Impotrant Experments in Water Analysis and Surface Works

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‫ﻣﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻠﯿﻨﺎ‬
‫إھﺪاء‬
‫ﺑﻌ ﺪ أن أﺣﻤ ﺪ اﷲ ﻋ ﺰ وﺟ ﻞ أﻗ ﻮم ﺑﺈھ ﺪاء ھ ﺬا اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻟﻜ ﻞ‬
‫إﺧ ﻮاﻧﻰ واﺧ ﻮاﺗﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿ ﺎﺋﯿﯿﻦ ﻓ ﻰ داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈ ﺔ‬
‫وﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ وأﺗﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ اﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻰ اﻟﻜ ﺮام ﻓ ﻰ إدارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻮھﺎج ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻤﮭﻢ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﺗ ﺪﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﺤﻦ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﯿﻦ أﻓﺎق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺐ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أوﻻ وأﺧﯿﺮا‬
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‫‪Jar Test‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ أى ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﯿﺎه ﺷﺮب اﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﺔ واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ اﺳﺮاف ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻟﻠﻚ اﻧﺼﺮﻓﺖ اﻷذھﺎن اﻟﻰ ﺿﺮورة ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻇﺮوف اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﮭﺪرة ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺐ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺴﺠﻞ ‪ PH‬واﻟﻘﻠﻮﯾﺔ وﻋﻜﺎرة اﻟﻤﯿﺎه‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪة ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬

‫‪ (1‬اﻟﺸﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ (2‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ‬
‫‪(3 (3‬اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺐ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ واﻟﺘﻨﺪﯾﻒ‬
‫اوﻻ ‪ :‬اﻟﺸﺒﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺎء ﻣﺮﺷﺢ وﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻷن اﻟﺸﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺰود‬
‫ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﺗﻢ إذاﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺎء ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬
‫وﻣﺎدة اﻟﺸﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‪ :‬زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ ﯾﺴﺎوى ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺼﺮف اﻟﺤﻮض‬
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‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻘﻮل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻰ وھﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻓﻮق ‪ 1‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫= ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺼﺮف ‪ /‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮض‬
‫=م‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻰ ﺳﻢ‪/‬دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫‪n cm------------------------à1 min‬‬ ‫وﻧﻘﻮل‬
‫‪10 cm--------------------à x‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن ‪ x‬ﯾﺴﺎوى ‪10/n‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺚ ﯾﺴﺎوى ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺼﺮف‬
‫وﻃﺒﻌﺎ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺚ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ وھﻮ ﯾﻨﻘﺺ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت‬
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‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻮض ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﯿﻨﺎ ‪ 36‬م ‪ 3‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ وﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺔ ‪ 800‬م‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻜﺮﺗﺎن ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺈن زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺚ = ‪ 81‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫وإذاﻛﻨﺖ ‪ 3‬ﻋﻜﺮات ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺈن زم اﻟﻤﻜﺚ =‪ 54‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪.‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺠﺎرﺗﺴﺖ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﻣﻀﺒﻮط ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 60‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﻜﯿﺎ‬
‫وﻧﻀﺒﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 200‬ﻟﻔﺔ او ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ واﻟﻐﺮض ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺸﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻟﯿﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺪﯾﻒ‪:‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺚ‬
‫‪( 2‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺳﯿﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺠﺎرﺗﺴﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻠﻔﺎت ﯾﺴﺎوى = اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﻟﻜﺄس‬
‫وﻧﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪ 6‬ﻛﺆوس ﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻟﺘﺮ وﻧﻤﻸھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﻜﺮة وﻧﻀﻒ اﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻰ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ break point‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻒ اﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﺟﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺸﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ وﻧﻜﻮن ﻗﻤﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﮫ وﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺪف‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﺪة اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﯿﺐ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻓﻖ و ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺄس ﻟﯿﻜﻮن وﻗﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻜﺆوس ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أﻗﻞ ﻋﻜﺎرة وھﻰ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎزة‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﯿﻤﺎوﯾﺎت ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎرﺗﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﯿﺔ إذا ﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻓﺴﯿﻜﻮن أﻓﻀﻞ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺧﻔﻀﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺳﯿﻮﺿﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮى ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻌﻜﺎرة ﺗﻘﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ أﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﺟﺮﻋﺎت ﺷﺒﺔ‬
‫وﺗﺰﯾﺪ إذا أﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﺟﺮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺮى أن أﻗﻞ ﻋﻜﺎرة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 15‬ﻣﻠﻞ ﺟﺮام‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ أﯾﻀﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 12‬ﻋﻜﺎرﺗﮭﺎ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﻧﺠﺮﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻊ ﻧﺠﺮب اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ وھﻜﺬا‬
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‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﻠﺰم ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺮوﻗﺎت وأﯾﻀﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺼﺮف‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﯿﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ إذا ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺮرة واﻟﺘﻰ ﻻﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﯿﻞ او اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﮫ ﻋﺎم ام ﻻ‬
‫‪(1‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪suspended solids (s.s‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺢ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﺟﯿﺪا ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 103‬م وﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻓﯿﻜﻮن ھﺬا اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎ )اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪((s.s‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺮﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ أﺧﺬا ‪ 1‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﺟﯿﺪا ووﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻤﻊ ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺪرج ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫وﯾﺘﺮك ﻟﻤﺪة ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ وﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ ﻓﻰ ‪ 1‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫‪(3‬ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ = ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﺨﺎم * ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ * ‪s.s‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ %98‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ﻟﺬا ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ‪ 1‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫وﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﯿﻮم وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ااﻟﺒﯿﻨﻰ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ‬
‫‪(4‬اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ ‪T.O.S.‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻠﯿﺔ واﻷﻣﻼح أو ﺗﺠﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﺮﺷﯿﺢ اﻟﺬى ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺠﻔﻔﮫ وﻧﺰن اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫‪(5‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ‪T.S‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ أﺧﺬ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ وﻧﻀﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻮﺗﻘﺔ وﺗﺠﻔﯿﻔﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 103‬ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫وﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ھﻨﺎك ﻓﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ S.S‬و ‪ T.S‬ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻰ ‪ S.S‬ﻧﺮﺷﺢ وھﻨﺎك ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﺷﯿﺢ أﻣﻼح ﻻ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻓﻰ ‪ S.S‬ﻷﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ‪ T.S‬ﻻ ﻧﺮﺷﺢ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﻮزن ﻣﻌﺒﺮا ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ام ﻻ وﺳﯿﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮزن ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ اﻻﻣﻼح اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ‬
‫‪fixed suspended solids F.S.S (6‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ وزن اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺠﻔﻔﮫ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺮن ﺣﺮارى ‪ discator‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 550‬ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺔ وﻧﻌﯿﺪ وزن اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ وﺳﯿﻌﺒﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﻮزن ﻋﻦ ‪ F.S.S‬ﻧﻄﺮح ‪ F.S.S‬ﻣﻦ ‪T.S‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮة ‪volatile suspended solids V.S.S‬‬
‫‪T.S= F.S.S + V.S.S‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ واﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺪود ‪ 4‬م * ‪ 10‬م‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ ﻓﻮق ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺳﻤﻚ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ )وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮭﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ 40‬ﺳﻢ( وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﺤﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪ :‬ﯾﺼﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ 120-110‬ﺳﻢ وﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﺤﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1.6-0.6‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ھﻮ ﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺤﮫ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 100‬ﻟﺘﺮ اث واﺑﻌﺎده) ‪ ( 4 * 10‬م‬
‫وﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺮى‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺮى‪:‬‬

