TRAINING REPORT

OF
SIX WEEK INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, UNDERTAKEN
AT
“132kv interlinking and 220/132kv ,2*80/100”

Under the guidance of: Submitted By:

Deepak sharma
S.D.O ( Substation) 07570104911 (E.E.E.)

***

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to express my deep gratitude to my esteemed guide Er. , for
his whole hearted assistance throughout the course of the training. His sympathetic attitude,
continuous encouragement at every stage facilitated this work and made it possible for me to
complete it.

1
I wish to extent my thanks to all the staff at mattansidh substaionfor their cooperation and
encouragement.

I would like to thank my teachers and my parents for their support. Also I would like to thank all
my friends, which are also working as trainee here for their full support for their completing this
project

***

2
 PREFACE

Training is an agglomeration of theoretical, practical and technical concepts, which enhances our
skills in the field if technology. Training plays an important role in building up a strong
personality. Training at mattansidh was a learning experience.

The Training report has been developed as a part of the industrial training that Panjab University
Swami Sarvanand Giri Regional Centre (P.U.S.S.G.R.C) requires its students to undergo during
the ultimate or penultimate year of the curriculum. The purpose of the industrial training is to
familiarize the students of the bachelor of technology course with the present working
environment in the country. To provide them to study with the latest trends those have been
established and as well as the ones that are being developed in the country. Moreover to make
students feel sure that whatever they are learning in this training period would certainly help
them for the future courses of action and help them to develop their potential and technical skills.
To allow them to explore various fields and to better equip them as a professional in the times to
come. The training was carried out at 132 kv interlinking and 220/132kv,2*89/100 mva

substation hamirpur. It's a perfect blend of innovation and performance.

***

3
 CONTENTS

 132 kv interlinking and 220/132kv,2*89/100 mva

 Single line diagram of 132 KV interlinking and 220/132 kv ,2*80/100 MVA
substation.
 Salient features of substation hamirpur-II(Mattansidh)
 Substation -An introduction
 Electrical Energy Generation ,Transmission and Distribution.
 Substation classification
 Bus Bar management
 Substation Equipments and their working Bus bar
o Circuit Breaker
o Isolator
o Lightening Arrester
o Transformer
o Tap Changing Transformer
o Power Transformer
o Current Transformer
o Potential Transformer
 Feeder
 Control room
 Automatic semaphore indicators
 Relays
 Substation earthing
 Power line carrier communication and its equipment
 conclusion

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line length of 11 kv feeders from 33/11kv substation
mattansidh.

Serial Name of Feeder Total line length in KV

no
1 11 kV LAMBLOO feeder 33.800KM
2 11kv TIKKER feeder 28.171 KM
3 11kV HAMIRPUR feeder 6.44 KM
4 11KV I.AREA Feeder 9.466KM
5 11 KV KOHLI feeder 1.0KM

***

5
132KV INTERLINKING AND 220/132 KV,2*80/100 MVA SUBSTATION :-
A PROFILE:
HAMIRPURa nodal point in the transmission network of Himachal Pradesh .Initially there was a
132 KV substation at Hamirpur(at Anu) with installed capacity of 23.5 MVA (16MVA+7.5
MVA).The 132 KV system was connected with Bassi power house and 132 Grid system of
PSEB Hosiarpur .The existing 132 KV system at Hamirpur was to be connected with 132 KV
substation through 132 KV line for Larji and Chullah Hydel Project were to be connected
here.As in Hamirpur at 132 KV substation it was not possible to accommodate all these feeders
due to space constraints ,thus a seprate interlinking substation at Hamirpue at village Panjaliu
near Mattansidh temple was proposed. Following 132 KV transmission lines emanate from this
substation:
Length Type of conductor
220 KV JLD-HMR ckt 123.1 km zebra 54/7/3.18mm2
1&2
132 KV Mattansidh- 4.905 km Panther 30/7/3.00mm
Anu
132 KV Mattansidh- 42.139km Panther 30/7/3.00mm
Kangu
132 KV Mattansidh- 43.123km Panther 30/7/3.00mm
Dehra

The 220/132KV ,2*80/100 Mva substation at Mattansidh was connected on September !998
and the commissioning was don e on 8jan 2001.This substation is constructed adjoining to the
132 KV interlinking substation Hamirpur by acquiring additionoal land.Substation at Mattansidh
has 220 KV double ckt line from Jalandhar .Additional D.C charges have been provided in the
scheme to ensure reliability of auxiliary supply.

6
Current carrying capacity of conductor

40degree celcius 45degree celcius

30/7/3.00mm2 Panther conductor 520 amp 482 amps
54/7/3.18mm Zebra conductor 795 amps 736 amps
54/7/3.53mm moose conductor 900amps 835amps

