‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.

com -‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ (‪PDHonline C662 )4 PDH‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺏ‪:‬ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‪PE ،‬‬

‫‪2020‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ | ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻲ ﺩﻱ ﺇﺗﺶ ‪PDH‬‬

‫‪5272‬ﻣﻴﺪﻭ ﺇﺳﺘﻴﺘﺲ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺮﻓﺎﻛﺲ‪،‬ﻓﻴﺮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ‪6658-22030‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‪0088-988-703:‬‬
‫‪www.PDHonline.com‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬2‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪1.0‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺟﺪﺕﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞﻗﺒﺎﺉﻞ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻝ ﻫﻮﻳﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﺎ ﻣﺎﺗﺸﻮ ﺑﻴﺘﺸﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﺱ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻗﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﺍﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺃﻭﻻ ًﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻴﺉﺎً ﻓﺸﻴﺉﺎً ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻞﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﻐﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﻼﻟﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻭﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺗﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻚ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺪﻻﺕ ﺳﻤﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺮﻱ"‪ .‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ )ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ(‬
‫ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻪ‪،‬ﻷﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺎﻫﻀﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑـ ‪ 1/16‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 1/32‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺅﻭﻥ ﻭﺻﺎﻧﻌﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻙ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ"ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 10 × 7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖﻭﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺬﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪ %95‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 11‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﺑﻌُﺪﺍً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ "ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ" ﺳﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪11 × 7‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺠﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺰﻝ)ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ )ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ( ﻳﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻋﺎً ﻻ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎً ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﻲﻟﻠﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻪ ﻭﺷﻌﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻋﻰ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﻭﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺠﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺛﻤﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺳﻠﻢ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺤﺐ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻭﺭﺍء ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 3‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪2.0‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﺼﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺻﻴﻎ "ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ" ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎﺗﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ .10 × 7‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ"ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ" ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ًﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎً‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪" -1 #‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ"‪:‬‬
‫‪T + R = 17½".‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺪﺍﺱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ ½6‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 11‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻋﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ "ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉ" ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ ½3‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 14‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 2.1‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ‪ ،½T + R = 17‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺱ ‪ ½10‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞﻗﻠﻴﻼ ًﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪" -#2‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ ."T x R = 75 :75‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ‪ T x R = 75‬ﻭﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪10.71‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ T x R = 70‬ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺱ ‪ 10‬ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -#3‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪TxR = 75، 70‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.2.2‬‬

‫‪ -#4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑـﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪﻳﺔﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻼﺩﻋﺎء ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ R‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ T‬ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪ"‪:‬‬

‫}ﺕ = ‪-9) 1/7]√ + 5‬ﺹ(‪*{[9 + ²‬‬

‫ﺇﻥﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬

‫_____________________________________________________________‬
‫*ﺗﻢﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .1940‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷﻜﻜﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺃ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 4‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺄﻣﻄﺒﻌﻲ ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )‪ (5‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 8‬ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪3.0‬ﻧﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻲﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2006‬ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ‪ 1009‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪:‬‬

‫"ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ‪ 7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭ ‪ 4‬ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕﻣﺪﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ‪ 11‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﺳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ًﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓﻭﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 3.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻒﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ¾ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪ ¼1‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭﺍً ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﻫﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،3.1‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ R = 7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ‪ T = 11‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ β‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 0.63636‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪.'30 °32‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 6‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬7‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪4.0‬ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺤﺺ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ( ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.4.1‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﻼﺣﻆﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1 #‬ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،"1-'8‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺡﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺉﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2 #‬ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺷﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3 #‬ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺉﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬
‫ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻌﺴﻔﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍً ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺎً ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻓﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻟﺪﻳﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻻﺕﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪ IV.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪IV.1‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻲ"‪) "T‬ﻓﻲ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ"‪) "R‬ﻓﻲ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ)ﻗﺪﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻀﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ)ﻗﺪﻡ(‬

‫‪10-10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪7-3/8‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪("½103) "½7-'8‬‬

‫‪12-10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪6-7/8‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪13-9‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪6-3/4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪ 0-'9‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )‪ 108‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ(‬

‫‪½13-1‬‬ ‫‪½10‬‬ ‫‪7-1/8‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪ 6-'9‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )‪ 114‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ(‬

‫‪12-6‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪½7‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪ 0-'10‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )‪ 120‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ(‬

‫‪15-7‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪ 6-'10‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )‪ 126‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ(‬