‫‪(1‬اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ‪ 1.6-0.6‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ )‪ 2-1.6‬ﻣﻢ( ﻻﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪%3‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ وھﻮ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.6‬ﻣﻢ ﻻ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪%2‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺛﺎﻧﻰ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮن ‪ SiO2‬ﻻﯾﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪%95‬‬
‫‪ (5‬اﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪﯾﻚ ‪ Fe2O3‬ﻻ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪%0.25‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺣﻤﺾ ‪ HCl‬اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ ‪ 1:1‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻻﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ %2‬وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﺐ واﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪%7‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﺮش ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 15‬دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ‪ %10-6‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺮش ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 30‬دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ‪% 20-15‬‬
‫‪ (8‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﺒﺒﺎت ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻮﻧﮭﺎ أﺻﻔﺮ وداﺋﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﺧﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ اﻟﺠﯿﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﺘﺮاﺑﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫• ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻷﻗﻄﺎر ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ‬
‫ھﻮ ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺜﻘﺒﺔ وﺗﺸﺒﮫ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎل‬
‫وﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻜﻮ‬
‫ن ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﮫ وﺗﺮص اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ ﻓﻮق ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮھﺎ‬
‫اﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻠﻰ واﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﮫ اﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎ أﺳﻔﻠﮫ وھﻜﺬا‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺠﮭﯿﺰ وزﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ وﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ 100‬ﺟﻢ وﻧﻀﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺟﮭﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ وﻧﺸﻐﻠﮫ وﻧﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻟﻤﺪة واﻟﻰ ‪ 10‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻮزن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﺎل أﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻮل وﻧﺠﻤﻌﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷوزان اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫وﻧﻄﺮح اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮزن اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ وﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻤﺨﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻗﻄﺎر واﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺪد اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﺬى ﻧﺮﯾﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﮭﯿﺰ وزﻧﺔ ‪ 104‬ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪ ﻷﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن ﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺛﻘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻮل ﻣﻢ‬

‫‪%100‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪%99.24‬‬ ‫‪0.79‬‬ ‫<‪1.5‬‬
‫‪51.6‬‬ ‫‪49.6‬‬ ‫<‪1‬‬
‫‪%6‬‬ ‫‪47.32‬‬ ‫<‪0.315‬‬
‫‪%0.1‬‬ ‫‪6.13‬‬ ‫<‪0.1‬‬
‫‪%0.026‬‬ ‫‪0.0274‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫‪103.84‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ رﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺑـ ﻣﻢ‬

‫واﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻗﻄﺎر اﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1.2‬ﻣﻢ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ %62‬وھﻜﺬا‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ‪:‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻮل ‪0.6‬‬

‫ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺤﺪد ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ‪ 1.6-0.6‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫ﻏﺴﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻏﺴﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ ھﻮاء ﻣﻦ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 5‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ ھﻮاء وﻣﺎء ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 5‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ أﯾﻀﺎ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 10 -8‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ) اﻟﻤﮭﻢ اﻟﻰ ﺣﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎوة ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ زﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ اﻟﻌﻜﺎرة ﻛﻞ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ أن ﺗﺜﺒﺖ اﻟﻌﻜﺎرة ﻓﺜﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻜﺎرة ﻣﻌﻨﺎه أن أى زﻣﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮫ أى ﺟﺪوى‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻢ ﻏﺴﯿﻞ اﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ أﺧﺬ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻢ رﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ واﻟﻌﻜﺎرة‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻜﺎرة‬
‫ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻰ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫وزﯾﺎدة اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮫ أى ﺟﺪوى‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻧﺘﮭﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 5‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 10-9‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ 16‬دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ وﻧﺠﻔﻒ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ 200‬ﺟﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪ 100‬ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ رﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 103‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻐﺴﻠﮭﺎ ﺟﯿﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻮھﺎ ﻣﻦ أى ﺷﻮاﺋﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺠﻔﻒ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ﻧﻮزن ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﻔﯿﻒ وﻟﯿﻜﻦ ‪m1‬‬
‫‪∆m1 = 100 − m1‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ وﻧﺠﻔﻒ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ 200‬ﺟﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪ 100‬ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ رﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 103‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻐﺴﻠﮭﺎ ﺟﯿﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻮھﺎ ﻣﻦ أى ﺷﻮاﺋﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺠﻔﻒ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ﻧﻮزن ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﻔﯿﻒ وﻟﯿﻜﻦ ‪m2‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪∆m 2 = 100 − m 2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺗﯿﺔ‬
‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﮭﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮة ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻄﮭﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﻣﺮة ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﻞ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺮاﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ھﯿﺒﻮ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺖ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪% 15-10‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻀﯿﻒ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﮫ اﻟﮭﯿﺒﻮ اﻟﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﺠﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺘﺮﻛﮭﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺨﻤﺮ وﻧﻀﯿﻒ‬
‫اﻟﯿﮭﺎ ‪ 5‬اﺿﻌﺎﻓﮭﺎ ﻣﯿﺎه وﻧﺎﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺮاﺋﻖ وﻧﻜﻮن ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﯾﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ %90‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﮭﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺪا ﺑﺮش اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺬى ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ وأﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻛﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ اﻟﻰ أن ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻔﻰ ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ‬
‫وﯾﺘﺮك اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻐﺴﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ‬
‫‪8‬‬

