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‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ؟ ‪2.............. . ............................................... ............................‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪3.................... .................................................. ...........................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪4.................... ..... ................................................ ..... ..........................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪5.......... .............................................. .......... ...........................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪7........................... ...... ........................................................... ...... .........................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻰﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ؟ ‪9. .................................................. ..................................................‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ؟‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺗﻘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻻ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ؟‬

‫ﻗﺪﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺬﻟﻚﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺸﺮﺡﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ًﻟﻠﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﻷﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺫ‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺱ‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8-‬‬

‫‪1-‬‬

‫‪2-‬‬

‫‪3-‬‬

‫‪4-‬‬

‫‪5-‬‬

‫‪6-‬‬

‫ﺇﻥﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ‪) ( = 0.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﺳﻠﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ؟ ﻭﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺭﺳﻢﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻲﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ )‪(1‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﻣﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪) .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ)‪،(2‬ﻧﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺿﺒﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‪ℝ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‪∞-‬ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭ ‪∞+‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫‪-‬ﻓﻲ)‪(3‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ًﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎ ًﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪.‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪.y‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺸﺮﺡﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ )ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻤﻸ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺮﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(+) = (+) ∗ (+‬‬

‫)‪(−) = (−) ∗ (+‬‬

‫)‪(+) = (−) ∗ (−‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎﺍﻵﻥ ﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪٢ +1‬‬
‫‪) ( = −3‬‬
‫‪)4 − 2(²‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺘﻴﻦ "‪ "x‬ﻭ"÷" ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﻢﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪) ( = −3 × )2 + 1( ÷ )4 − 2(²‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ 3‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪(3-) :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪٢ + 1():‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪4 − 2(² )):‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﺬ ))(‪− 2((2٤ − 2‬‬
‫‪= )4 − 2( ∗ )4‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺼﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‪ℝ‬ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ "‪ "+‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻨﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻄﺮﺍ ًﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ًﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ً)ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )‪(3-‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (-‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲﻟـ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺻﻒ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺘﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻷﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﺳﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ )(‪2٤ − 2‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺄﻝ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺧﻂ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻐﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻭﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺬﺍﺭﻱ !ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺬﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪،(3-‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ)‪٢ + 1(:‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎﻧﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪)٢ + 1( =0‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﻦﻧﺤﻞ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺄﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪)2 + 1( ≤0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪≤−‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻘﺮﺃ‪:‬‬

‫" ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ) ‪ ( +‬ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‪« ≤ −‬‬

‫ﻛﻦﺣﺬﺭﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪)4 − 2( =0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﻛﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭﺓ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥﻟﻨﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻓﻲﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ "‪ "0s‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻞء ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﻣﻮﺿﻊ "‪ ،"0‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ) ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ( ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪1/2-‬ﻳﻠﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪1/2‬ﻳﻠﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻈﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫"ﻧﺬﻛﺮﻛﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺮ‪« .‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻞء ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫‪:3-‬ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ")"(‪٢ + 1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ "= ‪."1‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫" ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ) ‪ ( +‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‪« ≤ −:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻜﻞ]‪،[1+ ;1-‬ﻭﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ "‪ ،"0‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪0 < 3 = (1 + (0) ∗ 2‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ "‪ ."+‬ﻧﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻠﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ)‪4 − 2(²‬ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔﺍﻟﻤﺤﻈﻮﺭﺓﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ= ‪.1‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ‪،‬ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ًﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌُﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺨﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻰﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ؟‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﺗﻈﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻨﺠﺪﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬

‫‪-‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫‪-‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬
‫‪... -‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕﻻ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻹﺗﻘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .eZsciences‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪1.0‬‬