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‫‪áîy‹Ûa@弋Ûa@
a@ái‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺎﺑﻞ ‪INTRODUCTION to MAPLE‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻃﺮﰲ ‪Prepared By: Dr. H. Batarfi‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪-‬ﺷﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪-‬ﺟﺪﺓ‪-‬ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Mathematics Department, Women's Campus at AlSulaimanya‬‬
‫‪Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University‬‬
‫‪Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺪﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬

‫ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻄﻲ ‪Enter‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ‪ a‬ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻋﻦ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪ Help‬ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ )ﻣﺜﻼ( ‪ sin‬ﰒ ﺃﺿﻐﻄﻲ ‪OK‬‬

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‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ]‪[1‬‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬

‫‪[> expT := 30+40*exp(-0.2*t); # cooling off‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻧﲏ ﻟﻦ ﺍﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ t‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ expT‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬
‫)‪ *+,-. */,‬ا)(م ' &!‪$%‬ام ا! ‬
‫;)‪[> eva := subs(t=1.5,expT‬‬
‫;)‪[> evalf(eva,30‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻨﲏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ( ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ‪ t‬ﻛﻲ ﺍﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪ independent variable‬ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‬
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‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺭﲰﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬

‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬

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‫ﺍﻣﺮ "‪ "if‬ﻭﺍﻣﺮ ‪ proc‬ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪step‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮ ‪ piecewise‬ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫;)‪step2 := piecewise(x<0,0,x<1,1,2‬‬
‫‪Matrices‬ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺑﻞ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ )ﺍﳉﱪ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ( ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬
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‫ﻭﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫;)][‪[> B:=matrix(3,3,‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺴﻖ ‪array‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ‪/‬ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪ 2×2‬ﻣﺜﻞ ]‪ [2‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳑﺘﻊ ﺍﱃ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪ n ×n‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻻﳚﺎﺩ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻈﺒﻮﻃﺔ )‪ (exact‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ )‪ (approximated‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ Consistent‬ﻭﺍﳊﻞ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ )‪– (unique‬ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ]‪ [3‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ )‪.(existence and uniqueness of the solution‬‬
‫ﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ‪ u+v+w=1, 3*u+v=3, u-2*v-w=0‬ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﳓﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺛﻼﺙ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻭﻻ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬
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‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﱪﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺿﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪-1‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ‪-2 ،DEtools‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﰲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‪-3 ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‪-4 ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﺮ ‪ dsolve‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﻨﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﺮ ﻻﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﺫﻫﱯ ﺍﱃ ‪ [>?dsolve,numeric‬ﰒ ﺍﲝﺜﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪method‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺭﲰﻬﺎ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Help‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻼﻣﺮ ‪ dsolve‬ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﺭﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ‪ 20‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﲔ‬

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‫ﺃﺿﻐﻄﻲ ﺿﻐﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻟﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬

‫ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Direction Field‬ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Phase Portrait‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
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‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ‪ t-x-y‬ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪odeplot‬‬

‫ﺃﺿﻐﻄﻲ ﺿﻐﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﻼﻓﺔ)ﻭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ(‬
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‫ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻞ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻭ‪...‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪ tempfile.dat‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ‪ C:\Program Files\Maple 9.5\bin.win‬ﺍﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺻﺢ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻒ ‪ bin.win‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪Maple‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬

‫‪References‬‬
‫‪[1]. http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~jan/mcs320/Lec15/lec15.pdf‬‬
‫‪[2]. http://www.math.odu.edu/~bogacki/cgi-bin/lat.cgi?c=sys‬‬
‫‪[3]. http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~gerry/nmm/course/slides/ch08Slides.pdf‬‬