The calibration of Alum pump

Introduction:
Any pump has efficiency factor, this factor is important since the total
volume dosed of Alum in flash mixer affected by it either increasing or
decreasing ,
Several easy steps for calibration of the pump can be used to adjust the
dose of Alum
Tools :
1) Stop watch.
2)1 liter beaker.
3) Ruler.
Procedure
1)set the pump on 10% from its capacity , record the reading of flow meter.
Let equals R1.
2) Go to the other side of the pipe in which the pump dosing in the flash mixer
3) carefully use the 1 liter beaker as the following:
Quickly insert the beaker bellow the pipe ,in the same moment press on the stop
watch, record the time consumed for fulling the beaker , repeat this step several times
and record the average time
4) Repeat the step 1-3 with 20% ,30% , 40%. , 50% of the pump capacity
Calculation :
If the time consumed for fulling the beaker =t
So rate of dosing (R2)= 1/t L/sec
= 3600/t L/hr.
i.e.if the time consumed 10 sec
the rate of dosing(R2) = 360 L/hr
the efficiency factor of pump = (R2/R1)*100
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Record your data in a table like this :
Trial Capacity % Flow rate R1 R2 efficiency factor

1 10
2 20
3 30
4 40
5 50
Calculate the Average of efficiency factor of pump for your

trials
The rate of pump dosing= flow rate reading* efficiency factor
10

Chlorination, chloramines
and breakpoint
11

Introduction
When chlorine is added to water, a variety of chemical processes take place. The
chlorine reacts with compounds in the water and with the water itself. Some of the
results of these reactions (known as the chlorine residual) are able to kill
microorganisms in the water. In the following sections, we will show the chemical
reactions which occur when chlorine is added to water.
Chlorine Demand
When chlorine enters water, it immediately begins to react with compounds found in
the water. The chlorine will react with organic compounds and form
trihalomethanes. It will also react with reducing agents such as hydrogen sulfide,
ferrous ions, manganese ions, and nitrite ions.
Let's consider one example, in which chlorine reacts with hydrogen sulfide in
water. Two different reactions can occur:
Hydrogen Sulfide + Chlorine + Oxygen Ion Elemental Sulfur + Water +

Chloride Ions
H2S + Cl2 + O2- S + H2O + 2Cl-
Hydrogen Sulfide + Chlorine + Water Sulfuric Acid + Hydrochloric

Acid
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4 H2O H2SO4 + 8 HCl
I have written each reaction using both the chemical formula and the English name of
each compound. In the first reaction, hydrogen sulfide reacts with chlorine and
oxygen to create elemental sulfur, water, and chloride ions. The elemental sulfur
precipitates out of the water and can cause odor problems. In the second reaction,
hydrogen sulfide reactions with chlorine and water to create sulfuric acid and
hydrochloric acid.
Each of these reactions uses up the chlorine in the water, producing chloride ions or
hydrochloric acid which has no disinfecting properties. The total amount of chlorine
which is used up in reactions with compounds in the water is known as the chlorine
demand. A sufficient quantity of chlorine must be added to the water so that, after
the chlorine demand is met, there is still some chlorine left to kill microorganisms in
the water.
12

Reactions of Chlorine Gas with Water
At the same time that chlorine is being used up by compounds in the water, some of
the chlorine reacts with the water itself. The reaction depends on what type of
chlorine is added to the water as well as on the pH of the water itself.
Chlorine may be added as to water in the form of chlorine gas, hypochlorite, or

chlorine dioxide. All types of chlorine will kill bacteria and some viruses, but only
chlorine dioxide will effectively kill Cryptosporidium, Giardia, protozoans, and some
viruses. We will first consider chlorine gas, which is the most pure form of chlorine,
consisting of two chlorine atoms bound together.
Chlorine gas is compressed into a liquid and stored in metal cylinders. The gas is
difficult to handle since it is toxic, heavy, corrosive, and an irritant. At high
concentrations, chlorine gas can even be fatal.
When chlorine gas enters the water, the following reaction occurs:
Chlorine + Water Hypochlorous Acid + Hydrochloric Acid
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
The chlorine reacts with water and breaks down into hypochlorous acid and
hydrochloric acid. Hypochlorous acid may further break down, depending on pH:
Hypochlorous Acid ↔ Hydrogen Ion + Hypochlorite Ion
HOCl ↔ H+ + OCl-
Note the double-sided arrows which mean that the reaction is

reversible. Hypochlorous acid may break down into a hydrogen ion and a
hypochlorite ion, or a hydrogen ion and a hypochlorite ion may join together to form
hypochlorous acid.
The concentration of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions in chlorinated water

will depend on the water's pH. A higher pH facilitates the formation of more
hypochlorite ions and results in less hypochlorous acid in the water. This is an
important reaction to understand because hypochlorous acid is the most effective form
of free chlorine residual, meaning that it is chlorine available to kill microorganisms
in the water. Hypochlorite ions are much less efficient disinfectants. So disinfection
is more efficient at a low pH (with large quantities of hypochlorous acid in the water)
than at a high pH (with large quantities of hypochlorite ions in the water.)
13

Hypochlorites
Instead of using chlorine gas, some plants apply chlorine to water as a hypochlorite,
also known as a bleach. Hypochlorites are less pure than chlorine gas, which means
that they are also less dangerous. However, they have the major disadvantage that
they decompose in strength over time while in storage. Temperature, light, and
physical energy can all break down hypochlorites before they are able to react with
pathogens in water.
There are three types of hypochlorites - sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite,

and commercial bleach:
• Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) comes in a liquid form which contains up to 12%

chlorine.
• Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), also known as HTH, is a solid which is mixed
with water to form a hypochlorite solution. Calcium hypochlorite is 65-70%
concentrated.
• Commercial bleach is the bleach which you buy in a grocery store. The
concentration of commercial bleach varies depending on the brand - Chlorox bleach is
5% chlorine while some other brands are 3.5% concentrated.
Hypochlorites and bleaches work in the same general manner as chlorine gas. They
react with water and form the disinfectant hypochlorous acid. The reactions of
sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite with water are shown below:
Calcium hypochlorite + Water Hypochlorous Acid + Calcium

Hydroxide
Ca(OCl)2 + 2 H2O 2 HOCl + Ca(OH)2
Sodium hypochlorite + Water Hypochlorous Acid + Sodium Hydroxide
NaOCl + H2O HOCl + NaOH
In general, disinfection using chlorine gas and hypochlorites occurs in the same
manner. The differences lie in how the chlorine is fed into the water and on handling
and storage of the chlorine compounds. In addition, the amount of each type of
chlorine added to water will vary since each compound has a different concentration
of chlorine.
14

