Nonlinear Static (Pushover)

Analysis

Anindya Dutta, Ph.D., S.E.

Topics

z What is nonlinear static analysis?

z How is it done?
z What are the drawbacks to its use
z When can (should) it be used?

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What is nonlinear static analysis

z One of four analysis procedures

embodied in FEMA 356 / ASCE 41 and
commonly used in performance-based
design approaches
z Linear static
z Linear dynamic

z Nonlinear static (pushover)

z Nonlinear dynamic

Advantages

z Intuitive and visual method

z Allows engineers to “understand” structure’s
nonlinear behavior and progression of
damage with increasing ground motion
intensity
z Simple to perform (with or without
nonlinear analysis software)
z Does not require selection and scaling of
ground motions

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Disadvantages

z Static
z Can not directly account for dynamic
structural behavior

Nevertheless, nonlinear static analysis can

be effectively used for performance
assessment and design of many types
of structures.

How is it done

z Basic Steps
z Model structure (and important nonstructural
components)
z Perform a series of linear analyses on sequentially
degraded models as damage is predicted
z Develop pushover curve
z Determine effective dynamic properties
z Determine demand lateral displacement for design
ground motion
z Check adequacy of elements for force and
deformation demands at design lateral displacement

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Getting Started

z Understand the structure before

attempting a nonlinear analysis
Identify:
z critical elements
z probable yield/failure modes
z importance of foundation to building
response
z importance of torsional behavior and need
for 3D modeling

Identify Critical Elements

z Nonlinear analysis is z Critical elements:

complex and it is z all members of
desirable to minimize lateral force
the number of resisting system
elements modeled z any members
z Sufficient elements sensitive to large
must be included to lateral
capture important displacements
behavior modes z any elements that
affect the above

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Typical Critical Elements

z Steel frame z Concrete structures

structures z girders - column frames
z moment connected
z flat slab - column
frames
frames
z Beams, columns,
panel zones z shear walls
z braces and link z architectural walls,
beams spandrels & parapets
z masonry & concrete cast integrally with
infills structure
z foundations z foundations

Identify Probable Yield/Failure

Modes
z Structures can Joint Shear
exhibit a variety of Column Shear
inelastic behaviors
z It is critically
important to model
those that are likely
to occur in the
structure analyzed Wall Shear
Wall Flexure
Foundation rocking

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Identify Importance of Torsional
Response
z Two dimensional
analyses can be
used for torsionally
regular buildings
z Three dimensional
analyses are or
required for irregular
buildings

Modeling
Element Properties & Strengths
z Best estimates (expected values) rather
than design or specified strengths should
be used in determining material
capacities
z use of artificially low nominal strengths will
result in under estimates of strength
demands on some elements
z Expected Steel yield - 1.25Fy
z Expected concrete compressive strength -
1.33f’c

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Modeling
Steel Moment Frames
z Before building the
pushover model,
determine where the
yielding will occur:
z Girder
z column face
z interior span
z Column
z Panel Zone

Modeling
Steel Braced Frames
z Tension Braces z Compression Braces
P Py 0.05K P Pc

K
K
0.3Pc

∆ ∆
∆y ∆u ∆c ∆u
K = EA L K = EA L
Pc = 17. Fa A
Fy L
∆y = FL
E ∆ c = 1.7 a E ∆ u = 3∆ c
∆ u = 5∆ y

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Modeling Concrete Structures

z Before proceeding - z Except for low-

determine critical tensile demand
behavior mode for elements,
each element: use “effective”
z flexure cracked section
z shear properties
z end connection

Modeling Concrete Structures

Flexure
z Cracked section
properties-EIcr:
z Beams 0.5EIg
z Prestressed Beams
EIg
z Columns (no net
tension) 0.7 EIg M-φ relations
Use of M-
z Columns (net tension) obtained from BIAX
0.5EIg and straight mechanics
z Walls uncracked of materials approaches
0.8EIg will underestimate
z Walls cracked 0.5EIg stiffness.

