GLASS GLASS & GLASS COMPOSITION

COMPOSITION OF GLASS GLASS

CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS • Glass is an amorphous, transparent or translucent, inorganic material which is obtained by melting
1. Soda-Lime Glass at a high temperature a mixture of pure sand (SiO2), soda (NaOH or KOH) and chalk (CaCO3) with
some quantity of broken glass and then casting molten mass into moulds of required shape
2. Potash-Lime Glass
3. Potash-Lead Glass • Numerous varieties of glass have been developed in recent time for various purposes and it is possible
to make glass lighter than cork or softer than cotton or stronger than steel.
4. Common Glass
• Different kinds of glass are being used for various purposes such as wall and ceilings of hollow glass
5. Borosilicate Glass blocks, windows, furniture, bathroom fittings, glazings etc.
PROPERTIES OF GLASS COMPOSITION OF GLASS
TREATMENT OF GLASS
• The glass is not a single compound. It is very difficult to give any particular chemical formula for it.
1. Cutting and Grinding
aX2O, bYO, 6SiO2
2. Bending
3. Opaque Making
• Where a and b are numbers of molecules, X = an atom of an alkali metal such as Na, K, etc., Y = an
4. Silvering atom of a bivalent metal such as Ca, Pb, etc

• With this expression the chemical formulas for three groups of glass as classified above

Soda-Lime Glass – Na2O, CaO, 6SiO2

Potash-Lime Glass – K2O, CaO, 6SiO2

Potash-Lead Glass - K2O, PbO, 6SiO2

GLASS GLASS COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION OF GLASS
CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
• The glass is a mixture of a number of metallic silicates, one of which is usually that of an alkali metal. It is
1. Soda-Lime Glass amorphous, transparent or translucent. It may also be considered as a solidified super-cooled solution of
2. Potash-Lime Glass various metallic silicates having infinite viscosity.

3. Potash-Lead Glass • For the purpose of classification the glass may be grouped into the following five main categories:

4. Common Glass 1. Soda-Lime Glass or Commercial Glass

5. Borosilicate Glass 2. Potash-Lime Glass

PROPERTIES OF GLASS 3. Potash-Lead Glass

TREATMENT OF GLASS 4. Common Glass
1. Cutting and Grinding 5. Borosilicate Glass
2. Bending SODA-LIME GLASS OR COMMERCIAL GLASS OR SODA GLASS OR SOFT GLASS
3. Opaque Making • A mixture of sodium silicate and Calcium silicate
4. Silvering PROPERTIES

1. It is available in clean and clear state.

2. It is cheap

3. It is easily fusible at comparatively low temperatures

4. It is possible to blow or to weld articles made from this glass with the help of simple sources of heat

USES – Used in the manufacture of glass tubes and other laboratory apparatus, Plate glass, window glass etc.,
GLASS GLASS COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION OF GLASS CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS POTASH-LIME GLASS OR BOHEMIAN GLASS OR HARD GLASS
1. Soda-Lime Glass • A mixture of potassium silicate and Calcium silicate
2. Potash-Lime Glass
PROPERTIES
3. Potash-Lead Glass
1. It fuses at high temperatures
4. Common Glass
2. It is not easily affected by water and other solvents
5. Borosilicate Glass
3. It does not melt so easily
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
USES – Used in the manufacture of glass articles which have to withstand high temperatures such as
TREATMENT OF GLASS combustion tubes etc.
1. Cutting and Grinding POTASH-LEAD GLASS OR FLINT GLASS
2. Bending • A mixture of potassium silicate and lead silicate
3. Opaque Making
PROPERTIES
4. Silvering
1. It fuses very easily
2. It is easily attacked by aqueous solutions
3. It possesses bright lustre and great refractive power
4. It specific gravity is about 3 to 3.30
5. It turns black and opaque, if it comes into contact with reducing gases of the furnace during heating
USES – Used in the manufacture of artificial gems, electric bulbs, lenses, prisms etc
GLASS COMMON GLASS OR BOTTLE GLASS

COMPOSITION OF GLASS • A mixture of sodium silicate, iron silicate and Calcium silicate. It is prepared from cheap raw
materials
CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
PROPERTIES
1. Soda-Lime Glass
2. Potash-Lime Glass 1. It fuses with difficulty