Effect of pH on Chlorine
The pH of water has a definite effect on the efficiency of chlorine as well as on the
corrosive properties of water (covered later in this chapter.) For now, we will consider
only the effect of pH on sanitation.
It can be seen in Table 2.a that free chlorine is most efficient in pH ranges below the
ideal range of 7.2-7.6. Some pool operators do, however, maintain pH levels higher
than the ideal range. They should also maintain appropriately higher FAC levels to
provide the same concentration of the active HOCL form.
For example, at a pH of 8.0, 21% (about 1/5 of the FAC is in the active form. At that
pH level, it would take 2.5 ppm of FAC to provide about 0.5 ppm of HOCI. At a pH
of 7.5, about 1/2 (50%) of the FAC is in the active HOCI form. At that pH level, it
would take only 1.0 ppm of FAC to provide the same 0.5 ppm of HOCI. For this
reason, many authorities recommend that the pH of pools be maintained in the range
between 7.2 and 7.6 and as close to 7.5 as practical. These conditions are also
considered to be most comfortable for the swimmers' eyes and skin.
HOCI H* OCI-
Hypochlorous Acid
Hypochlorite Ion
Killing Agent Hydrogen Ion
Inactive, but stable form
Active, but unstable form
% Chlorine as HOCI pH % Chlorine as OCI-
90 6.5 10
73 7.0 27
66 7.2 34
45 7.6 55
21 8.0 79
10 8.5 90
15

Chloramines
Some plants use chloramines rather than hypochlorous acid to disinfect the
water. To produce chloramines, first chlorine gas or hypochlorite is added to the
water to produce hypochlorous acid. Then ammonia is added to the water to react
with the hypochlorous acid and produce a chloramine.
Three types of chloramines can be formed in water - monochloramine, dichloramine,

and trichloramine. Monochloramine is formed from the reaction of hypochlorous acid
with ammonia:
Ammonia + Hypochlorous Acid Monochloramine + Water
NH3 + HOCl NH2Cl + H2O
Monochloramine may then react with more hypochlorous acid to form a

dichloramine:
Monochloramine + Hypochlorous Acid Dichloramine + Water
NH2Cl + HOCl NHCl2 + H2O
Finally, the dichloramine may react with hypochlorous acid to form a trichloramine:
Dichloramine + Hypochlorous Acid Trichloramine + Water
NHCl2 + HOCl NCl3 + H2O
The number of these reactions which will take place in any given situation depends on
the pH of the water. In most cases, both monochloramines and dichloramines are
formed. Monochloramines and dichloramines can both be used as a disinfecting
agent, called a combined chlorine residual because the chlorine is combined with
nitrogen. This is in contrast to the free chlorine residual of hypochlorous acid which
is used in other types of chlorination.
Chloramines are weaker than chlorine, but are more stable, so they are often used as
the disinfectant in the distribution lines of water treatment systems. Despite their
stability, chloramines can be broken down by bacteria, heat, and light. Chloramines
are effective at killing bacteria and will also kill some protozoans, but they are very
ineffective at killing viruses.
16

Breakpoint Chlorination
The graph below shows what happens when chlorine (either chlorine gas or a
hypochlorite) is added to water. First (between points 1 and 2), the water reacts with
reducing compounds in the water, such as hydrogen sulfide. These compounds use up
the chlorine, producing no chlorine residual.
Next, between points 2 and 3, the chlorine reacts with organics and ammonia
naturally found in the water. Some combined chlorine residual is formed -
chloramines. Note that if chloramines were to be used as the disinfecting agent, more
ammonia would be added to the water to react with the chlorine. The process would
be stopped at point 3. Using chloramine as the disinfecting agent results in little
trihalomethane production but causes taste and odor problems since chloramines
typically give a "swimming pool" odor to water.
In contrast, if hypochlorous acid is to be used as the chlorine residual, then chlorine

will be added past point 3. Between points 3 and 4, the chlorine will break down most
of the chloramines in the water, actually lowering the chlorine residual.
Finally, the water reaches the breakpoint, shown at point 4. The breakpoint is the
point at which the chlorine demand has been totally satisfied - the chlorine has reacted
with all reducing agents, organics, and ammonia in the water. When more chlorine is
added past the breakpoint, the chlorine reacts with water and forms hypochlorous acid
in direct proportion to the amount of chlorine added. This process, known as
breakpoint chlorination, is the most common form of chlorination, in which enough
chlorine is added to the water to bring it past the breakpoint and to create some free
chlorine residual.
17

Chlorine Dioxide
There is one other form of chlorine which can be used for disinfection - chlorine
dioxide. We have not discussed chlorine dioxide previously because it disinfects
using neither hypochlorous acid nor chloramines and is not part of the breakpoint
chlorination process.
Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, is a very effective form of chlorination since it will kill
protozoans, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and viruses that other systems may not
kill. In addition, chlorine dioxide oxidizes all metals and organic matter, converting
the organic matter to carbon dioxide and water. Chlorine dioxide can be used to
remove sulfide compounds and phenolic tastes and odors. When chlorine dioxide is
used, trihalomethanes are not formed and the chlorination process is unaffected by
ammonia. Finally, chlorine dioxide is effective at a higher pH than other forms of
chlorination.
So why isn't chlorine dioxide used in all systems? Chlorine dioxide must be
generated on site, which is a very costly process requiring a great deal of technical
expertise. Unlike chlorine gas, chlorine dioxide is highly combustible and care must
be taken when handling the chlorine dioxide.
Efficiency
Residual and Dosage

A variety of factors can influence disinfection efficiency when using breakpoint chlorination or
chloramines. One of the most important of these is the concentration of chlorine residual in the water.
The chlorine residual in the clearwell should be at least 0.5 mg/L. This residual,
consisting of hypochlorous acid and/or chloramines, must kill microorganisms already
present in the water and must also kill any pathogens which may enter the distribution
system through cross-connections or leakage. In order to ensure that the water is free
of microorganisms when it reaches the customer, the chlorine residual should be
about 0.2 mg/L at the extreme ends of the distribution system. This residual in the
distribution system will also act to control microorganisms in the distribution system
which produces slimes, tastes, or odors.
Determining the correct dosage of chlorine to add to water will depend on the quantity
and type of substances in the water creating a chlorine demand. The chlorine dose is
calculated as follows:
Chlorine Dose = Chlorine Demand + Chlorine Residual
18