‫‪17-5‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪ 1-'11‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )‪ 132‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 8‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ½7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‪ 8‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢﺇﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺤﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻘﻒ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻞﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ ." 0-'7‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 9‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬10‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪5.0‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ "ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ" ﻭ"ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺠﺐﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎً ﻻ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺲﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻊﺃﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1 #‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪.7/11‬‬

‫‪ -#2‬ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3 #‬ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4 #‬ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺛﺎﺙ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺧﻞﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺑﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻧﻰﻟﻠﻌﺮﺽ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ )‪ 4‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 0 -‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5 #‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺎ ًﻭﺁﻣﻨﺎ ًﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ًﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7 #‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8 #‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻭﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﺑﺤﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦﻣﻦ ‪ .0.60‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻴﻦ ‪ μ‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ‪ F‬ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪ W‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪μ = F/W‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -9 #‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺑﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -10 #‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺛﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ)⅛"( ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 11‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪ -11 #‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ )‪.(NEC‬‬

‫‪ -12 #‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎ ًﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺎ ًﺑﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺼﻮﺭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5.1‬ﻋﺮﺿﺎً ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎً ﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 12‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬13‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪6.0‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻼﻟﻢ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﺎﺣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ‪.‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻭﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﻣﺼﻤﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻘﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺑﺪﺍً ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﺯ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﺩﺍﻋﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪.‬ﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 6.1‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎً ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎً ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎً ﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺉﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 14‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬15‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪7.0‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚﻣﻌﻈﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺁﺑﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺪﻟﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﺎّﺗﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺑﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻧﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﺪﻧﺎ ﻧﻨﺴﺎﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺴﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻬﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺸﻘﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺪﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮء ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻌﺪﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺎً ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1958‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎﻓﺎﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺪﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻥ "ﻳﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء" ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻴﺉﺎً ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺍً ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺪﻣﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺷﻲءﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ :‬ﻟﻮﺡ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 7.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎً ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ "‪ "escalera sin losa‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪" :‬ﺩﺭﺝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﺴﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﻆ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺉﻲ‪،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎً ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﻻ ًﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺴﻂ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺳﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ‪ 13 :‬ﻋﻤﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺱ‪ 11:‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻀﺎﺕ‪ 12:‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ‪ 7:‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‪ 8 -'3 :‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )‪ 44‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪f‬ﺝ' = ‪ 4,000‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ؛ ‪F‬ﺱ'= ‪ 60,000‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 7.2‬ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺿﺎً ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺎً ﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ‪P‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻀﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔُﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ )‪R‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﺯ( ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ .6P‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1 #‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ )‪ (E‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻀﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪.1.0‬‬

‫‪ -2 #‬ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ )‪ (I‬ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴﻒ )‪ (EI‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2.0‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﺮﻯ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 16‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪ -3 #‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ )‪ (DL + LL‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻄﺎً‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎًﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﺮﻗﺎً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ( ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪11‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ٍﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4 #‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺍً ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ؛ ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ً،‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺉﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺨﻔﺾ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ؛ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5 #‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )‪ .(FEM's‬ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪ ،AB :‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻡﺃ= ﻡ‪θafem‬ﻟﺘﺮ )‪+ 2EI/2‬ﺃ‪+ θ‬ﺏ(ﻟﺘﺮ‪- 3Δ/‬‬

‫ﺃﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻡﺃ= ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ AM‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪=afem‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ‪= AE‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ)‪ 11‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ( = ‪L‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ = ‪I‬‬
‫‪θ‬ﺃ= ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺃ‬
‫‪θ‬ﺏ= ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ‪= B Δ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻀﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺉﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﺮﻗﺎً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ )ﺗﺴُﻜﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺷﺤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ‪afemM‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍًﻛﻠﻴﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﻭﻋﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺳﺒﺎﻧﺪﺭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6 #‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺻﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻞﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻀﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ًﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7 #‬ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﺳﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ)‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ( ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ‪.‬ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 7.2‬ﺏ( ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻦﺧﻂ ﻣﺮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 17‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥﺳﻨﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻷﻥ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻵﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ًﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 5‬ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .7.1‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ 150 :‬ﺭﻃﻼ ً‪/‬ﻗﺪﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ 100 :‬ﺭﻃﻞ‪/‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ‬
‫‪242‬ﺭﻃﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ‪= 150 × 3.67 × 1.33 × 0.33:‬‬
‫‪"58‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻀﻮﻥ‪= 150 × 3.67 × 0.25 × 0.42:‬‬
‫‪300‬ﺭﻃﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪:DL‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪338‬ﺭﻃﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ‪= 100 × 3.67 × 0.92:‬‬

