TEEE 4203 STABILITY AND HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEMS

LECTURE 1A:
BUS ADMITTANCE AND BUS IMPEDANCE
MATRICES

Let’s first review the Per-Unit (pu) System

actual quantity
Quantity in pu =
base value of quantity
For example

S V I
S pu = Vpu = I pu =
SB VB IB
Z
Z pu =
ZB
Usually line-to-line voltage VB and MVA SB are selected. Then
VB
SB 3
IB = ZB =
3VB IB

substitute
(VB ) 2 (kVB ) 2
ZB = =
SB MVAB

Change of Base
Z S Bold
old
Z pu = old = Z old 2
ZB (VB )

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 Z S Bnew
new
Z pu = new = Z  new 2
ZB (VB )
Divide
2
S new
 V old

Z new
pu =Z old
pu
 B
old
B
new

S B  V
B 
Advantages of per-unit system

• Clear idea of relative magnitudes

• Ideal for the computerized analysis
• Per-unit impedance, voltage, and current of a transformer
are the same regardless of whether they are referred to
the primary or secondary

Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix (Y-bus)

• In a power system, power is injected into a bus from
generators, while the loads are tapped from it.
• There may be some buses with only generators and there
may be other with loads only.
• Some buses have generators and loads while some other
may have static capacitors for reactive power
compensation.
• The surplus power at some of the buses is transported
through transmission lines to the bus deficient in power.

ASSUMPTIONS AND DIFINITIONS

1. Power system is in sinusoidal steady state.

2. Bus ≡ an electrical node.

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3. An electrical network can be described by the number of
buses it has.

Example
30-bus system
4000-bus system
n-bus system

Y-BUS FORMATION

An arbitrary bus j in an n-bus system can be shown as

i n-1
I ji I jn −1
1
I jn
I j1 n
j

I I j0
j

0 Bus 0 (Reference)

vj → voltage at bus j with respect to reference

v0 → reference voltage (normally set = 0 V)
Ij → current injected into the network at bus j with respect to
reference
Iji → current from bus j to bus i
yji → admittance of a line from bus j to bus i
yji = 0 → there is no line connected directly between j
and i

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Apply KCL at node j

n
I j =  I ji
i =0

Applying Ohm’s law for each element

I ji = y ji (v j − vi )
Substitute

n
I j =  y ji (v j − vi )
i =0

Expand

I j = (− y j1 )v1 + (− y j 2 )v2 + ...

n
+ ( y j 0 +  y ji )v j + ...
i =1

+ (− y jn )vn

Similar expressions can be written for other buses for example

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 n
I1 = ( y10 +  y1i )v1
i =1

+ (− y12 )v2 + ... + (− y1 j )v j

+ ... + (− y1n )vn

I n = (− yn1 )v1 + (− yn 2 )v2 + ...

+ (− ynj )v j + ...
n
+ ( yn 0 +  yni )vn
i =1
In matrix form
_ _ _
I = YV
or
_ _ _
I bus = Y bus V bus
Where

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  I1 
I 
_  2
I=.
  → bus injection current vector or simply Ibus
.
 I n 

V1 
V 
_  2
V = . 
  → bus voltage vector or simply Vbus
.
Vn 
Y11 Y12 . . Y1 j . . Y1n 
Y Y22 . . Y2 j . . Y2 n 
 21 
 . . . . . . . . 
 
_ . . . . . . . . 
Y = 
Y j1 Yj2 . . Y jj . . Y jn 
 
 . . . . . . . . 
 . . . . . . . . 
 

Yn1 Yn 2 . . Ynj . . Ynn 
→ bus admittance matrix or simply Ybus
Where

Y ji = − y ji , j  i
(-ve of the admittance between bus j and bus i,).
That is, admittance between each bus in the system
including bus j)

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 n
Y jj = y j 0 +  y ji
i =1
(sum of all admittances connected to bus j. This
includes ties to references)

COMMENTS

Transmission line model

Bus j jx Bus i
r

y/2 y/2

Reference
Y = g + jb ≈ jb
g → transmission line conductance
b → transmission line capacitive susceptance

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y ji =
r + jx
Yji = − y ji
y j0 = y + ...shunt ties due to other connections
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Devices with shunt ties

• shunt capacitors
• shunt reactors
• off-nominal tap transformer

Typical Example of Y-Bus formation

Consider a single line diagram of a simple 4-bus system with

generators and load at each bus;

Let SGi denote the 3-phase complex generator power flowing

into the ith bus and SDi denotes the 3-phase complex power
demand at the ith bus. SGi and SDi may be represented as;

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Net complex power injected into the bus is given as;

The real and reactive power injected into the ith bus are then.

where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ……..n.