So, if the required chlorine residual is 0.5 mg/L and the chlorine demand is known to be 2 mg/L, then
2.5 mg/L of chlorine will have to be added to treat the water.
The chlorine demand will typically vary over time as the characteristics of the water change. By
testing the chlorine residual, the operator can determine whether a sufficient dose of chlorine is being
added to treat the water. In a large system, chlorine must be sampled every two hours at the plant and
at various points in the distribution system.
It is also important to understand the breakpoint curve when changing chlorine dosages. If the water
smells strongly of chlorine, it may not mean that too much chlorine is being added. More likely,
chloramines are being produced, and more chlorine needs to be added to pass the breakpoint .
Contact Time
Contact time is just as important as the chlorine residual in determining the efficiency
of chlorination. Contact time is the amount of time which the chlorine has to react
with the microorganisms in the water, which will equal the time between the moment
when chlorine is added to the water and the moment when that water is used by the
customer. The longer the contact time, the more efficient the disinfection process
is. When using chlorine for disinfection a minimum contact time of 30 minutes is
required for adequate disinfection.
The CT value is used as a measurement of the degree of pathogen inactivation due to

chlorination. The CT value is calculated as follows:
CT = (Chlorine residual, mg/L) (Contact time, minutes)
The CT is the Concentration multiplied by the Time. As the formula suggests, a

reduced chlorine residual can still provide adequate kill of microorganisms if a long
contact time is provided. Conversely, a smaller chlorine residual can be used as long
as the chlorine has a longer contact time to kill the pathogens.
Other Influencing Factors

Within the disinfection process, efficiency is influenced by the chlorine residual, the type of chemical
used for chlorination, the contact time, the initial mixing of chlorine into the water, and the location of
chlorination within the treatment process. The most efficient process will have a high chlorine
residual, a long contact time, and thorough mixing.
Characteristics of the water will also affect efficiency of chlorination. As you will recall, at a high pH,
the hypochlorous acid becomes dissociated into the ineffective hypochlorite ion. So lower pH values
result in more efficient disinfection.
Temperature influences chlorination just as it does any other chemical reaction. Warmer water can be
treated more efficiently since the reactions occur more quickly. At a lower water temperature, longer
contact times or higher concentrations of chemicals must be used to ensure adequate disinfection.
19

Turbidity of the water influences disinfection primarily through influencing the

chlorine demand. Turbid water tends to contain particles which react with chlorine,
reducing the concentration of chlorine residual which is formed. Since the turbidity
of the water depends to a large extent on upstream processes (coagulation,
flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration), changes in these upstream processes will
influence the efficiency of chlorination. Turbidity is also influenced by the source
water - groundwater turbidity tends to change slowly or not at all while the chlorine
demand of surface water can change continuously, especially during storms and the
snow melt season.
Finally, and most intuitively, the number and type of microorganisms in the water will
influence chlorination efficiency. Since cyst-forming microorganisms and viruses are
very difficult to kill using chlorination, the disinfection process will be less efficient if
these pathogens are found in the water.
20

The breakpoint experiment

First by iodometry (thiosulphate) method
1 chlorine solution
Prepared from a source of chlorine such as calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2
Take little amount of Ca(OCl) 2 and dissolve it in appropriate amount of distillated
water and let it to precipitate and take the clear solution .
2) Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 0.1 N , 0.025 N .
3) Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 0.1 N
4)potassium iodide KI 5% or crystals .
5) Starch indicator (1 g in 100 ml distillated water ).
Procedure :
i) Standardize thiosulphate by dichromate as the following :
Add 10 ml of dichromate in conical flask , 5 ml KI 5% or about 1 gm KI crystals ,
,30 ml distillated water ,2 ml conc. sulfuric acid , wait about 1-3 minutes (optionally)
titrate with thiosulphate until yellow color begin to pale add 1 ml starch and
complete until blue color disappear .
ii) Standardize chlorine solution to strength 1 g/L. by the same way above replacing
dichromate with chlorine solution
in the manner of 1ml = 1 mg Cl.
iii) Take about 10 conical flasks , fill it with 500 ml raw water and the doses of
chlorine as the following :
Close the conical flasks with plaster and place it in dark place for the staying time of
water in precipitation pool as calculated from equation :
Staying time= Volume of precipitation pool / rate of pumped water
Shake the flasks each 30 minutes distribute the dose in the entire volume
After the time ends titrate each conical flask with thiosulphate as the following :
Add 2 ml conc. sulfuric acid , 5 ml 5% KI to each flask, titrate with thiosulphate
until pale yellow then add 1 ml starch complete titration until blue color disappears
Calculation :
(NV)S2O3=(N`V`)Cl
N`=0.025*VS2O3 /500 …………….(1)
Strength for Cl =N`*Eq.Wt
= 0.025* VS2O3*35.5 /500 g/L
=0.025* VS2O3*35.5*1000 /500 mg/L
Res Cl = VS2O3 *1.775 mg/L
21

Record your data in table like this :
Series The dose of VS2O3 mL Res Cl = VS2O3*1.775

Cl mg/l Taken in titration mg/L
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Draw a plot between the doses of Cl against the Res.Cl such as:
22

Note :
In Albaliana station lab sometimes breakpoint curve appear as
The first part of curve Res Cl appear as chloramines so if ammonia present in a trace
amount the formation of chloramines decrease and one imagine the curve like straight
line but the fact that break point greater than the chloramine products and the point
that the curve incline not be clear .
Whereas the Res.Cl at the breakpoint equals to 2.5 mg/L so the curve must appear in
the way that we show above.
23

Determination of chlorine by DPD methods
Introduction :
We use DPD as indicator because of it's high sensitivity for chorine ,DPD reacts with
chlorine producing a bright red color ,so we can use it by two methods colorimetric
or titration with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) Fe(NH4)2SO4 .
This DPD methods very accurate but the main defect that it is can not directly
determine the concentrations exceeds 5 mg/l . this can achieved by using dilution
HO O
NH2
O OH
CH3 CH3
N,N-diethylbenzene-1,4-diamine ethanedioate
DPD oxalate
A)colorimetric methods.
since the degree or the strength of red color that is yields from reaction between DPD
and chlorine proportional to the concentration of chlorine we can compare the color
which developed when DPD added to a sample and standard colors known it's
concentration
24

The comparison may takes place either by simple device such as above in which a
cycle has a graduated red or pink color ,each degree of color equivalent to Known
concentration or by spectrophotometric methods
The simple comparison colorimetric method