7
Salient Features of 220/132 KV ,2880/100 MVA control substation
Hamirpur_II

Serial Description 220/132 KV S/ST 132 KV intelinking S/ST

no.
1 Name of S/ST 220/132 KV,2 *80 /100 132 interlinking
Mva control substation substation hamirpur 11
Hamirpur II
2 Location Mattansidh (hmr) Mattansidh (hmr)
3 Area 24420 m 11520 m
4 Cost of scheme 1847 lacs 477 laoco
5 Date of commencement Sept 1988 Sep 1992
6 Date of commissioning I aug 2001 31Dec 1996
7 Fault current(symmetrical) 25 KA 9KA
8 Step potential 3134 V 1560.95 V
9 Touch potential 885 V 535.61 V
10 Basic insulation level 950 KV 650KV
11 Transformers 220 MVA (two bank of
100 Mca ),& units of
single phase
26.67/33.33 MVA
12 Staus of land HPSEB HPSEB
13 Transmission line interlinking substation 220 KV jalandhar 132 Kv hmr 1&II ckts
hamirpur (1 &II)ckts 132 Kv Gaggal 1&II ckts
132 Kv Dehra 1&II ckts
14 Material and size of busbar Twin ascr 54/7/3.53(zebra)(double
54/7/3.53(moose)(doubl bus)
e bus)
15 Type of breaker Sf6 SF6
16 Name of executing Agency HPSEB HPSEB

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Substation Introduction:-

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels .Substations may be owned and operated
by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customers.

Types:-

Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power system,
the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the structures
used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a particular problem, a transmission substation
may include significant distribution functions, for example.

Transmisiion substation:-

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines.[The simplest case is where
all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage
switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A
transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages,
voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static
VARcompensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow
between two adjacent power systems.

Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be
little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a
large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a large
amount of protection and control equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and
SCADA systems).

Distribution substation:-

It transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area.It is
uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless
they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for
local distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or subtransmission
lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output
is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and
33 kV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders
run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution
transformers at or near the customer premises.

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In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the
transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage
regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation
equipment may also be installed along the line.

The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with high-
voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side. More typical
distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage
side.

Collector substation:-

In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be required. It
resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many
wind turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy of construction the collector
system operates around 35 kV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission
voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also provide power factor correction if it is
needed, metering and control of the wind farm. In some special cases a collector substation can
also contain an HVDC converter station.

Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants of
comparable output power are in proximity. Examples for such substations are Brauweiler in
Germany and Hradec in the Czech Republic, where power is collected from nearby lignite-fired
power plants. If no transformers are required for increase of voltage to transmission level, the
substation is a switching station.

Converter substations:-

Substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current, or interconnected
non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to change the
frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct current or the reverse. Formerly
rotary converters changed frequency to interconnect two systems; such substations today are
rare.

Switching substation:-

A switching substation is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage
level. Switching substations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes
they are used for switching the current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of
failure. An example is the switching stations for the HVDC Inga–Shaba transmission line.

A switching substation may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly located
directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the generators from the power station
supply their power into the yard onto the Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the
transmission lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard.

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SUBSTATION EARTHING SYSTEM:-
The substation Earthing System is a very important for the safety of personal and needs attention
while designing, errection and routine maintenance. The substation earthing system is necessary
for connecting the neutral points of transformers and generators to ground and also for
connecting non-current carrying metal parts such as structures, overhead shielding wires, tanks
and frames etc. Ear thing of surge arresters are through the earthing system. The function of the
substation earthing is to provide a ground mat below ground surface in and around substation,
which will have uniformly zero potential with respect to ground and lowest earth resistance.
GROUNDING MAT is a mesh of steel pipes or rods laid at the depth of 0.5m in the entire
substation area. Numbers of grounding rods are connected to the earth mat. The joints of earth
mesh are welded. Risers are taken from the earth mat to connect to the various earthing points of
the structures, equipment body, and neutral points, surge arresters etc.

Some of the switching schemes are busbar arrangements employed in the substations are listed
below:

1. Single Bus-bar arrangement

2. Double Main Bus-bar scheme
3. Main and Transfer bus-bar scheme
4. One and half breaker scheme
5. Ring Main arrangement scheme

11
Single Bus-bar scheme:

This is the simplest busbar scheme available which consists of single set of busbars connected to
the generators, transformers and load feeders. All the feeders are connected by circuit breaker
and set of isolators. This arrangement helps to remove the connecting elements (Generators,
transformers, etc ) for maintenance by opening the circuit breaker contacts and further opening
the isolators.

Advantages:

1. This busbar arrangement enjoys less cost of installation

2. Less maintenance
3. simple operation

Disadvantages:

1. Fault on the busbar all the feeders connected to the busbars should be disconnected
2. when Busbar is under maintenance total supply and all feeders should be disconnected
3. Least flexibility and reliability

Single busbar Scheme

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Double Main Busbar Scheme:

Normally in double main busbar scheme each circuit is connected to both the buses. In some
cases half of the circuits can be connected and operated on each bus, in these cases bus or circuit
breaker failure would cause loss to half of the circuits. In double main busbar arrangement one or
two breakers can be provided for each circuit. Double main busbar and double breaker scheme
provides high reliability in the case of fault or outage of one of the breaker.

Advantages:

1. Any circuit can be taken out of circuit for maintenance

2. Flexibility in connecting the feeder circuit to either of the busbars

Disadvantages:

1. Most expensive
2. Loose circuits connected to busbar when fault occurs on the busbar

Double Busbar Single Breaker Scheme

Main and Transfer Busbar Scheme

Main and Transfer busbar scheme is similiar to single busbar arrangement with additional
transfer bus connected. Tie circuit breaker is provided to tie both the main and transfer bus.
During normal operation all the circuits are connected to the main bus. When circuit breaker
connected to the circuit (transmission line) is required to trip for maintenance, tie circuit breaker
connecting the main and transfer bus is closed. The relay protection for the circuits connected to
the transfer bus is taken care by the tie circuit breaker.

