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CNSX Thu Tinh
CNSX Thu Tinh
CNSX Thu Tinh
Raw Materials
• Silica
• CaCO3
• Soda ash
Properties
• Low cost
• Resistant to water
• Attacked by acids
Composition
Na O . CaO . 6SiO • Melts easily
2 2
• Moulded easily to any shape
• Poor thermal & chemical resistance
Uses
Window glasses, electric bulbs, bottles, jars, table wares etc.,
Raw Materials
• Silica
• CaCO3
• K2CO3
Properties
• High Melting point
• Not attacked by acids, alkali and other solvents Composition
• Costlier than soda-lime glass K2O . CaO . 6SiO2
Uses
Combustion tubes (ống chịu nhiệt), chemical apparatus (dụng
cụ thí nghiệm)
Properties
• Bright, lustrous (sáng, bóng láng) and possesses high
specific gravity
• Expensive to manufacture , than ordinary lime-soda glass
Composition • Lower softening temperature than soda-lime glass
K2O . PbO . 6SiO2 • Higher refractive index (chỉ số khúc xạ cao) and excellent
electrical properties
Uses
• High quality table wares, neon sign tubings , optical lenses
• High dense glasses are used for windows to protect from
X-rays and gamma rays
Uses
Industrial pipeline for corrosive liquids, gauge glasses (thuỷ
tinh điện trở suất cao), superior laboratory apparatus etc.,
Properties
• Exceptionally high softening temperature Al2O3 23 %
SiO2 55 %
• Chemically durable
• Resistance to hydrolysis
• Affected by moisture due to high surface area
Composition
Uses
• High pressure mercury discharge tubes, chemical
combustion tubes, specific domestic equipments
• Fibre glass
Uses
Optical lenses
3. Annealing (ủ)
• The molten mass is heated till its free from air bubbles
• For colored gases desired pigment is added
• The molten mass is then cooled at about 800oC at later point of time
1. The ingredients for glass are mixed, and along with a proportion of
cullet (broken glass), are added to a bath furnace, where they are
heated to about 1500°C and fused together.
2. Molten glass is fed as ‘gobs’ to an automatic bottle or jar making
machine.
3. A hot gob is first made into a parison or blank shape (by either pressing
or blowing), which is then blown to the final bottle or jar shape. Surface
coatings (sc) may be applied while hot.
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4. The bottles or jars pass into a lehr (an annealing oven), where they
are first reheated to soften the glass to remove stresses, and then
cooled gradually to prevent stresses developing.
5. The bottles or jars are inspected and tested to meet quality
standards. Bottles not passing the quality checks are broken and
returned to the furnace as cullet. Cullet reduces the amount of
energy required to melt the glass ingredients.
6. Bottles passing inspection and testing are packed for dispatch to
where they will be filled, capped, and labeled.
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Shaping Processes in Glassmaking
Shaping processes to fabricate these products can be
grouped into three categories:
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Shaping of Piece Ware
Ancient methods of hand-working glass included glass blowing.
Handicraft methods are still used today for making glassware items of
high value in small quantities. However, most modern glass shaping
processes are highly mechanized technologies for producing discrete
pieces in high quantities.
Piece Ware Shaping Processes
1. Spinning – similar to centrifugal casting of metals
2. Pressing – for mass production of flat products such as dishes, bake
ware, and TV tube faceplates
3. Press-and-blow – for production of wide-mouth containers such as
jars
4. Blow-and-blow - for production of smaller-mouth containers such as
beverage bottles and incandescent light bulbs
5. Casting – for large items such as large astronomical lenses that
must cool very slowly to avoid cracking. 27
Spinning of funnel-shaped glass parts such as back sections of cathode
ray tubes for TVs and computer monitors:
(1) gob of glass dropped into mold; and
(2) rotation of mold to cause spreading of molten glass on mold surface
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Pressing of flat glass pieces:
(1) glass gob is fed into mold from furnace;
(2) pressing into shape by plunger; and
(3) plunger is retracted and finished product is removed (symbols v
and F indicate motion (velocity) and applied force)
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1. A gob of hot glass drops into the blank (parison) mould.
2. The mould is sealed shut by a ‘base’ part and a plunger pushes the glass
into the mould (made from iron).
3. The glass is shaped into a ‘blank’ and also pushed into the neck finish by
the plunger. This part of a jar or bottle is finished to its final shape at this
stage.
4. The blank shape (parison) is removed, rotated 180°, and transferred to
the blow (finishing) mould.
5. This mould is in two halves, made from fine-grain cast iron, and is highly
polished.
6. Air is blown into the hot parison to expand it tightly against the mould
walls.
7. The mould opens, the bottle is removed, annealed in the lehr, inspected
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and tested, and shipped for filling.
1. A gob of hot glass drops into the blank (parison) mould.
2. The end is sealed and a puff of air pushes glass into the neck (finish).
3. A puff of air from below pushes glass into the mould and shapes it into
a ‘blank’ or parison, a thick-walled bottle looking vaguely like the final
bottle shape.
4. The blank shape (parison) is removed, rotated 180°, and transferred to
the blow (finishing) mould.
5. This mould is in two halves, made from fine-grain cast iron, and is
highly polished.
6. Air is blown into the hot parison to expand it tightly against the mould
walls.
7. The mould opens, the bottle is removed, annealed in the lehr, inspected
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and tested, and shipped for filling.
Casting
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Shaping of Flat and Tubular Glass
Processes for producing flat glass such as sheet and plate glass:
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Float Process
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Danner Process
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Forming of Glass Fibers
Glass fiber products can be divided into two categories, with
different production methods for each:
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Heat Treatment
Annealing of Glass
Tempering of Glass