Preparations:
1) prepare DPD solution as the following :
Dissolve 1 g DPD oxalate in little amount of distillated water containing 8 ml 1:3
sulfuric acid and 200 mg EDTA complete to 1 L freshly boiled and cooled distillated
water (must be sure that is free from chlorine ) , store in brown or dark bottle
2)prepare phosphate buffer :

a)Dissolve 24 g Na2HPO4 and 46 g KH2PO4 in little amount distillated water
b)dissolve 800 mg EDTA in 100 ml distillated water
mix the phosphate solution and EDTA solution ,dissolve well ,and complete to 1 L
if Na 2HPO4 not present use 40.6 g NaH2PO4 .
Procedure:
Add 5 drops Buffer solution +5 drops DPD solution to sampling tube , then add to it
10 ml sample water and put it in comparison device , read the concentration of the
color strength equals to the strength of color developed in sampling tube .
The spectrophotometric comparison colorimetric method

Prepare DPD and buffer solutions as above
1)Prepare known concentrations of chlorine (use thiosulphate or DPD tablets or DPD
– FAS method as we see)
2)set the spectrophotometer on 525 nm and blank it with distillated water
3) add 5 drops buffer +5 drops DPD +10 ml known concentration chlorine solution to
spectrophotometer cell and read the corresponding absorbance
Plot a curve between absorbance in horizontal axes and concentration in vertical axes
and detect the slope as the following
Concentration = slope *Abs
25

B) Titration Method (Ferrous ammonium sulphate method)

Preparations:
1)Prepare DPD and buffer solutions as above
2)Prepare standard ferrous ammonium sulphate solution (FAS) Fe(NH4)2SO4 as the
following :
Dissolve 1.106 g Fe(NH4)2SO4.6H2O in distillated water containing 1 ml 1:3 sulfuric
acid ,then complete to 1 liter freshly boiled and cooled distillated water .
3)KI crystals or 0.5% KI solution (500 mg KI in 100ml distillated water )store in
brown bottle
Procedure:
a) Free chlorine and chloramines
add 5 ml buffer + 5 ml DPD solution in conical flask , mix , add 100 ml sample and
mix well.
i) Free chlorine
titrate rabidly with standard FAS solution until red color discharged (reading A).
ii) Monochloramine ( NH2Cl).
add very small crystal of KI (about 0.5 mg) or 0.1 ml (about 2 drops) KI solution
,complete titration with FAS solution until red color discharged again.(reading B).
iii)Dichloramine. ( NHCl2).
Add several crystals KI (about 1 g) mix, stand for 2 minutes ,continue titration until
red color discharged too (reading C).
iv) Trichloramine. (NCl3)
add very small crystal of KI (about 0.5 mg) or 0.1 ml (about 2 drops) KI solution
+100 ml sample in conical flask ,add the content to another conical flask containing
5 ml buffer + 5 ml DPD solution ,titrate rabidly with FAS (reading N).
b) Total chlorine (free +combined) in one reading
add the full amount of KI at the start of titration +100 ml sample in flask ,add the
content to another conical flask containing 5 ml buffer + 5 ml DPD solution ,titrate
rabidly with FAS
Calculations:
Determine the free chlorine, mono, di and tri chloramines as explained in the
following table:
Reading NCl3 absent NCl3 present

A Free Cl Free Cl
B-A NH2Cl NH2Cl
C-A NHCl2 NHCl2 +1/2 NCl3
N Free Cl +1/2 NCl3
2(N-A) NCl3
C-N NHCl2
26

Determination of Aluminum
By Eriochrome cyanine R: § dye
Principle:
Diluted solutions of Aluminum produce a red to pink complex with Eriochrome
cyanine R , which exhibits an absorption at 535 nm.
Eriochrome cyanine R
forms a blue color in
Complex formation with Al
Since a maximum absorption
Takes place at 535 nm
**The intensity of developed color influenced by:

1) Aluminum concentration
2) Reaction time
3) Temperature.
4) PH.
5) Alkalinity.
6) Concentration of other ions.
Reagents:
1) Stock Aluminum solution:
using KAl(SO4)2.12H2O as a source of Aluminum ion
3+
Prepare 500 mg/l Al as the following:
M wt of KAl (SO4)2.12H2O =39.7+27+2*96+ 12*18= 474.7
since 474 g of KAl (SO4)2.12H2O 27 g of Al
X -----------à 0.5 g Al
X = 0.5*474.7 /27 =8.791 g
Dissolve 8.791 g of KAl (SO4)2.12H2O in little amount of distillated water

and complete to 1 liter.
27

2) Eriochrome cyanine R: § dye

Preparation: Dissolve 150 mg in 50 ml distillated water
Add about 2 ml 1:1 acetic acid to adjust PH to 2.9
Complete to 100 ml with distillated water.
This dye solution stable for one year.
Function : uses for preparation working dye.
3) Working dye.
Preparation: Take 10 ml of dye stock and complete to 100 ml distillated water.
Stable for about 6 monthes.
Function: forms a blue color complex with Al3+ ion in acidic medium ,the color
intensity increase directly with concentration of Al3+ ion.
4) Buffer reagent:
Preparation: Dissolve 136 g sodium acetate in water + 40 ml 1N acetic acid
Then complete to 1 L.
Function: to adjust PH to 2.9 in which dye works.
5) Ascorbic acid:
Preparation: Dissolve 0.1 g of acid in 100 ml distillated water.
Function: prevents the interference of Fe , Mn ions thats commonly associate
the occurrence of Al3+ ions.
6) EDTA 0.01 M:
Preparation: Dissolve 3.7 g in 1 L distillated water.
Function: to remove any effective ion such as Fe , Mn, Al3+ ion from blank
sample
7) Sulfuric acid 0.02 N.
Function: to acidify the sample to the required PH.
Procedure:
1) Prepare a series of standers of Al3+ (from 0.01 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l) each
standard about 25 ml
We can use the standards 0.01, 0.05 , 0.1,15 , 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mg//l
The stock of Al3+ is 500 mg/l
Dilution low c1*v1=c2*v2

C1=500 mg/l
C2=0.01 mg/l
28

V2 =25 ml
500*v1= 0.01*25
V1=0.0005 ml
It's so far difficult to take this volume, so we can prepare an intermediate (100
ml) 5 mg/l standard as the following:
C1*v1=c2*v2
500*v1=5*100
V1=1 ml
Take 1 ml from the stock in 100 ml distillated water
Now let us prepare 25 ml 0.01 mg/l standard :
C1*v1=c2*v2
5*v1=0.01*25
V1= 0.05 ml
Also its difficult to take this volume so we will prepare an other intermediate (100 ml)
0.5 mg/l standard as the following:
C1*v1=c2*v2
5*v1=100*0.5
V1=10 ml.
Take 10 ml from 5 mg/l standard in 100 ml distillated water .
Now we sure that can prepare 25 ml 0.01 mg/l standard