Advantages:

1. Low initial cost

2. Any breaker can be taken of circuit for maintenance

Disadvantages:

13
 1. Requires one extra breaker for bus tie
2. Switching is somewhat complicated when breaker is under maintenance

Main and Transfer Busbar Scheme

One and Half breaker Busbar scheme:

In One and half breaker scheme, two circuits are connected between the three circuit breakers.
Hence One and Half breaker name was coined for this type of arrangement. Under normal
operating conditions all the breakers are closed and both the busbars are energized. Any Circuit
fault will trip two circuit breakers and no other circuit will be affected in this arrangement. When
a busbar fault occur only breakers adjacent to busbars trips and no circuit will loose power. Two
busbars can also be taken out of service with out affecting the power flow if the power source
circuit ( alternator circuit) and receiving circuit (transmission line) available in the same bay.

Advantages:

1. Most flexible operation possible

2. High reliability
3. Bus failure will not remove any circuit from service

Disadvantages:

1. High cost
2. Relaying is somewhat complicated since the middle breaker must responsible for both the
circuits on either direction and should operate

14
one and Half Breaker Scheme

Ring busbar scheme

In this ring main busbar scheme arrangement, breakers are connected in ring and circuits are
connected between the breakers. There will be same number of circuits as the number of
breakers in the arrangement. During normal operation all the breakers are closed. During circuit
fault two breakers connecting the circuit trips. During breaker maintenance the ring is broken but
all the lines remain in service.

Advantages:

1. Low cost
2. Flexible operation for breaker maintenance
3. Any breaker can be taken out of service without interrupting load
4. Power can be fed from both the direction

Disadvantages:

1. Fault occur during maintenance will break the ring

2. Relaying is complex
3. Breaker failure during fault will trip one additional circuit

Ring Main Busbar Scheme

15
A busbar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or aluminium that
conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical
apparatus.

The size of the busbar is important in determining the maximum amount of current that can be
safely carried. Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm² but electrical
substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm in diameter (1,000 mm²) or more as busbars.
Busbars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate
more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional area ratio. The skin effect makes
50-60 Hz AC busbars more than about 8 mm (1/3 in) thick inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes
are prevalent in higher current applications. A hollow section has higher stiffness than a solid
rod, which allows a greater span between busbar supports in outdoor switchyards.
A busbar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it.
Busbars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal enclosure or by elevation out of
normal reach. Neutral busbars may also be insulated. Earth busbars are typically bolted directly
onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Busbars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the
form of bus doct or busway, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus.
Busbars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted or clamp
connections. Often joints between high-current bus sections have matching surfaces that are
silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance. At extra-high voltages (more than 300 kV) in
outdoor buses, corona around the connections becomes a source of radio-frequency interference
and power loss, so connection fittings designed for these voltages are eel used. The major types
are (1) rigid bus-bars, used at low, medium, and high voltage; (2) strain bus-bars, used mainly for
high voltage; (3) insulated-phase bus-bars, used at medium voltage.

Material and size of burbar alumninium st

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 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breaker is a device used for make or breaks the circuit either manually or by the remote
control under the normal conditions.
• Break the circuit automatically under the fault conditions
• Make or break the circuit either manually or the remote control under the fault
conditions

OPERATING PRINCIPAL
C.B. consists of the fixed and moving contact, called electrodes. Under the normal operating
conditions, these contacts remain closed, and will not operate automatically until the fault
conditions occur. When the fault occurs in any part of the system, the trip coils of the circuit
breaker gets energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus
opening the circuit.
When the contacts of the circuit breaker are separated under the fault conditions, an arc is struck
b/w them. The production of the arc not only delays the current interruption process but it also
generates the enormous amount of heat that is harmful for the system and for the breaker itself.

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TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
• Oil Circuit Breakers
• Air Blast Circuit Breakers
• Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers
• Vacuum Circuit Breakers

circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in Sulphur Hexafluoride or SF6 gas
is known as an SF6 Circuit Breaker.

SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has high electro-negativity. That means it has high
affinity of absorbing free electron. Whenever a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule,
it is absorbed by that gas molecule and forms a negative ion.

The attachment of electron with SF6 gas molecules may occur in tow different ways,

1) SF6 + e = SF6 –

2) SF6 + e = SF5 – + F

These negative ions obviously much heavier than a free electron and therefore over all mobility
of the charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less as compared other common gases. We know
that mobility of charged particle is majorly responsible for conducting current through a
gas.Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high
dielectric strength. Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but also it has the unique
property of fast recombination after the source energizing the spark is removed. The gas has also
very good heat transfer property. Due to its low gaseous viscosity (because of less molecular
mobility) SF6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by convection. So due to its high dielectric
strength and high cooling effect SF6 gas is approximately 100 times more effective arc
quenching media than air. Due to these unique properties of this gas SF6 Circuit Breaker is
used in complete range of medium voltage and high voltage electrical power system. These
circuit breakers are available for the voltage ranges from 33KV to 800KV and even more.