3. Potash-Lead Glass 2. It is brown, green or yellow in colour

4. Common Glass 3. It is easily attacked by acids
5. Borosilicate Glass USES – Used in the manufacture of medicine bottles
PROPERTIES OF GLASS BOROSILICATE GLASS
TREATMENT OF GLASS
• Pyrax – glass in the form of ovenware and other heat resisting ware. Borosilicate glass is made
1. Cutting and Grinding mainly of 70 to 80% silica and 7 to 13% boric oxide with smaller amounts of the alkalis and
2. Bending aluminium oxide

3. Opaque Making PROPERTIES

4. Silvering 1. It has a relatively low alkali content and consequently has good chemical durability and thermal
shock resistance

2. It has high softening point

3. It does not break when temperature changes quickly

USES – Used in the chemical industry, for laboratory apparatus, for ampoules and other pharmaceutical
containers, for various high intensity lighting applications and as glass fibres used in the reinforced
BOROSILICATE plastics to make protective helmets, boats, piping, car chassis, ropes, care exhausts and many other
GLASS items and also in textile industry.

GLASS COMPOSITION
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS
• Properties of glass – factors such as composition of the constituents, state of surface, thermal treatment conditions, dimension of
specimen, etc.

1. It absorbs, refracts or transmits light. It can take up a high polish and may be used as substitute for very costly gems

2. It has no definite crystalline structure. It has no sharp melting point.

3. It is affected by alkalies

4. It is an excellent electrical insulator at elevated temperatures due to the fact that glass can be considered as an ionic liquid. The
ions are not easily moved at room temperature because of the high viscosity. But when the temperature rises, the ions are permitted
to flow and thus they will sustain an electric current

5. It is available in beautiful colours

6. It behaves more as a solid than most solids in the sense that it is elastic. But when the elastic limit is exceeded it fractures
instead of deforming.

7. It is capable of being worked in many ways. It can be blown, drawn or pressed. But it is strange to note that is difficult to cast
in large pieces.

8. It is extremely brittle. It is not usually affected by air or water

9. It is not easily attacked by ordinary chemical reagents. It is possible to intentionally alter some of its properties such as
fusibility, hardness, refractive power etc. to suit different purposes
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS
14. It is possible to obtain glasses with diversified properties. The glasses may be clear, colourless, diffused and stained
15. It is possible to weld pieces of glass by fusion.
16. It is transparent and translucent. The transparency is the most used characteristic of glass and it is due to the absence of free
electrons. For the same reason, it also works as a good insulator.
17. When it is heated, it becomes soft and soft with the rise in temperature. It is ultimately transformed into a mobile liquid. The
liquid, when allowed to cool, passes to all the degrees of viscosity. This property of glass has made its manufacturing process
easy. It can also be formed into articles of desired shape. Thus the amorphousness of glass permits it t be blown, drawn from
furnaces and continuously worked
18. Due to advancement made in the science of glass production, it is possible to make glass lighter than cork or softer than cotton
or stronger than steel. The strength of glass however is considerably affected by foreign inclusions, internal defects and cords
or chemically heterogeneous areas.
19. The glass panes can be cleaned easily by any one of the following methods:
a) Applying methylated spirit;
b) Painting the glass panes with lime-wash and leaving it to dry and then washing with clean water;
c) Rubbing damp salt for cleaning paint spots; and
d) Rubbing finely powdered chalk
COLOURED GLASS
• To make coloured glass, the colouring pigment is added to the raw materials while preparing the batch for its manufacture.
• The whole mass is heated till it becomes homogeneous.
• The colouring pigment may consist of metallic oxides, finely divided metals, carbon, salts of metal, sulphur etc
• Different substances which are used to produce different shades of colour.
• Different quantities of the same substance may also impart different colour to the glass
• The coloured glass is used for various purposes such as artificial precious stones, window panels, fancy articles, decorative tile etc.