‫‪638‬ﺭﻃﻼ‬ ‫= ﻑ = (ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪)DL +‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ E = 1.0 :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔﻟﻠﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ‪:‬ﺃﻧﺎﺭ= ‪ 1.0) 235 = (4³ × 44) 1/12‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻀﻮﻥ‪:‬ﺃﻧﺎﺹ= ‪ 1.95) 458 = (5³ × 44) 1/12‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﺎﺹ‪/‬ﺃﻧﺎﺭ= ‪ ،1.95 = 458/235‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪1.0 × 1.95 = 1.95 = (EI) ً:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻡﺱ= ﻡﺃﻧﺎ‪ -‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮﺃ‪/‬ﺃ‬

‫ﺃﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻡﺱ= ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ "‪ "x‬ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻜﻞ ‪M‬ﺃﻧﺎ= ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ"‪x" W‬ﺃ= ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻞ ‪ = A‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 7.3‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﻘﻘﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻢﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 18‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪ .‬ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮﺭ‪= δ‬ﺟﺒﻞ‪/EI = 14,052,358/1.0 = 14,052,358‬‬

‫ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮﺹ‪= δ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﻭﺍﻁ ‪/1.95 = 4,585,093‬‬

‫‪/EI =8,940,932‬ﺃ= ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮﺭ‪ +‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮﺹ= ‪18,637,451‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪ n = 13 :‬ﻭ ‪-1 = 12‬‬

‫‪ ،n‬ﺇﺫﻥ‬

‫ﺃﺭ= )ﻥ( )ﺃﻧﺎﺭ( )ﻝﺭ( = ‪ 143 = 11 × 1.0 × 13‬ﺃ‬

‫ﺹ= )ﻥ ‪ (1-‬ﻝﺹ‪/‬ﺃﻧﺎﺹ= ‪43 = (7/1.95)12‬‬

‫ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪،‬‬

‫ﺃ= ‪186‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻡﺱ= ﻡﺃﻧﺎ‪ -‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮﺃ‪/‬ﺃ‬

‫ﻣﻊﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ‪M‬ﺃﻧﺎ= ‪ ، 0‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻡ = ‪ - 0‬ﺙﺃ‪/‬ﺃ = ‪ 100,201 = 18,637,451/186‬ﺭﻃﻞ‪-‬ﺇﻥ = ‪ 100.2‬ﻛﻴﺐ‪-‬ﺇﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺧﺼﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ +‬ﻡ = ‪ 86.8 = 13,398 -100,201‬ﻛﻴﺐ ﺇﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪ d = v 100,201/11,484 = 2.95 :‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪A :‬ﺱ= ‪#3 12 = 100,201/8,831‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪ 4‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 5‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ؛ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﻼﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 19‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻂﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺉﺐ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪42‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.7.4‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‪ 20‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬21‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬22‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬23‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬24‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬25‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

 ‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪8.0‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ "ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺑﻌﺾ "‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ" ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ً،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺮﺭﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻼﻟﻢ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ً،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺷﻚﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﺎً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً‪،‬ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺳﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻗﺮﺍءﺗﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺭﻧﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻨﻬﺞ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪.‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻨﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 360‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍًﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1960‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ‪ .VA Morgan‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺗﻴﺤﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮ ﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻮﻟﻤﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻮﺯﻳﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻜﻮﺭﺩﻳﻠﻴﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ )ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﺞ ﻭﺳﻜﻮﺭﺩﻳﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍً( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺎﻉﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ( ﻛﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﺉﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﻘﻮﺍﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎً‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎً‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻮﺍﺉﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍءﻳﺔﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪ ،AR Cusens‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎً‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎًﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 65‬ﻭ‪ %70‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎً ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻳﺎً ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ‪ 15‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪8.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ ‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ 15‬ﺧﻄﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻐﻞﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ ''0 -'7‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،'0-'4‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﺎً‬
‫ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻳﺎًﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎً ﻗﺪﺭﻩ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪½ΠR = ½ × 3.1416 × 7 = 10.9956‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺤﻴﻂﺩﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ 17.2787‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 26‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺪﺍﺳﺎً‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ 0.733‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ 1.1519‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪﺃﻳﻀﺎً ‪ 16‬ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎً ﻧﻬﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﻟﻸﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ )‪ 112 = 7 × 16‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ( ‪ 9‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ‪4 -‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺪﺭﻙﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻻﻳﺤﺪﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺳﻴﺉﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻮﺑﺎ ﻭﻫﻴﺴﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻻ )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻣﻴﻨﻴﻜﺎﻥ( ﻭﺑﻮﺭﺗﻮﺭﻳﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻨﻬﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮﺍﺯﻭ؛ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﻳﻀﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺳﺎﺕﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚﻭﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺷﺎﺉﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺧﻔﺎء ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 8.2‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻻً ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺯﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺉﻂﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻣﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ( ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻘﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،8.3‬ﺳﻴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‪" :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً"‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﺤﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻳﻼء ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (α‬ﻋﻦ ‪.0.15‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎء ًﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪M = )K()W()R²( :‬‬