Disadvantages of SF6 CB

The SF6 gas is identified as a greenhouse gas, safety regulation are being introduced in many
countries in order to prevent its release into atmosphere.

18
Puffer type design of SF6 CB needs a high mechanical energy which is almost five times greater
than that of oil circuit breaker.

Types :-of SF6 Circuit BreakerThere are mainly three types of SF6 CB depending upon the
voltage level of application

1) Single Interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 245KV(220KV) system

2) Two Interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 420KV(400KV) system
3) Four Interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 800KV(715KV) system

Working of SF6 Circuit Breake

The working of SF6 CB of first generation was quite simple it is some extent similar to air blast
circuit breaker. Here SF6 gas was compressed and stored in a high pressure reservoir. During
operation of SF6 circuit breaker this highly compressed gas is released through the arc and
collected to relatively low pressure reservoir and then it pumped back to the high pressure
reservoir for reutilize.The working of SF6 circuit breaker is little bit different in moder time.
Innovation of puffer type design makes operation of SF6 CB much easier. In buffer type design,

19
rgy is utilized to develop pressure in the arcing chamber for arc quenching,Here the breaker is
filled with SF6 gas at rated pressure. There are two fixed contact fitted with a specific contact
gap. A sliding cylinder bridges these to fixed contacts. The cylinder can axially slide upward and
downward along the contacts. There is one stationary piston inside the cylinder which is fixed
with other stationary parts of the SF6 circuit breaker, in such a way that it can not change its
position during the movement of the cylinder. As the piston is fixed and cylinder is movable or
sliding, the internal volume of the cylinder changes when the cylinder slides.

During opening of the breaker the cylinder moves downwards against position of the fixed piston
hence the volume inside the cylinder is reduced which produces compressed SF6 gas inside the
cylinder. The cylinder has numbers of side vents which were blocked by upper fixed contact
body during closed position. As the cylinder move further downwards, these vent openings cross
the upper fixed contact, and become unblocked and then compressed SF6 gas inside the cylinder
will come out through this vents in high speed towards the arc and passes through the axial hole
of the both fixed contacts. The arc is quenched during this flow of SF6 gas.

During closing of the SF6 circuit breaker, the sliding cylinder moves upwards and as the position
of piston remains at fixed height, the volume of the cylinder increases which introduces low
pressure inside the cylinder compared to the surrounding. Due to this pressure difference SF6 gas
from surrounding will try to enter in the cylinder. The higher pressure gas will come through the
axial hole of both fixed contact and enters into cylinder via vent and during this flow; the gas
will quench the arc.

***

20
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer is essentially a step up transformer that steps down the current to a known
ratio. The primary consists of one or more turns of thick wire connecter in series with the line.
The secondary consists of large number of turns of fine wire, provides for measuring the
instruments, and relays a current that is a constant fraction of current in the line. Current
transformers are further classified into two groups:
• Protective current transformers used in association with relays trip coils, pilot wires etc.
• Measuring current transformers used in conjunction with ammeter, wattmeter etc.

***

21
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

They are the step down transformer and steps down the voltage to the known ratio. The primary
of this transformer consists of large number of turns of fine wire connected across the line. The
secondary winding consists of few turns, provides for the measuring instruments, and relays a
voltage that is known fraction of the line voltage. Voltage transformers are used for protection as
well as measurement. Accordingly, they are either measuring or protective type of transformers.
They maybe single phase or three phase. The volt-ampere rating of voltage transformer is
smaller as compared to power transformer.

***

22
 LIGHTNING ARRESTERS

MECHANISM OF LIGHTNING
Lightning is an electric discharge in air between clouds, between the separate charge centers in
the same cloud, or between cloud and earth. As the charges increase, potential between cloud and
earth increases and, therefore, the potential gradient in the air increases which is not uniformly
distributed, being more intense at the charge center in the cloud. When the gradient exceeds the
strength of the portion of air across which it is applied, air breaks down, and a streamer starts
from cloud towards earth that carries charge with it. Thus, the channel it takes becomes charged
and the potential at tip of streamer is high. As long as the charge at center of the streamer feeds
the tip to maintain gradient above the strength of air, the streamer continues on its way. When it
approaches the earth, the electrostatic field increases and the gradient at the earth's surface
becomes great and finally a contact is made between causing a spark and Lightning. As the
charge in the cloud center is neutralized, its potential decreases.

TYPES OF LIGHTNING STROKES

There are two main ways in which Lightning may strike the power system, namely:
• Direct strokes
• Indirect strokes

23
Direct strokes: In the direct stroke, the Lightning discharge is directly from cloud to the subject
equipment e.g. an overhead line. From the line, the current path may be over insulators down to
the pole to ground. The over voltages setup due to stroke maybe large enough to flashover path
directly to the ground.

Indirect strokes: indirect strokes result from the electro statically induced charges on the
conductor due to presence of charged clouds. A positively charged cloud is above the line and
induces a negative charge on the line by electrostatic induction. This negative charge will be only
on the portion of line right under the cloud and portion of line away from cloud is positively
charged.