S. No. Colour Substances

1. Blue Cobalt oxide, Cupric Oxide (CuO)
2. Dark Blue or dark brown or dark violet Cobalt, Manganese and iron oxides
3. Green Ferroso-ferric oxide (Fe3O4), Chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3)
4. Red Caprous oxide (Cu2O), Metallic gold
5. Violet Manganese dioxide (MnO2)
6. White Opaque Tin oxide, Calcium Phosphorite [Ca3(PO4)2]
7. Yellow or brown Antimony trisulphide (Sb2S3), Charcoal, Silver borate etc
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
• Manufacture of glass may broadly be divided into the
1. COLLECTION OF Type of Raw Materials following five stages
RAW MATERIALS Glass
1. Collection of raw materials
2. PREPARATION OF Soda-lime Chalk, soda ash and clean sand 2. Preparation of batch
Glass
BATCH 3. Melting of furnace
3. MELTING OF Potash-
lime Glass
Chalk, potassium
carbonater(K2CO3) and clean
4. Fabrication

FURNACE sand 5. Annealing

COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
4. FABRICATION Potash-lead Litharge (PbO lead monoxide)
• Depending upon the type of glass to be
5. ANNEALING Glass or lead sesquioxide (Pb3O4),
manufactured, suitable raw materials are collected.
Potassium Carbonate and pure
sand • In addition to the raw materials, the cullet and
decolourisers are also added for each type of glass.
Common Chalk, salt cake (Na2SO4), Coke,
• The cullet indicates waste glass or pieces of broken
Glass ordinary sand etc
glass. They increase the fusibility of glass and
prevent loss of alkali by volatisation during the
reaction in forming new glass. They also reduce the
cost.
• The raw materials generally contain traces of the iron
compounds. The ferrous oxide imparts a green
colour to glass and ferric oxide imparts a very light
yellow tint. To avoid such effects the decolourisers
are added. The usual substances used as
decolourisers are antimony oxide (Sb2O3), arsenic
oxide (As2O3), cobalt oxide (CoO), manganese
dioxide (MnO2) and nickel oxide (NiO)
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
PREPARATION OF BATCH
1. COLLECTION OF • The raw materials, cullet and decolouriser are finely powdered in grinding machines.
RAW MATERIALS These materials are accurately weighed in correct proportions before they are mixed
2. PREPARATION OF together. The mixing of these materials is carried out in mixing machines until a uniform
mixture is obtained. Such a uniform mixture is known as the batch or frit and it is taken
BATCH for further process of melting in a furnace.
3. MELTING OF MELTING IN FURNACE
• The batch is melted either in a pot furnace or in a tank furnace. The heating is
FURNACE – Pot and continued until the evolution of carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulphur dioxide and other
Tank Furnace gases stops.
4. FABRICATION POT FURNACE
a) Blowing • In this Furnace, the pots are adopted as units.
b) Casting • A pot is a vessel made of fire-clay. This process resembles the
c) Drawing crucible steel process.
• These pots are placed in specially prepared holes in the furnace. The
d) Pressing charging and collecting doors are kept projecting outside so that
e) Rolling raw material may be added and molten glass may be taken out
f) Spinning conveniently
5. ANNEALING • The pots are filled with raw materials. The furnace is heated by
means of producer gases. When the mass has melted down, it is
a) Flue Treatment removed from the pot and it is taken for the next operation of
b) Oven Treatment fabrication.
• The melting of glass by pot furnace is an intermittent process. It is
used to melt small quantities of glass at a time or to prepare
special types of glass
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
TANK FURNACE
1. COLLECTION OF • This furnace resembles the reverberatory furnace adopted for puddling of the
RAW MATERIALS wrought-iron.
2. PREPARATION OF • The section of a tank furnace adopted for the melting of glass.
• It is constructed with reinforced masonry. The roof is given special shape to
BATCH deflect the flames of heated gas.
3. MELTING OF • The ports are provided for the entry of preheated producer gas.
FURNACE – Pot and • The doors are provided for charging and for taking out the molten glass. A
Tank Furnace bridge separates the tank into two unequal compartments.
• The batch is heated in large compartment and it contain somewhat impure glass.
4. FABRICATION • It flows through opening of bridge into small compartment. The gall or floating
a) Blowing impurities are collected at the top of large compartment.
b) Casting • The refractory lining is provided to
c) Drawing the interior surface of tank.
d) Pressing • The tank is filled with raw materials.
e) Rolling The furnace is heated by allowing
producer gas through ports.
f) Spinning
• The charging of raw materials are
5. ANNEALING taking out of molten mass are
a) Flue Treatment simultaneous.
b) Oven Treatment • This is a continuous process and it
is adopted to melt large quantities of
glass at a time.
 MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
FABRICATION
1. COLLECTION OF • The molten glass is given suitable shape or form in this stage. It can either be done by hand or
RAW MATERIALS by machine. The hand fabrication is adopted for small scale production and machine fabrication
is adopted for large scale production. Following are the different ways of fabrication
2. PREPARATION OF 1. Blowing
BATCH 2. Casting
3. MELTING OF 3. Drawing
FURNACE – Pot and 4. Pressing
5. Rolling
Tank Furnace
6. Spinning
4. FABRICATION BLOWING
a) Blowing • For this purpose, a blow-pipe is used. It diameter is about 12 mm and its length is about
b) Casting 1.80m.
• One end of the blow-pipe is dipped in the molten mass of glass and a lump of about 50
c) Drawing N weight is taken out.
d) Pressing • This lump of glass will then lengthen to some extent by its own weight.
e) Rolling • The operator then blows vigorously from other end of blow pipe.
• It can also be done with the help of an air compressor.
f) Spinning
• This blowing causes the molten mass to assume the shape of a cylinder. It is then
5. ANNEALING heated for few seconds and is blown again.
a) Flue Treatment • The blowing and heating are continued till the cylinder of required size is formed.
b) Oven Treatment • It is then placed on an iron plate and it is disconnected form blow pipe.
• The cylinder is then cut vertically by a diamond. It falls into a thin plate by gravity.
 MANUFACTURE OF GLASS - FABRICATION
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
CASTING
1. COLLECTION OF • The molten glass is poured in moulds and it is allowed to cool down slowly.
RAW MATERIALS • The large pieces of glass of simple design can be prepared by this method.
2. PREPARATION OF • It is also adopted to prepare mirrors, lenses etc.
BATCH DRAWING
3. MELTING OF • This process consists in simply pulling the molten glass either by hand or by mechanical
FURNACE – Pot and equipment.
Tank Furnace • An iron bar is dipped sideways in the molten mass of glass. It is lifted up horizontally and
in doing so, it catches up a sheet of molten glass.
4. FABRICATION • This sheet is then allowed to pass over a large rotating roller. The roller helps the molten
a) Blowing glass to spread in the form of a thin sheet
b) Casting PRESSING
c) Drawing • In this process, the molten glass is pressed into moulds. The pressure may either be applied
by hand or mechanical means. This process is adopted for ornamental articles, hollow glass
d) Pressing articles etc.
e) Rolling ROLLING
f) Spinning • There are two methods of rolling.
5. ANNEALING • In one method, the molten mass of glass is passed between heavy iron rollers and flat
a) Flue Treatment glass plate of uniform thickness is obtained.
b) Oven Treatment • In another method, the molten mass of glass is poured on a flat iron casting table and it is
then turned flat with the aid of a heavy iron roller.
 MANUFACTURE OF GLASS - FABRICATION
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
SPINNING
1. COLLECTION OF • In this process, the molten glass is spun at high speed by a machine to
RAW MATERIALS form very fine glass fibres. This glass has tensile strength equal to that of
mild steel.
2. PREPARATION OF • It does not fade, decay or shrink. It is not attacked by acids, fire and
BATCH vermins. It is very soft and flexible. It is used for providing insulating
against heat, electricity and sound.
3. MELTING OF ANNEALING
FURNACE – Pot and • The glass articles after being manufactured, are to be cooled down slowly
Tank Furnace and gradually. This process of slow and homogeneous cooling of glass
articles is known as the annealing of glass.
4. FABRICATION • The annealing of glass is a very important process. If glass articles are
a) Blowing allowed to cool down rapidly, the superficial layer of glass cools down first as
glass is a bad conductor of heat. The interior portion remains comparatively
b) Casting hot and it is therefore in a state of strain. Hence, such glass articles break to
pieces under very slight shocks or disturbances.
c) Drawing
TWO METHODS OF ANNEALING – FLUE TREATMENT & OVEN
d) Pressing TREATMENT
e) Rolling FLUE TREATMENT – In this method, a long flue is provided and it is
constructed in such a way that there is gradual decrease in temperature from
f) Spinning one end of flue to the other. The red-hot articles of glass are allowed to
enter at the hot end of flue and they are slowly moved on travelling bands.
5. ANNEALING They become cool when they reach the cool end of flue. This method is useful for
a) Flue Treatment large scale production
b) Oven Treatment OVEN TREATMENT – In this method the red-hot glass articles are placed in
ovens in which arrangement is made to control the temperature. After
articles are placed in the ovens, the temperature is slowly brought down. This
method is useful for small scale production
 TREATMENT OF GLASS
GLASS
COMPOSITION OF GLASS • For different applications of the glass generally requires following treatments

CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS 1.
1. Soda-Lime Glass
2. Potash-Lime Glass 2.
3. Potash-Lead Glass
4. Common Glass
CUTTING AND GRINDING – The glass is cut to the required size and shape by either a diamond
cutter or small wheel of hardened steel. The edges of cut glass can be ground and rounded by
suitable grinding stone or wheel
BENDING – The glass may be bent into desired shape by placing it in ovens in which the
temperature can be regulated. The glass in the form of rods, sheets or tubes is placed in such
ovens and heated. It is then bent when it is suitably heated

5. Borosilicate Glass 3. OPAQUE MAKING – The glass can also be made opaque or impervious to light. IT is done by
grinding the glass surface with emery. It can also be achieved chemically by the application of
PROPERTIES OF GLASS hydrofluoric acid.
TREATMENT OF GLASS 4. SILVERING – This can be archieved by application of a very thin coat of a tin or its surface
1. Cutting and Grinding followed by layer of silver coating. This silvered surface needs to be protected against weather
effects by application of suitable paint over it.
2. Bending
3. Opaque Making
4. Silvering
TYPES OF GLASS
 TYPES OF GLASS
TYPES OF GLASS
1. FOAM GLASS
1. FOAM GLASS
The foam glass is prepared in the form of rectangular blocks. The finely ground glass and carbon are thoroughly
2. GLASS BLOCKS mixed and the mixture is then melted in a furnace. At the time of melting, the mixture expands and assumes the form
3. FLOAT GLASS of a black foam. The resulting glass material contains more than 350 million inert air cells per m3. The foam glass
floats in water and it can be cut like wood. It is fire-proof, rigid and an excellent heat insulator. It can be used as
4. WIRED GLASS a substitute for cork for use in air-conditioning and refrigeration industries

5. STRUCTURAL GLASS 2. GLASS BLOCKS

6. SAFETY GLASS These are partially evacuated and completely sealed hollow units which are formed by fusing together two-halves
of pressed glass. The edges are coated with a grit bearing plastic material so that permanent and effective bond
7. HEAT EXCLUDING with the mortar is ensured. The glass blocks are available in square sizes with dimension as 150 mm, 200 mm and
300 mm with the approximate thickness of 100 mm. One or both the faces of the blocks are suitably treated to
GLASS obscure the glass and to diffuse light. These blocks possess high insulating value and they are set in cement
mortar.
8. LAMINATED GLASS
The glass blocks possess the following advantages
9. SHIELDING GLASS
i. They are easy to clean and hence they can be well maintained
10. FIBRE GLASS
ii. They are excellent in light transmission
11. SOLAR CONTROL
FOAM GLASS iii. They provide very good insulation against cold, heat and noise.
The glass blocks are not intended to carry superimposed loads. But they possess adequate strength to carry their
own weight up to a maximum height of 6m. They are also able to resist the effect of lateral wind pressure for
individual panels not exceeding 11 m2 in area.