‫ﺃﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 27‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ‪K‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻫﻮﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪R‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭ (‪ )DL+LL‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻉ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ‪W‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ )ﻙ(‬
‫ﺕ‪1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺕﺃ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻡ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻡﺃ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‬

‫‪0.0962‬‬ ‫‪0.225‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬

‫‪0.0994‬‬ ‫‪0.222‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪0.0998‬‬ ‫‪0.221‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪0.027‬‬ ‫‪0.010‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ‬
‫‪0.029‬‬ ‫‪0.007‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪0.030‬‬ ‫‪0.006‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 4‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪ R = 9 ،‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺣﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ )‪= (DL+LL‬‬
‫‪800‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،α = 0.15‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻡﺃ= ‪ 14321 = 9² × 800 × 0.221‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻗﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 4‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ؛ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻴﻞﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 28‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬29‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

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48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬30‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬31‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪9.0‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﺣﺪ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔﻣﻮﺭﺟﺎﻥ ﻛﺤﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 360‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .9.1‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻴﻎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻏﺎﻥﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﻴﻐﻪ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﺣﺪ ‪ 360‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺉﺪﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺼﻮﺭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 9.2‬ﻟﻮﺣﺎً ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎً ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺑﺰﻳﻦﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ= ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ ‪,1C‬ﺝ‪,2‬ﺝ‬

‫‪ =3‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪﺓ ﺩ = ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻢﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ( = ‪ G‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ( = ‪E‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ = ‪H‬‬
‫ﻙ= ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻲ = ‪)0.21 - 0.33‬ﺩ‪/‬ﺏ(]‪)0.083 -1‬ﺩ‪/‬ﺏ(‪ [³‬ﻡﺱ= ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪M‬ﻝ= ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪M‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ= ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ‪ = P‬ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ‬

‫ﻋﺰﻡﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻲ = ‪ T‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ =‬

‫‪S‬‬
‫ﺭ‪ =1‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ‪R‬‬
‫‪ =2‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ = ‪ W‬ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﻴﻦﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ = ‪w‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ = ‪θ‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ = ‪φ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻡﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ= ﻡﺱﻛﻮﺱ ‪ + θ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪θ - wR2‬ﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ -1)²1θ‬ﻛﻮﺱ ‪(θ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻡﻝ= ﻡﺱﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ θ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ - φ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ φ -‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ θ‬ﻛﻮﺱ ‪ φ‬ﺗﺎﻥ ‪2θ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ θ‬ﻛﻮﺱ ‪1φ + )wR‬ﺭ‪1‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ - θ‬ﺙ‬

‫ﺭ‪ φ2‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ (‪θ‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺕ= )ﻡﺱﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ - θ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ φ + wR2‬ﺗﺎﻥ ‪ θ‬ﻛﻮﺱ ‪1θ‬ﺭ‪1‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪1θ - WR‬ﺭ‪ φ + HR2‬ﻛﻮﺱ (‪2θ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ θ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪φ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 32‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

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‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻡﺱ= ﺝ‪1‬ﺙ )ﺭ‪²(2‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺡ= ﺝ‪ 2‬ﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥ‪،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ 360‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﻦ ‪ 9.1‬ﻭ‪ .9.2‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ‪ 26‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 20 -‬ﻗﺪﻣﺎً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 100‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ )‪ (PSF‬ﻭﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ‪ PSF 120‬ﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ‪ .DL + LL = 220 PSF‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ‪ 3 :‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺳﻤﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ‪ 6:‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )ﺻﺎﻓﻲ(‬
‫ﺳﻤﻚﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ‪ ½9 :‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ( ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪ 4.50 =2R :‬ﻗﺪﻡ ‪'2ΠR = 3.1416 × 9 = 28.2744‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ 14 :‬ﻗﺪﻣﺎً‬