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING

A direct or indirect Lightning stroke on transmission line produces a steep fronted voltage wave
on the line. Its harmful effects maybe:
• The traveling wave may produce Lightning surges that may shatter the insulators and
even wreck poles.
• If traveling wave produced due to Lightning hit the windings of transformer, it may
cause considerable damage.
• If the arc is initiated in any part of the power system by the 1.lghtenmg stroke this arc
will setup very disturbing oscillations in the line that may damage other equipments
connected to line.
PRINCIPLE OF BASIC TYPE OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER
The simplest form of diverter is a plain air gap usually between 1-inch square rods cut at right at
the ends, connected between line and earth. A typical gap may be in form of horns or arcing

24
rings. To avoid ascending across the insulator surface of very steep fronted waves, the rod gap
should be set to breakdown at about 20% below the impulse spark over voltage of the insulation
at the point where installed. On occurrence of over voltage the air resistance across the gap
breaks and an arc are formed, providing the low resistance path for the surge BUS POST
INSOLATOR (BPI):-These are used to route the electrical energy with in sub-station. These provide the
support for incoming conductors ,after reaching the equipment connection level from lines/strung
buses.

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS:-These provide controlled point for diverting a surge or over voltage and
thereby protecting equipment.

25
CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):- Used for measuring primary voltage .Sometimes also
used in conjunction with trap for telecommunication application.

26
WAVE TRAPE

):-These are used in power line carrier application for telecommunication between substation. It is
equipment which is used to block the High frequency Carrier signals from entering into power system. It
is installed in the phase which is used for PLCC.

CURRENT TRASFORMER(CT):-These are used for measuring current of the system.

CENTRE-BREAK INSOLATOR:-(With 1 & 2 earth switches) Isolators provide visual means of isolating a
circuit .It is usually operated without load . Earthing switch provide path from phase to ground required
during maintenance of equipments.

RELAYS

27
WHAT IS A RELAY?
Power system consists of generators, transformer, transmission lines and distribution circuit. A
fault may occur on any part of the power system. Due to which the flow of electrical current is
diverted from its intended path. Fault maybe quickly detected and the faulty circuit should
disconnect from the rest of the circuit as quickly as possible. A device that detects the fault and
initiates the operating of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective from the rest of the supply
system is the relay.
Relays are compact, self-contained devices, which respond to the normal operating conditions.
The relay can distinguish between the normal and abnormal operating conditions.

OPERATION
When the fault occur its impedance is low and which causes the abnormal current conditions i.e.
the flow of heavy current in the secondary of the current transformer or in the relay coil cause the
relay to close its tripping contacts as a result the tripping circuit gets complete, breaker operates
and disconnects the faulty section.

BASIC IDEAS OF RELAY PROTECTION

An electric power system should ensure the availability of electrical energy without interruption
to every load connected to the system. When the electric power supply is extended to remote
villages the power system would consist of several thousand kilometers of distribution lines. The
high voltage transmission lines carrying bulk power could extend over several hundred
kilometers. Since all these line are generally overhead lines and are exposed, there are many

28
chances of their breakdown due to storms, falling of external objects, and damage to insulators,
etc. These can result not only in mechanical damage but also in an electrical fault. One of the
sources of trouble to continuous supply is the shunt fault or short circuit, which produces a
sudden and sometimes violent change in system operation.
Protection relays and relaying systems detect abnormal conditions like faults in electrical circuits
and operate automatic switchgear to isolate faulty equipment from the system as quickly as
possible. This limits the damage at the fault location and prevents the effects of the fault
spreading into the system. It is the function of the protective relays on the other hand must be
able to recognize an abnormal condition in the power system and take suitable steps to ensure its
removal with the least possible disturbance to normal operation. It should be noted that a
protective relay does not prevent the appearance of faults. It can take action only after the fault
has occurred. It would be most desirable if protection could anticipate and prevent faults, but this
is obviously impossible except where the original cause of a fault creates some effect, which can
operate a protective relay. However, there are some devices, which can anticipate and prevent major fault,
e.g. Buchholz relay, a gas operated device, which is capable of detecting the gas accumulation produced
by an incipient fault in a transformer. Let us take an example, which clearly tells the technique through
which the fault in the line can be detected by line itself. It is explained as follow:

CARRIER AIDED TRIPPING:

The fault in the line can be detected by line itself through this technique. It consists of
electromagnetic relays operating to avoid damage to both the substations at the two ends of a
line. A diagram with an example explains the process:

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Consider a power line AB. There are zones made in the sub-stations by the P&T department.
Zone -1 covers 80% line from A and B sides respectively. Now as shown in fig., if there is a
fault in a line, the two zones would be operated by relays due to sensing of high current because
of fault. If both the zones detect the fault in their 80% zone-1, it means that the fault is in
between both the stations and in the common zone.

But if the fault is, say in zone-1 of Band zone-2 of A, then the fault would be lying near to
station B and far away from A. so the relay trips according to the backup current relay
mechanisms and trips at the first station first where the fault is near and then to the other station.
The average time for tripping a relay is 200ms and if the distance is less than 20meter

TRANSFORMER

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Introduction:
Transformer is a static device that is used to step up or step down the input voltage using
electromagnetic induction without change in supply frequency. The step up and step down
transformer is categorized based on number of turns on primary and secondary side. If the
primary winding is having more turns than the secondary windings in it then it is called step
down transformer and step up in opposite case.