GLASS BLOCKS
 3. FLOAT GLASS OR PLATE GLASS
TYPES OF GLASS
1. FOAM GLASS Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin, although lead
and various low melting point alloys were used in the past. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat
2. GLASS BLOCKS surfaces. Modern windows are made from float glass.
3. FLOAT GLASS The molten glass coming out of the furnace is allowed to flat on the molten tin. The glass thus formed is known as the
float glass and it is then further annealed to remove all the stresses. It is widely used for residential buildings,
4. WIRED GLASS commercial complexes furniture articles. It is superior to ordinary sheet glass and grants the following advantages:
5. STRUCTURAL GLASS 1. It consumes 30 to 40 % less energy and is thus environment friendly.
6. SAFETY GLASS
2. It is aesthetic in appearance and its use has opened unlimited possibilities of innovation in architectural design
7. HEAT EXCLUDING
3. It is available in larger sizes and various thicknesses
GLASS
4. It is cost-effective as compared to the corresponding cost of brick wall, finishing material, paint, maintenance, etc.
8. LAMINATED GLASS
5. It is ideally suitable for solar applications due to high light transmission and it results in higher efficiency.
9. SHIELDING GLASS
10. FIBRE GLASS 6. It is tougher and more scratch-resistant

11. SOLAR CONTROL 7. It makes the windows that transmit more natural light and the mirrors that give true images

8. It possesses high optical clarity and superior safety properties

9. There is no refraction defect due to uniform thickness and superior optical clarity and thus there is less strain
 4. WIRED GLASS
TYPES OF GLASS
• In this type of glass, the steel wire mesh is placed in glass during rolling
1. FOAM GLASS operation.
2. GLASS BLOCKS • The mesh may have hexagonal or square units.
3. FLOAT GLASS • If this glass breaks, the pieces of glass are held by wire in position.
• The glass is also fire-resistant.
4. WIRED GLASS • The wired glass is used for roofs, skylights, fire-resisting doors and
5. STRUCTURAL windows etc.
GLASS 5. STRUCTURAL GLASS
6. SAFETY • These are in the form of glass-crete square or lenses which are set in
cement concrete and reinforced with steel frames. They are known as
GLASS/TOUGHENED the glass bricks.
GLASS • The semi-prism formed on the underside of these bricks collect light
and project it on the other dark side. These bricks can be used as light
7. HEAT EXCLUDING structural members also.
GLASS • They are widely used for pavement lights, partitions, lantern lights etc.
8. LAMINATED GLASS 6. SAFETY GLASS OR TOUGHENED GLASS OR SHATTER PROOF GLASS
9. SHIELDING GLASS • This glass is formed by placing celluloid between two sheets of the
plate glass and then applying glue to make a single unit.
10. FIBRE GLASS • If glass breaks, the flying of splinters does not occur.
11. SOLAR CONTROL 7. HEAT-EXCLUDING GLASS
• This glass allows light to pass through it, but it eliminates heat.
• Used for windows of coaches of higher class in railways, in window
panels of important buildings etc
TYPES OF GLASS 8. LAMINATED GLASS
• Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when
1. FOAM GLASS shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer,
typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA),
2. GLASS BLOCKS between its two or more layers of glass.
3. FLOAT GLASS 9. SHIELDING GLASS
4. WIRED GLASS • This is a special variety of glass and it contains heavy elements like lead
oxide (PbO) etc. LAMINATED
5. STRUCTURAL GLASS • Used for windows through which high radiation is observed. GLASS
• Depending upon the type of radiation, the quality od shielding glass is
6. SAFETY GLASS determined.
7. HEAT EXCLUDING 10. FIBRE GLASS
GLASS • The fibre glass is composed of minute glass rods and each glass rod
resembles the parent material in all respects.
FIBRE GLASS
8. LAMINATED GLASS • It is soft to the touch and it is flexible in nature.
9. SHIELDING GLASS • It does not absorb water and it is proof against fire, vermins, water and
acids.
10. FIBRE GLASS • It can be prepared either in the form of continuous strands just like silk or
in the staple form just like wool.
11. SOLAR CONTROL • For making this type of glass, the molten glass is spun at a very high speed
to produce continuous fine glass fibres. This is special type of glass and it
is used for thermal insulations sheets, fibres glass reinforced plastics,
etc.
• Making optical fibres which can guide light and thus transmit images round
SHIELDING GLASS corners. These fibres are used in endoscopes for examination of internal
human organs, changeable traffic message signs now on motorways for
speed restriction warnings and communications technology without which
telephones and internet would not be possible.
• Glass fibre used in roof insulation to medical equipment and its
compositions varies depending on its application.
TYPES OF GLASS 11. SOLAR CONTROL
1. FOAM GLASS
2. GLASS BLOCKS
3. FLOAT GLASS
4. WIRED GLASS
5. STRUCTURAL GLASS
6. SAFETY GLASS
7. HEAT EXCLUDING
GLASS
8. LAMINATED GLASS
9. SHIELDING GLASS
10. FIBRE GLASS
11. SOLAR CONTROL
• Clear glass transmits incident short wave solar radiation. This is absorbed by the surfaces like
walls, ceiling furnishes inside the building which heats them up. This in turn emits long wave
radiation which does not pass out through glass.
• The radiation admitted by the glass gets trapped in the rooms resulting in rise in temperature.
This is called “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”.
• In air-conditioned rooms this affects the efficiency of the system very badly. Such solar gain can
be reduced by external shading devices such as screens, blinds, canopies etc or internal
shading.
• External shading is more effective than internal shading. The position of the windows with respect
to the sun in summer is also important. These factors are important in air conditioning of
buildings.
• Another method to reduce this heat is by using solar control glasses which are of two types the
solar reflecting and solar absorbing. In general, the reflecting type is more efficient than the
absorbing ones.
• The performance can be improved by double glazing using clear glass as the inside leaf.
ENERGY EFFICIENT GLASS – Float glass with a special thin coating on one side which allows
the sun’s energy to pass through in one direction while reducing the thermal transfer the other
way. The principle behind this is the difference in thermal wavelength of energy transmitted from
the sun and that transmitted from the heat within a room.