C1*v1=c2*v2
0.5*v1=0.01*25
V1=1 ml
Take 1 ml from the last 0.5 mg/l standard in 25 ml distillated water .
Put your data in a table such as this
series concentration The ml taken in 25 ml The used intermediate standard

Total volume
1 0.01 1 0.5 mg/l
2 0.05 2.5
3 0.1 5
4 0.15 7.5
5 0.2 10
6 0.25 12.5
7 0.3 15
Note1 : there is no any a problem if you preferred to use the intermediate standard 5
mg/l beginning from 0.1 mg/l standard to the end of the series.
Note 2: this way of preparation of standards is selective, if you prefer other method
You can use it.
29

2) Add excess 1 ml sulfuric acid 0.02 N to standard sample or after the removing or
exceeding the alkalinity of the water sample.
3)add 1 ml ascorbic acid , 10 ml buffer reagent ,5 ml working dye and complete to 50
ml with distillated water
4)shake will and wait for 5-10 minutes.
5)the blank sample use either distillated water or 25 ml from the sample and add to
it 1 ml EDTA 0.01 M and then also do to it the steps from 2 -4.
6) Adjust the spectrophotometer on 535 nm since a maximum absorption at this
wavelength
7) Read the absorptions and draw a plot of the concentration against absorption
30

‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﻮﻟﺠﻰ‬
‫اوﻻ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت‬
‫‪(1‬ﺗﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﻰ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺎت ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ‬
‫‪(2‬ﯾﺰال اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪ 0.1‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪ %3 Na2S2O3‬ﻓﻰ زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪ 120‬ﻣﻠﻠﻰ‬
‫وھﺬه ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻹزاﻟﺔ ‪ 5‬ﻣﺠﻢ ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻏﻀﻮن ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺧﺬھﺎ ﺗﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻗﻞ ‪ 10‬درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 30‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﯿﺔ وﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 8‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺧﺎص‬
‫ﺑـ ‪heterotrophic plate count‬‬
‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬

‫أﺳﮭﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق ھﻮ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺮازﯾﺔ ‪Seven hours Fecal Coliform test‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪M-7 h FC agar :‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻰ ﺣﻤﺎم ﻣﺎﺋﻰ وﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺗﺬوب اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻧﻜﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 5‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻧﺒﺮد اﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ 50-55‬س‬
‫ﻧﻀﺒﻂ اﻟـ ‪ PH‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 7.3‬ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ )‪ ) NaOH (0.1 N‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ 0.35‬ﻣﻞ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺧﺬ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﻧﺮﺷﺤﮭﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪ membrane filter‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻌﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻖ ﯾﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻰ ‪ M-7 h FC agar‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أى ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻰ واﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ وﻧﻀﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 7‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻟﻮ ﻇﮭﺮ ﻟﻮن أﺻﻔﺮ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺮازﯾﺔ )ﺣﺪث ﺗﺨﻤﺮ ﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮز(‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ ووﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﯿﺎس ھﻰ ‪ cfu‬وھﻰ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫"‪, colony forming units‬‬
‫أﺷﮭﺮ اﻻوﺳﺎط اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ "plate count agar " (1‬أو "‪ "trptose glycose yeast agar‬واﺧﺘﺼﺎره "‪" TGY‬‬
‫وھﺬا اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻰ ﯾﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺘﻰ ‪pour plate count and spread plate count‬‬
‫‪31‬‬

‫‪: R2A agar (2‬‬

‫وھﺬا اﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﯾﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪pour plate count ,spread plate count , membrane filter count‬‬
‫********************************************************‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮق اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﮭﺮة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬
‫‪(1‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ‪pour plate‬‬
‫• اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ pour count agar:‬او ‪R2A agar‬‬
‫• ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪ 300-30‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻧﺤﻀﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﯿﻦ‬
‫• ﻧﺎﺧﺬ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ )ﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ اﺳﻔﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺑـ ‪ 2.5‬ﺳﻢ(وﻧﻀﻌﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ )ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺟﺰأى اﻟﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة وﻧﻀﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ وﻧﻐﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﻠﻮث ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﮭﻮاء ( ﺛﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ اﻵﺟﺎر ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ وﻧﺤﺮك اﻟﻄﺒﻖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ داﺋﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى واﺣﺪ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻮزع اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ) ﻣﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ رج( اﻟﻰ ان ﯾﺘﺼﻠﺐ اﻵﺟﺎر ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ وﻧﻀﻌﮫ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 35‬م وﻟﻤﺪ ‪ 48‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﺠﮭﺰ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ‪ blank‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻨﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻮ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻰ – اﻵﺟﺎر‪ -‬ﻣﻦ أى ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫• ﻧﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ وﻧﻮع اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ وﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﻀﺎء ﻣﺼﻔﺮة‬
‫• ﻟﻮ ﻗﺮرﻧﺎ ﺗﺄﺟﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺪ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاه ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪-5‬‬
‫‪ 10‬م ﻟﻤﺪة ﻻﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫• ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪c.f.u /ml =colonies counted /actual volume of sample‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ أﺧﻨﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ‪c.fu=/ml = colonies counted‬‬

‫• ﻧﺎﺧﺬ ﻓﻰ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ‬
‫• ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻧﻘﺴﻤﮫ وﻧﻌﺪ ﺟﺰء وﻧﻀﺮب ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫• ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﺟﺪا ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﺪه ﻧﻌﯿﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ أﻛﺜﺮ وﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ‬
‫‪membrane filter method (2‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪R2A agar :‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻻ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪0.45 µm‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻧﺎﺧﺬ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﻧﻀﻌﮫ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺼﺒﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺛﻢ ﻧﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺑﺮﻓﻖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ آداة ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺟﮭﺰﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ وﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻐﺬى )اﻵﺟﺎر ‪ R2A‬اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺐ(‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻧﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ وﻧﻀﻌﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 35‬ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 48‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻠﯿﻼ أو ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 28-20‬ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 7-5‬اﯾﺎم‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ‪pour plate‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪32‬‬