The equivalent circuit of the network model for the given

power system worked out on the above line is shown below in
the figure below.

• S1, S2, S3, S4 denote the net 3-phase complex power

flowing into the buses and I1, I2, I3, I4 denotes the current

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 flowing into the buses. Each transmission line is
represented by a π-circuit.
• All the sources of the bus system are connected to the
common reference at ground potential
• The shunt admittance at the busses are lumped.
• Besides the ground node, it has four other nodes or buses
at which the current from the source is injected into the
network.
• The line admittance between nodes i and k is represented
by yik = yki.
• The mutual admittance between lines is assumed to be
zero.

Applications of Kirchhoff’s current law to the four nodes give

the following equation.

The above equation can be rearranged and written in matrix

form as below.

The self-admittance terms of the matrix are given as

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The mutual admittances of the matrix are given as

The matrix is written in terms of self-bus admittance Yii and

mutual bus admittance Yik as follows.

The Y Matrix diagonal elements Yii are called the self-

admittances (or driving point admittance) at the ith nodes, and
each equals the sum of all the admittances terminating on the
node identified by the repeated subscripts. Each off-diagonal
term Yik is known as mutual admittance (or transfer
admittance) between ith and kth node and is equal to the
negative of the sum of all the admittances connected directly
between ith and kth node identified by the double subscripts.

The admittance matrix is typically a symmetric matrix as

Ymn =Ynm. However, extensions of the line model and
models of other components such as transformers may make it
asymmetrical.
Advantages of the bus admittance matrix.

• The data preparation of the bus admittance matrix is very

simple.

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• The formation of the bus admittance matrix and their
modification is easy.
• The bus admittance matrix is a sparse matrix thus the
computer memory requirement is less.

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Example (Y-bus Calculation)

1 4 2

2 5
3
100

Y11=1/2+1/4=0.75
Y12=Y21=-1/4=-0.25
Y22=1/4+1/5=0.45
Y23=Y32=-1/5=-0.2
Y33=1/2+1/5+1/100=0.71
Y13=Y31=-1/2=-0.5

 0.75 − 0.25 − 0.50

Ybus = − 0.25 0.45 − 0.20
− 0.50 − 0.20 0.71 
Properties of Ybus (Power System)

• Ybus is complex and symmetric Ybus=YTbus

−1
Vbus = Y I bus bus
• Ybus is a sparse matrix i.e. many zero entries. In practical power system, a
bus is connected to only a few other buses.

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 BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX (Z-BUS)

From
I bus = YbusVbus
−1 −1
Vbus = Y I bus bus  Zbus = Y
bus

 Z11 Z12 . . Z1 j . . Z1n 

Z Z 22 . . Z2 j . . Z 2n 
 21 
 . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . 
Z bus =
 Z j1 Z j2 . . Z jj . . Z jn 
 
 . . . . . . . . 
 . . . . . . . . 
 

 Z n1 Z n2 . . Z nj . . Z nn 

→ bus impedance matrix or simply Zbus

Since

Vbus = Zbus I bus

Alternatively, we can write

n
Vi =  Z ij I j
j =1

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PROPERTIES OF Zbus

1. Zij = Zji (linear network)

2. Usually Zjk ≤ Zkk
3. Zbus is not sparse (i.e. full)
4. Zbus provides more information about the network

APPLICATIONS

1. Fault analysis
2. Contingency analysis

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Zbus CALCULATION

There are three major methods: -

1. Inversion of Ybus
2. Individual calculation using

Vi
Z ij = , i, j = 1,2,..., n
I j
3. Zbus building algorithm

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