PHOTO CATALYTIC EFFECT – Float glass with a special thin photo catalytic coating on one side. This
coating uses the ultraviolet rays from the sun to steadily break down any organic dirt on the surface using
the photo catalytic effect and thus loosen the dirt from the glass. This type of float glass is known as self-
cleaning glass. Self-cleaning glass also has hydrophilic properties which means that when rain runs down
SOLAR CONTROL
the pane of glass, it will wash away the dirt
USES OF GLASS

S.No. TYPES OF GLASS USES

1 Alkali-Barium Used for the funnel and neck of the TV tube, while glass
Silicate Glass containing barium is used for the screen

2 Alumino silicate Used in Combustion tubes, gauge glasses for high-pressure steam
Glass boilers and in halogen-tungsten lamps capable of operating at
temperature as high as 750oC.
3 Bullet Proof It will not allow bullet to pierce through it.
Glass
4 Fibre Glass • Used for thermal insulation, sheets, fibre glass reinforced
plastics etc.
• Optical fibres are used in endoscopes for examination of
internal human organs, changeable traffic message sign now
on motorways for speed restriction warnings and
communications technology without which telephones and the
internet would not be possible
USES OF GLASS

S.No. TYPES OF GLASS USES

5 Float Glass Used for residential buildings, commercial complexes,
furniture articles etc.
6 Foam Glass Used as a substitute for cork for use in air-conditioning and
refrigeration industries
7 Glass Block Used for residential buildings, commercial complexes etc.
8 Heat-Excluding Glass Used for windows of coaches of higher class in railways in
window panels of important buildings
9 Lead Crystal Glass Used for making expensive glass ware.
10 Obscured Glass or Used for public toilets, office doors, partitions etc. The types
Patterned Glass of obscured glass include figured glass, ground glass, chipped
glass and corrugated glass
11 Perforated Glass Used for panels in ventilators
12 Photo Chromic Glass Used for sun-shield glass
USES OF GLASS

S.No. TYPES OF GLASS USES

13 Pyrax Glass or • Used as ovenware and other heat-resisting ware.
borosilicate glass • Used in the chemical industry for laboratory apparatus for
ampoules and other pharmaceutical containers for various
high intensity lighting applications and as glass fibres used
in the reinforced plastics to make protective helmets,
boats, piping, car chassis, ropes, car exhausts and many
other items and also in textile industry
14 Structural Glass Used as light structural members and for pavement lights,
partition, lantern lights
15 Technical Glass – Used in the electronic industry for soldering glass, metals or
Borate Glass ceramics as it melts at the relatively low temperature of 450oC
to 550oC
16 Technical Glass – Used for protecting silicon semi-conductor components
Passivation Glass against chemical attack and mechanical damage
USES OF GLASS