Principle:
A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The coils are wound on a
laminated core of laminated material. The physical basis of transformer is mutual induction
between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux through a path of low reluctance.
The two coils possess high mutual induction. If one coil is connected to a source of alternating
flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with other coil in which it produces
mutually induced emf.

Parts of transformer:

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Insulating oil:
Insulating oil forms a very significant part of transformer insulation system and has an important
function of acting as a electrical insulation as well as a coolant to dissipate heat losses.
Transformer oil base stock (TOBS, raw material) is normally obtained by fractional distillation
and this is further refined by acid treatment process.

Windings of transformer:
A transformer mainly has two winding but it has additional winding apart from the two
conventional main windings depending upon the particular application and type of connection
(of the main winding). In three winding transformers, the third winding is normally called as
tertiary winding and it is provided to meet one of the following requirements:
• For an additional load, which for some reason must be kept, isolated from that of
secondary.
• As a voltage coil in testing transformer.
• To load charge split winding generator.
• In star/star connected transformer to allow sufficient earth fault currents (zero sequence
components current) to flow for protective gear, to suppress harmonic voltages and to
limit voltage unbalance when the main load is asymmetrical.
Note: - tertiary windings are mostly delta connected.

Bushings:-
Bushing is one of the most important components that are fitted to the electrical equipments like
transformer, switching etc. It is an insulating structure for carrying the HV conductor through an
earthed barrier. The bushing has to:
• Carry the full load current.
• To maintain an insulation level between conductor and transformer body.
• Provide support against various mechanical forces. Transformers require terminal
bushings for both primary and secondary winding. The conductor passes through the
bushing and come outside for further connection.

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Winding temperature indicator:
Following are the functions performed by the winding temperature indicator:
 The winding temperature indicates the temperature of each of winding of
the transformer plus the temperature of the hottest oil.
 It operates the alarm and trip circuits when the temperature exceeds the
set values of temperature.
 It also operates the cooling equipments of the transformer.
The temperature of alarm and tripping in contact setting shall be as under:
 Alarm 95 degrees
 Trip 105 degrees
 Fans on 60 degrees
 Pump on 75 degrees

Oil level indicator:

Normally all transformers are provided with an expansion vessel called conservator, to take care
of expansion in the oil volume due to rise in temperature, when the load on the transformer
increases in ambient temperature. The oil level in the conservator consequently goes up.
Conversely, it falls when the temperature or load reduces. It is essential that the oil level in the
conservator by maintained above a predetermined minimum level. All large transformers are,
therefore, fitted with the magnetic oil level gauge that also incorporates a mercury switch. The
switch closes and actuates an audible alarm in the event of oil level dropping to near empty
position in the conservator.

Silica gel breather

33
Function of silica gel breather:
Transformer is filled with large quality oil expands or contract corresponding to the increase or
decrease in temperature. This causes the change in the pressure inside the transformer
conservator and in the tap changer oil tank to maintain the pressure. Air is entered or expelled
from the tank this action is called breathing action of the transformer. During this action, the
transformer oil comes in direct contact of the oil. The moisture present in the air deteriorates the
oil insulation level. Any humidity in the air is absorbed by the silica gel. An oil seal in the air
intake prevents the external moisture and changes container should be replaced by the activate
one. Silica gel can be reactivated by the heating the crystal in the shallow pan at the temperature
of 150 degree to 200 degree for 2-3 hours. In this time, the silica gel crystal has gain original tint.
Test for silica gel:
 Blue in color.
 Put it on your tongue then it can be used in breather.
 Cooling arrangements:

In power transformers, the oil serves a dual purpose as an insulating as well as cooling medium.
The heat generated in the transformer is removed by the transformer oil surrounding the source
and is transmitted to either atmospheric air or water. This transfer of heat is essential to control
the temperature within permissible limits for the class of insulation, thereby ensuring longer life
due to less thermal degradation.
***

34
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)

Introduction to power line carrier communication:

Whenever breakdown occurs or shutdown is required to be taken for maintenance purposes,
quick messages are required to send to various substations. To convey these messages, some
communication is required. The ordinary telephone network cannot serve the purpose because of
their busy schedule .therefore transmission or power lines used for carrier communications. The
communication signal is sent at higher frequency.

Power line carrier:

When the distances involved are large, it will not be economical to provide separate wires for
communication purposes. In fact, for such large distances, the power lines themselves provide a
very good medium of transmission of information.

Its advantages are:

• No separate wires are needed for communication purposes as the power lines themselves carry
the power as well as communication signals. Hence, the cost of constructing separate telephone
lines is saved.
• When compared with ordinary lines, the power lines have appreciably higher mechanical
strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the conditions which might damage the
telephone lines.
• Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the powers stations.
• Power lines have larger cross sectional areas resulting in very low resistance per unit length.
Consequently, the carrier signals suffer much less attenuation than they travel on usual telephone
lines of equal lengths.
• Power lines are well insulated to provide only negligible leakage between conductors and
ground even in adverse weather conditions.
• Large spacing between conductors reduces capacitances which results in smaller attenuation at
high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a considerable extent.

35
The disadvantages are:
• Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them against high
voltages and currents on the lines.
• Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This increases
attenuation and creates other problems.
• High voltage lines have transformer connections, which attenuate carrier currents. Sub stations
equipments adversely affect the carrier currents.
• Noise introduced by power lines is far more than in the case of telephone lines. This is due to
the noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona and switching processes.

