuous analog signal
is required.
Signal from DAC can be smoothed by a
Low pass filter
33
0 bit
n
th
bit
n bit DAC
011010010101010100101
101010101011111100101
000010101010111110011
010101010101010101010
111010101011110011000
100101010101010001111
Digital
Input
Filter
Piece-wise
Continuous
Output
Analog
Continuous
Output
34
Voltage controlled Amplifier
digital input, External Reference Voltage as
control

Digitally operated attenuator
External Reference Voltage as input, digital
control

Programmable Filters
Digitally controlled cutoff frequencies
35
CD Players
MP3 Players
Digital Telephone/Answering Machines
1. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm
2. http://accessories.us.dell.com/sna/sna.aspx?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs&~topic=odg_dj
1 2
3
3. http://www.toshiba.com/taistsd/pages/prd_dtc_digphones.html
36
Digital Oscilloscopes
Digital Input
Analog Ouput
Signal Generators
Sine wave generation
Square wave generation
Triangle wave generation
Random noise generation



1
1. http://www.electrorent.com/products/search/General_Purpose_Oscilloscopes.html
2
2. http://www.bkprecision.com/power_supplies_supply_generators.htm
37
Cruise Control
Valve Control
Motor Control
1
1. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cruise-control.htm
2
2. http://www.emersonprocess.com/fisher/products/fieldvue/dvc/
3
3. http://www.thermionics.com/smc.htm
Thank you