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Modeling Concrete Structures
Flexure
s
z Use elastic-plastic
model ρc

z Ultimate deformation db
determined based on
concrete strain fy
εu = 0.005 + 01
. ρc f 'c < 0.02
z εu dependent on
z confinement or:
provided
εu = 0.005 for s d ≥ 16
z lateral support for b

longitudinal steel εu = 0.02 for s d ≤ 8

b

Modeling Concrete Structures

Flexure
0.05K
Mp

K=4EIc/L θp

θ
θy θu
lp

θy=φylp θu=φulp
lp=d/2 d
φu=εuc
neutral axis depth “c” can be evaluated at strain of 0.003

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Sequential Linear Analysis

1. Select a loading pattern for the

structure
z Loading pattern should produce a
deflected shape in the structure similar to
that it would undergo in earthquake
response

Sequential Linear Analysis

z Loading Pattern Alternatives

z Inverse triangular
z Rectangular

z First mode

z Modal dynamic

z Modal dynamic variant

z Multi-mode

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Inverse triangular

z Approximates first
mode response
shape of regular
structures
z Forces distributed Fx
with height by:

wx hx
Fx = V
∑ wi hi
V

Rectangular

z Approximates first
mode response of
structure with very
soft stories, or post-
yield response of Fx
structrues with weak
first stories
wx
Fx = V
∑ wi
V

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First Mode

z First mode response

obtained from a
modal analysis

Fx ∆x
w∆
Fx = x x V
∑ ∆ i hi
V

Modal dynamic

z Deformed shape of
combined modes

Fx ∆x
wx ∆ x
Fx = V
∑ ii
∆ h
V

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Loading Pattern

z FEMA 356 requires use of at least:

z Inverse triangular or first mode
z Rectangular

z FEMA 440 found that there is not

substatnial difference in the accuracy
produced by the various load patterns

Develop Pushover Curve

V5
Applied Shear V

V4
V7
V3 V6
V9
V8

V2

V1

∆8
∆7 ∆9
∆1 ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 Displacement at
∆6 Reference Point

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Determine Effective Dynamic
Properties
z Initially,perform elastic modal analysis to
determine fundamental period of
structure, T
z Determine initial stiffness, ki from
pushover curve as V1/∆1
z Determine effective stiffness, ke at 60%
of yield force from pushover curve

Determine Initial Stiffness

V5
Applied Shear V

V4
V7
V3 V6
ki V9
V8
0.6Vy-j
V2 1

V1

∆8
∆7 ∆9
∆1 ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 Displacement at
∆6 Reference Point

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Determine Effective Stiffness
Judgmentally selected yield
V5 force level- Vy-j
Applied Shear V
V4
V7
V3 V6
ki V9
V8
0.6Vy-j
V2 1

V1
ke
1 ∆8
∆7 ∆9
∆1 ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 Displacement at
∆6 Reference Point

Determine Effective Period

ke
Te = T
ki

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Determine Demand Lateral
Displacement
z FEMA 356 permits two alternative methods
z Coefficient (displacement modification) method
z Capacity spectrum (equivalent linearization)
method
z As presented both are significantly flawed
z FEMA 440 suggests important improvements to both
methods
z Only coefficient method as modified by FEMA
440 presented here

Determine Demand Lateral

Displacement
2
T
∆ T = C0C1C2 e 2 S a (Te ) g
4π
C0 = modal shape factor obtained from modal analysis
C1 = modifier to account for difference between elastic
and elastic-perfectly plastic response
C2 = modifier to account for effects of hysteretic pinching
(stiffness degradation)
Sa = spectral acceleration from design spectrum at
effective period of structure
g = 386.4 in/sec2

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Coefficient C1
R −1
C1 = 1 + For periods of 1 second
aTe2 or greater, C1 may be
Vy − j taken as having a value
R= of unity
αS a (Te )W
α = modal mass participation factor
a = coefficient dependent on site class:
130 for site class B
90 for site class C
60 for site class D

Coefficient C1

From FEMA 440

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Coefficient C2

For periods greater

than 0.7 seconds,
C2 may be taken as
unity.

From FEMA 440

Check element adequacy at ∆t

z Once the target displacement for a given

spectrum is determined, each element must
be evaluated at the demand displacement to
assure that neither its strength demand or
deformation demand exceeds permissible
capacities for the desired performance level
z Capacities can be obtained from FEMA 356
hysteretic tables, or directly off laboratory test
data

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What are limitations of nonlinear
static analysis
z Anapproximate procedure
z Can not directly account for:
z Cyclic behavior
z Certain types of strength degradation
z Dynamic collapse
z Behavior of multiple degree of freedom
structures
z Randomness of response related to ground
motion characteristics

Randomness of response
2.5

AZA270
2.0
I-ELC180
ELC270
1.5 B-ICC000
Sa - g

CLW-T050
1.0 DZC-180
DZC-270
HAGR003
0.5
Average

0.0
0 1 2 3
Period Seconds
8 motions, all Class D sites, large strike slip events
Scaled to same spectral acceleration at 1.1 second

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When is pushover analysis
appropriate

z Generally, structures with initial

periods of 1 second or less.
z Only use if significant nonlinearity
expected
z If torsion is significant, pushover analysis
may give an overly pessimistic
understanding of structural behavior

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