‫*ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﯿﺔ )اﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺗﺨﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻼ ﻛﺘﻮز ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﻦ ‪ 35‬م ﻟﻤﺪة ‪48‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺛﺮ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﺳﯿﻈﮭﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة وﺟﻮد ﻏﺎز) ‪ ( co2‬او ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺪﻟﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ اﻟـ ‪– PH‬ﺗﺰﯾﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﯿﺔ‪ -‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 0.01 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪bromocresol purple‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺜﺒﺖ وﺟﻮد اى ﺑﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪+ve‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ -ve‬ھﻰ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ اى أﺛﺎر اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز او اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪laryl broth‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯿﻤﺘﺮات اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ او اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻠﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺳﻨﻀﯿﻒ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻠﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻮرﯾﻞ ) ‪ 35.6‬ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻮرﯾﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﺘﺮ(‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻠﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺳﻨﻀﯿﻒ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻠﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻮرﯾﻞ ) ﺟﻢ ‪ 71.2‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻮرﯾﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﺘﺮ(‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة او ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد واﻟﻐﯿﺎب ) وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﻃﻮار‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮاﺿﻰ واﻟﺘﻜﻤﯿﻠﻰ واﻟﺘﺎﻛﯿﺪى (‬
‫‪ (2‬اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫‪ (3‬اﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺳﺎس اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﻰ‬
‫****‬
‫اوﻻ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ أو ‪ 5‬أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪة ‪ 20‬ﻣﻠﻞ او ‪ 10‬أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪة ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ 1‬اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻠﻮرﯾﻞ ﺑﺮوس ﻛﻮﺳﻂ ﻏﺬاﺋﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻵﺗﻰ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻰ وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف اﻟﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻮزﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎة‬
‫ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـ ﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ 106.8‬ﺟﻢ‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪ 137.1‬ﺟﻢ‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫‪ 106.8‬ﺟﻢ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪71.2‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
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‫واﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 10‬أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻛﻞ اﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻞ وﻋﺪد اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪ 5‬ﺍﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ‪ 20‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﺔ‬
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‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﺒﻔﺎﺕ ﻜل ﺼﻑ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 5‬ﺍﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ‬
‫‪Please Register‬‬ ‫‪Please‬‬

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‫‪1:1000‬‬ ‫‪1:100‬‬ ‫‪1:10‬‬
‫ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 1‬ﻤﻠﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ‪ 10 +‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺭﻴل‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺹ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 35‬ﻡ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻨﻅﺭ ﻭﻨﺴﺠل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ 48‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ brilliant green lactose bile broth‬ﻜﻭﺴﻁ ﻏﺫﺍﺌﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺴﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺭﻴل ﺴﻨﺨﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫‪Brilliant green lactose bile broth‬‬
‫ﻨﻌﻘﻡ ﺴﺎﻕ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻭﻨﻐﻤﺴﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻁﻔﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻯ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺭﻴل ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺃﻯ ﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺭﻴل ﺜﻡ ﻨﻐﻤﺴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﺨﺭﺠﻪ ﻭﻨﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﻯ‬
‫‪35‬‬

‫‪ Brilliant green lactose bile broth‬ﺃﻭ ﻨﺭﺝ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺭﻴل ﺜﻡ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﻔل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﻯ ﻨﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﻨﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 35‬ﻡ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ‪ 48‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ‪) +ve‬ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ( ﻓﻰ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺭﻴل ﻭﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻰ ‪ EC –broth‬ﻟﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ‪ fecal Coliform‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 44.5‬ﻡ ﻭﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻰ ﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﻗﻭﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﻜﺩﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ‪ Brilliant green lactose bile broth‬ﺍﻯ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ +ve‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪–ve‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ‪ EC broth‬ﺍﻯ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﻗﻭﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ‪non fecal Coliform‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪36‬‬

‫وھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ 5‬اﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ‬
‫‪37‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺘﻭﻤﺎﺱ‬3-3-3 ‫ ﺍﻭ‬4-4-4 ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﺜل‬
Collected and written by

Abu Alhassan Abd Elshafi
2010
aboalhassan20082000@yahoo.com
abo_alhassan2010 @hotmail.com
38

Impotrant Experments in Water Analysis and Surface Works

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Impotrant Experments in Water Analysis and Surface Works

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‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪة ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬

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‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻘﻮل ‪:‬‬

‫واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺪﯾﻒ‪:‬‬

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‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪(1‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪suspended solids (s.s‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺮﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﺮوﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(3‬ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪fixed suspended solids F.S.S (6‬‬

‫‪T.S= F.S.S + V.S.S‬‬

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‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪ :‬ﯾﺼﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ھﻮ ﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺤﮫ‬

‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺮى‪:‬‬

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‫• ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻷﻗﻄﺎر ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن ﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺛﻘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻮل ﻣﻢ‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ رﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺑـ ﻣﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ‪:‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻮل ‪0.6‬‬

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‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬

‫‪∆m1 = 100 − m1‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻣﻦ‬

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The calibration of Alum pump

the efficiency factor of pump = (R2/R1)*100

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Record your data in a table like this :

Trial Capacity % Flow rate R1 R2 efficiency factor

Calculate the Average of efficiency factor of pump for your

The rate of pump dosing= flow rate reading* efficiency factor

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Hydrogen Sulfide + Chlorine + Oxygen Ion Elemental Sulfur + Water +

H2S + Cl2 + O2- S + H2O + 2Cl-

Hydrogen Sulfide + Chlorine + Water Sulfuric Acid + Hydrochloric

H2S + 4Cl2 + 4 H2O H2SO4 + 8 HCl

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Reactions of Chlorine Gas with Water

Chlorine may be added as to water in the form of chlorine gas, hypochlorite, or

Chlorine + Water Hypochlorous Acid + Hydrochloric Acid

Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl

Hypochlorous Acid ↔ Hydrogen Ion + Hypochlorite Ion

Note the double-sided arrows which mean that the reaction is

The concentration of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions in chlorinated water

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There are three types of hypochlorites - sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite,

• Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) comes in a liquid form which contains up to 12%

Calcium hypochlorite + Water Hypochlorous Acid + Calcium

Ca(OCl)2 + 2 H2O 2 HOCl + Ca(OH)2

Sodium hypochlorite + Water Hypochlorous Acid + Sodium Hydroxide

NaOCl + H2O HOCl + NaOH

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Three types of chloramines can be formed in water - monochloramine, dichloramine,

Ammonia + Hypochlorous Acid Monochloramine + Water

Dilution low c1v1=c2v2