‫‪: R‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ '‪: φ = 26°- 20‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Tan φ = 14.0/28.2744 =0.4952،‬ﺃﻧﺎ= ‪ 3‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‪R :‬ﺱ= ‪ 6‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ 360 :‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺼﻒﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‪ 4.69 = [(3² - 6²)/(3³ - 6³)] 0.67 =1R :‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ /1R:‬ﺭ‪1.042 = 4.69/4.50 =2‬‬

‫ﺭ‪1‬ﻭ ﺭ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 1.05‬ﻟﺘﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺟﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﻮﺯﻳﻨﺰ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ )‪:(e‬‬

‫ﻩ= ‪"¼2 = '0.19 = 4.50 - 4.69‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎﺃﻥ ‪ ”b = 36‬ﻭ‪ ،”d = 6‬ﺇﺫﻥ‪b/d = 6.0 :‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ Morgan-Cusens‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪,1C‬ﺝ‪2‬ﻭ ﺝ‪.3‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍء ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﻤﻮﺍءﻣﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﻨﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪0.49 - =1‬؛ ﺝ‪2.0 + =2‬؛ ﻭ ﺝ‪1.68 - =3‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬

‫ﻡﺱ= ‪ 2,183- = 4.50² × 220 × 0.49-‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻗﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ= ‪ 1,980+ = 4.50 × 220 × 2.0+‬ﺭﻃﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﺪﺓ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 33‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﺭﻃﻞﻗﺪﻡ ‪- M = -1.68 × 220 × 4.50² = - 7485‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺎً ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %5‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ "‬
‫ﺣﻘﻞﺍﻷﻟﻐﺎﻡ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻻ ًﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺫﺍ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺩﺭﺝ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺧﺸﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ )ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻩ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺉﻘﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 24 × 24 × 1‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ً.‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻚ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺍًﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺎً ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻢﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 6 × 2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲﻟﻠﺸﻮﺍﻃﺊ‪ .‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺉﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻓﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪4 × 2‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 16‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺉﻘﻲ ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﻴﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺐ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ‪ ،8.0‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺼﺐ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 3500‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 28‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎً )ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 4000‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ(‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻐﻄﻪﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ‪ 4‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺒﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 34‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺳﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻚ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻤﺎﺉﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 35‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬36‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬37‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪.10‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎﻩ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ؛ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻭﺧﺎﺉﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺉﻞ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﺗﻴﺤﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻨﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺝ ﻭﺩﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺬﺍﺑﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻨُﺴﺐ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺪُﻋﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻨﺮ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1954‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ "ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻡ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻞﻃﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻛﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺉﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1960‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺒﻨﺒﺮﻍ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ "ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء"‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎًﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1962‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﻴﻒ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻨﺒﺮﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1964‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺰ ﺳﻮﺗﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻓﻮﺧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻨﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎً ﻣﺒﺪﺃﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ ﻷﻱ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻗﺎﺉﻢ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻼﻟﻢ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻣﻼﺉﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺩﺭﺝ ‪ SouthEnd Country Club‬ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 4‬ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،10.1‬ﻓﻬﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻮﺭﺭﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﺒﻮﻃﺎً ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻃﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺑﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ )‪ (DL+LL‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪ LL: 7.68 × 4.58 × 100‬ﺭﻃﻼ ً‪= 4368‬‬

‫‪"3,600‬‬ ‫‪DL: 9.17 × 4.58 ×104‬‬
‫‪7,968‬ﺭﻃﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 38‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻫﻮ‪= 4,208 :‬‬

‫‪ DL: 10.50 × 4.58 ×104‬ﺭﻃﻞ ‪= 4,809‬‬
‫‪“ LL: 10.50 × 4.58 ×100‬ﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪9,017‬ﺭﻃﻞ‬

‫ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﻫﻮ‪ 24,953 = 9,017 + (7,968)2 :‬ﺭﻃﻼ‪ ً،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻃﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 10.2‬ﺃ( ﻣﻨﻈﺮﺍً ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ H‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ‪M‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪)10.2‬ﺏ( ﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﺍً ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺎً ﻟﻺﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ )½ ‪ (Wc‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﻝ‪ W .‬ﻭ‪ w‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻼﻥ ‪)10.2‬ﺝ( ﻭ)ﺩ( ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﻥ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺻﻴﻎ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻡﺏ= ‪ ½ -‬ﺙ)½ ﺏ ‪ +‬ﺏ‪ -1‬ﺫ(‪²‬‬