Principle of operation:
In power line carrier communications, a speech signal is modulated with the carrier frequency
from 35 KHz to 500 KHz. Before modulating, the speech band is limited to 300 to 2400 HZ
whereas 2.4 to 4 KHz frequency band is used for telemetring, teleprinting, teleindication and
teleprotection. The modulated signal is filtered and amplified and then it is transmitted over the
power line (Le transmission line of 66KV, 132KV, 220KV, 400KVetc.) through line matching
unit, protective device and coupling capacitor. At the receiving end, the high frequency carrier
signal is separated from the high voltage power frequency with the help of line trap coupling
capacitor. Through line matching unit, the carrier frequency signal is sent to the power line
communication terminal, whereas speech signal is separated and sent to the subscriber. Carrier
current provides a means of conveying speech, metering indicators, control impulses etc. from
one station to another by means of existing transmission line without interfering with their
normal function of transmitting power. The main element for carrier communication system
includes a transmitter, receiver, power amplifier, master oscillator, a coupling arrangement and a
power line.

36
Following is the explanation of whole process: The P.L.C.C system uses the overhead
power cables to transmit the speech signal and data. There are two types of equipments in this
process:-

1. Outdoor equipments
2. Indoor equipments.

Outdoor Equipments: Outdoor equipments include the following:

• Line traps (wave traps)

• coupling capacitor or capacitive voltage transformer (CVT)
• Line matching units or line tuning units
• Hybrid.

37
The explanation of each unit of carrier communication is explained below:

Power lines these are the transmission lines through which the electrical power is
transmitted. These power lines are used for transmission of high frequency
signals in P.L.C.C.
Wave trap or line trap:
A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference of
a wave. Wave traps are usually tunable to permit selection of unwanted or interfering signals.
The impedance of a station is uncertain factor in carrier communication and it is safer to provide
special means to prevent the impedance from falling below a certain minimum. The solution is to
insert choke coils (line traps) ahead of the entry to a station or to a network section not belonging
to the message path. A line trap is connected directly to a power line and must, therefore, have an
insulated resistance rated for power voltage. Above all it must be rated for full operating current.

38
In the extent of power system faults, it should display the same short circuit resistance as the
power system i.e. it should be able to withstand the same dynamic and thermal limit current as
the other power plant equipment. Thus, the function of a line trap is to present high impedance at
the carrier frequency/frequencies being used thereby preventing the carrier signal from:
a) Being dissipated in station equipment.
b) Being grounded in the event of fault outside this carrier transmission path.
c) Being attenuated by a tap line or branch of main transmission line.

Line traps fall into two main categories:

• Untuned
• Tuned

Coupling capacitors:

The most important technical problem in a power line carrier is to devise methods and
equipments to couple the low voltage and high frequency carrier set to the high voltage and low
frequency power line.
During the early stages of power line carrier communication, capacitors of sufficient ratings,
designed to withstand high voltages, were not available. Capacitive coupling was at that time
accomplished with the aid of antennas. An aerial wire of more than 300 ft length, supported on
power line structure, was used. On one end of it, was connected the output from carrier
equipment while the aerial coupled the signals to power lines mainly due to capacitance between

39
them. Antenna coupling is rather inefficient and the entire setup is easily affected by radiations
for radio transmitters.
The modern practice is to achieve the coupling by connecting a capacitor between the carrier
terminal and the high voltage line. The particular value of the capacitor is a compromise between
two conflicting requirements. Too Lower value will present large reactance to carrier currents
while too high a value will be uneconomical to build and would pass large currents at 50 Hz. The
typical range is between 2200pF to 1100pF.

Line matching unit (LMU) or line tuning unit (LTU):

It is also called the coupling filter. The line-matching unit is connected in series with the high
voltage coupling capacitor to provide the following:
a) Efficient coupling of carrier transmitters and receivers to power line or cable.
b) Carrier bypasses around power transformers, switches and other discontinuities in the
power line at carrier frequencies.
c) Attenuation of undesired signals.
d) Protection of personal and electronic equipment from the high voltage of power line.

The circuit diagram of L.T.U is given below:-

40
The L.T.U protects the components of P.L.C.C from high voltage of power lines. It consists of a
coupling capacitor, which blocks the signal from the carrier. The lightning arrestor prevents the
atmospheric lightning to enter into the circuit by earthing the discharge. The earth switch
provides a tripping connection in case of earth fault.
Hybrid: Hybrid is a transformer with two different windings in the secondary side. These two
are connected to the L.T.U of the respective circuit. The diagram of a hybrid is shown below:

Indoor Equipments:
Carrier set: It is the carrier terminal having the transmitter and receiver equipments. The
transmitter is required to modulate the carrier wave with speech or pulse trains carrying the
telemetring or other supervisory or protective signals. The reverse functions are performed by the
receiver. Development in power line carrier communication has for many years been guided by
the assumption that a single communication path between terminal stations of a power line
would be all that is required. Even when two or more telephone circuits are found to be desirable
later, recourse was again to have a single channel telephone terminal, which was then connected
in parallel to the coupling equipment. Firstly, these terminals were designed exclusively for
telephone conversation. When remote supervision and control entered this picture later, the first
carrier terminal built was again single purpose type. Multipurpose carrier terminals for the
simultaneous transmission of speech and supervisory control were subsequently developed for
reasons of economy. The technical reason for this development was frequency saving that

41
requirement for signaling channels was low. These days both single purpose and multipurpose
PLC terminals are in use.