‫ﻭ‪،‬‬

‫ﻡﺃ‪.‬ﺏ‪ (1= Hs sin α - W)½ b + b‬ﻕ ﻛﻮﺱ ‪ ½ - α‬ﻣﺮﺣﺎﺽ )½ ﺏ ‪ +‬ﺏ‪( - ½ )ws² cos² α(1‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﻞﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻢ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪0.0614‬ﺡ ‪ 0.00452 -‬ﻡﺱ‪+ 0.01356M‬‬

‫‪= +514.99 0.0182H‬ﺱ= ‪11.80 -‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫|‪Δ = |0.0614 - 0.00452‬‬

‫|‪0.0009174 =|0.01356 + 0.0182‬‬

‫‪|0.00452 - 514.99| =1Δ‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ H = 6.9299/0.0009174 = 7554،‬ﺭﻃﻼً‬ ‫| ‪6.9299 = |0.01356 + 11.80-‬‬

‫‪|514.99 0.0614| =2Δ‬‬

‫|‪ 10.09734 = |11.80 - 0.0182‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻡﺱ= ‪ 11,006 = 10.09734/0.0009174‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪-‬ﺭﻃﻞ‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫ﻡﺃ= ‪ ½ -‬ﺧﻀﺎﺑﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺱ ‪ - α‬ﻡﺱﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪ ½ ) α + W‬ﺏ ‪ +‬ﺏ‪)} ½ . (1‬ﺏ‪ ½ +1‬ﺏ( – ﺏ{ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺉﺔ ‪α‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔﻡﺃﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ‪ ،A‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﻋﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 39‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻢ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺬﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 10.3‬ﺭﺳﻤﺎً‬
‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺎًﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﺎً ﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،Kuang-Cusens‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ F‬ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ G‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %87‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ F‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﺪﻓﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Kuang-Cusens‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪ F‬ﻭ‪ G‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ O‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻘﺎءﺍﻟﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ .O‬ﺭﺣﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ‪.COD‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪ AB‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.10.3‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻂﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍًﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‪ 4‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ،SouthEnd Country Club‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺰﺝ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺩﻣﺞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺉﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.10.4‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺟﻰﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻛِّﺎﺏ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔﻛﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﻟﻠﺸﻘﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻫﻮ ‪ 6-'2 × 3#‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺒﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‪ S‬ﻫﻮ ‪ ،"4 -'10 × 4#‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﺐﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻻﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .10.4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1 #‬ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 40‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

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‫‪ .2 #‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ،P‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﻀﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺣﻤﻮﻥﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻷﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‪.‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍء‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ،1991‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺅﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻗﺎﺉﻢ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍً ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻫﻘﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺿﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎً‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺿﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﺪﺃﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﺒﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕﻭﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌُﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻭﺻﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ )ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ‪ 4-3‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .10.5‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪O‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻤﺘﺪﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻮﻁﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻃﻠﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺝﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ‪ C‬ﻭ‪ D‬ﻭ‪ F‬ﻭ‪ .G‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻳﻦﻓﻲ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻬﺎﺏ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪﻣﺮﺭﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ %16‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﻞ ﺇﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ‪،Kuang & Cusens‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻕﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ‪ DL + LL‬ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻱ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﻋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ T‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ O‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .10.5‬ﺗﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺎﺭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺒﻮﺏﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻞء‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺉﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 41‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

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‫ﺟﺼﺺ‪.‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺇﻏﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ ﺇﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺼُﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﻧﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﺗﺠﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﻃﺤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔﻟﻺﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢﻟﻠﺪﺭﺝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮء ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺎً ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍً ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 42‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬43‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬44‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬45‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬46‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

www.PDHonline.org PDHonline C662‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ www.PDHcenter.com

48 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬47‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‬

‫‪www.PDHonline.org‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪PDHonline C662‬‬ ‫‪www.PDHcenter.com‬‬

‫‪11.0‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﻣﻤﺎﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺍً ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺟﻤﺎﻻً ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻫﺔﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺴﻼﻟﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ًﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺟﺸﻊ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺉﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ "ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺛﻬﻢ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﺑﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻫﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ "ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪،‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻨﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺠﺎﺑﻨﺎ!‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ 48‬ﻣﻦ ‪48‬‬ ‫© ﺭﻭﺑﻦ ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻣﻴﺰ‬