CONTROL ROOM
All equipment such as switchboard, carrier current equipment, batteries etc. housed in control
room. The switchboard consists of meters for measuring electrical quantities. Relays for sensing
fault in power system and to actuate the protective gear and the control equipment are also
placed in control room.2.2 v and 600ah for plcc

APACITOR BANK
The function of the shunt capacitor applied in the form of a single unit or a bank (comprising a
group of unit's series parallel combination) is to supply capacitive volt- amperes to the system at
the point of connection. The shunt capacitors compensate the lagging KVAr absorbed by the
inductive loads such as induction motor transformers/welding sets. The shunt capacitors improve
the power factor and thereby reduce the total KVAr demand. Hence the 12Rlosses through line
and the voltage regulation reduces. Shunt capacitors are as a rule, connected near the load end
and in receiving stations.
When used in the substation, the shunt capacitor bank should be provided with switching device.
So that at low loads, they are switched off and voltage does not rise above specified limits. When
used with loads, the capacitors units' does not rise above specified limits. When used with loads,
the capacitors units may be non- switched types control has been introduced to provide shunt
compensation.
Capacitors are used to improve the power factor by compensating reactive power. Reactive
power is demanded b

INSULATORS
Insulators in an s/s are of primary concern from the consideration of supply and safety to both
equipment and personnel. Insulators serve to fix current conducting parts in place and electrically
isolate them from earth and other parts of the installation maintained at a different potential.
Insulators must therefore, poses both electric and mechanical strength and exhibit heat and
moisture resistance. Insulators may be grouped as:

42
 • Station Insulators
• Apparatus Insulators
• Line Insulators

P&T CELL (PROTECTION AND TESTING)

INTRODUCTION
In the power system consisting of transformers, transmission lines, distribution circuits.
It is inevitable that eventually some fault will occur somewhere in the system. Depending on
the fault, it may damage the system equipments causing discontinuity in electrical supply system.
So protection of electrical supply equipment's such as transformers, generators, and transmission
lines against the fault is achieved through protective equipment's such as Relays, C.B. and Fuses
etc. These equipments require periodic testing and maintenance for their proper functioning. The
protection division provides this. Protection division is a team of smart and energetic people,
which are responsible for protection testing and commissioning of substation equipments.

TYPES OF FAULT

The faults generally occurring in a power system are:

1. Over current: It occurs mainly due to short circuit or leakage due to corona effect and
sometimes due to overload on the supply system.
2. Under Voltage: It occurs on short circuits because of one or more voltage drop either
in lines or machines or on failure of alternators field.
3. Unbalance: It occurs either on grounding of one or two phases or on short circuit of
two phases or breaking of one of the conductors. In such cases different current flow
through different phases and fault is known as unbalanced fault.
4. Surges: Whenever lightning takes place or serves fault occurs in the Neighboring
circuits, some are short-lived waves of very high voltage and current are set up in the
lines. Such fault is known as surge and it may be considered as high voltage of very
high frequency.

43
CONSEQUENCES OF FAULT

The most serious result of a major fault is fire, which may not only destroy the equipment of its
origin but also maybe spread in the system and cause total failure. The most common type of
fault, which is also the most dangerous one, is the short circuit, which may have any of the
following consequences:
1. A great reduction of the line voltage over a major part of the power system. This will lead to
the breakdown of the electrical supply to the consumer and may be produce wastage in
production.
2. Damage caused to the element short the system by the electrical are, which almost always
accompanies a short circuit.
3. Damage to the other apparatus in the system due to overheating and due to abnormal
mechanical force setup.
4. Disturbances to the stability of the electrical system and this may even lead to a complete
shutdown of the power system.
5. A marked reduction in the voltage that may sometimes be so great that relays having pressure
coils tends to fail.
6. Considerable reduction in the voltage on healthy feeders connected to the system having fault.
This may cause either an abnormally high current being drawn by the motors or the operation
of no-voltage coils of the motors. In the latter case considerable loss of industrial production
may result, as the motors will have to be restarted.

44
 CONCLUSION

My training at SUBSTATION MATTANSIDH began on7 June 2013.. During the course of my
training, I had studied in detail about all the equipments installed in SUBSTATION.

It gave me an opportunity to expose myself to the environment of a well knit industry and hence
understand how the skills that acquired during theoretical studies to be applied to practical
situation.

My training at substation has been invaluable experience. It introduced me to the world outside
my books. It's a perfect blend of innovation and performance.

***

45
 REFERENCES

 WWW.GOOGLE.COM

 WWW.ELECPWR.COM

 WWW.ENGI-NET.IT

 WWW.HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM

 ANNUAL REPORT OF B.B.M.B.

 Power System, By J.B.Gupta

 Switchgear And Protection, By Chakarborty

46
***

47
 EFERENCES

 WWW.GOOGLE.COM

 WWW.ELECPWR.COM

 WWW.ENGI-NET.IT

 WWW.HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM

 ANNUAL REPORT OF B.B.M.B.

 Power System, By J.B.Gupta

 Switchgear And Protection, By Chakarborty

***

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