S.No. TYPES OF GLASS USES

17 Technical Glass - • Used in the construction of secondary electrom multipliers
Phosphate Glass
18 Technical Glass – Used as infrared transmitting materials and as switching
Chalcogenide Glass devices in computer memories because their conductivity
changes abruptly when particular threshold voltage values are
exceeded
19 Ultra-Violet Ray Used in windows of schools, hospitals etc
Glass
20 Wired Glass Used for roof, skylights, fire-resisting doors and windows etc.
GLAZING AND ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
Glass - The most energy-efficient type for double glazing is low emissivity (Low-E)
glass. This often has an invisible coating of metal oxide, normally on one of the internal
panes. This lets in light and heat but cuts the amount of heat that can get out.
Gaps between the glass - self-explanatory. The gap between the panes of glass is filled
with an inert gas such as argon or krypton. The gases provide a greater amount of
insulation than air filled panes as conduction across the gap is reduced. Krypton has a
lower conductivity than argon but it is more expensive, so argon is most commonly used,
alternatively a mixture of the two gases can be used.
Pane spacers - These are set around the inside edges to keep the two panes of glass
apart. For maximum efficiency, look for pane spacers containing little or no metal –
often known as ‘warm edge’.
Solar-control glazing most often comes in double glazed units, which provides insulation
in winter. Solar-control and Low-Emissivity properties can be combined into a glazing
unit thus further contributing to insulation from both cold and heat depending on the
season
U-Value
U-value indicates the rate of heat flow due to conduction, convection, and radiation
through a window as a result of a temperature difference between the inside and outside.
The units of U-value are: Btus per hour per square foot per °F (Btu/hr · ft² · °F)
Low-Emissivity (Low-E) glass is specially treated with a microscopically thin,
transparent coating. The coating reflects heat back into the building, thereby reducing
the heat loss through the window. It also reduces the heat transfer from the warm
(inner) pane of glass to the cooler (outer) pane, thus further lowering the amount of
heat that escapes from the window. These properties thus reduce the demand for
energy in order to heat the building. n addition, the coating allows large amounts of
free solar energy to enter the building, thereby heating it passively. Low-E insulating
glazing can therefore be a net contributor of energy in buildings. Other innovations
such as triple glazing products can offer additional improvements in the window's
insulating properties while the use of low-iron glass can increase light transmittance
and free solar-heat gain. These technologies offer additional benefits in terms of
energy efficiency.
Solar control glass is a high performance coated product that reflects and radiates
away a large degree of the sun's heat while allowing daylight to pass through a
window or façade. The indoor space stays bright and much cooler than would be the
case if normal glass were used. Solar control glass incorporates invisible layers of
special materials on the glass which have the dual effect of allowing sunlight in,
while repelling solar heat. This technology is particularly beneficial in warmer
southern climates where it can help to reduce the load on a building's air
conditioning system, thus reducing energy demand, while maintaining a
comfortable working environment. In addition, solar control glass units are typically
double glazed and therefore combine both Low-E and solar control properties, to
maximize insulation in cooler periods and solar control properties in summer.
 SINGLE GLAZING GLASS DOUBLE GLAZING GLASS TRIPLE GLAZING GLASS

Double-glazing units are equipped with coating, such as Low-Emissivity
coatings and / or Solar-control coatings. These coatings increase
considerably the insulation performance of the double-glazed units but
they also allow free solar-heat gains.
Triple-glazing is even more efficient and helps achieve extra energy
savings. The ‘U value' of coated triple glazing units usually reaches
0.7, which is over 8 times more efficient than single glazing (U value
of 5.8) and nearly 4 times more efficient than early basic double
glazing; (the lower the U value, the better the insulation).

Buildings equipped with early uncoated double glazed windows or

glazed facades can therefore be upgraded with Low-E glazing, which can
be between 2.5 to 5 times more efficient.
U- Value – 5.8 U-Value – 2.8 U-Value – 0.6
Temperature of indoor Temperature of indoor surface – 9.5o C Temperature of indoor surface – 18o C
surface - -1.8o C

Gas-filled windows can be combined with low-e coatings, highly insulating frames and double or triple glazing to
provide 'super windows', which provide a very high level of resistance to heat transfer.
Dynamic Glazing System or Responsive Glazing – They change in response to light, heat, or
electricity. The sunglasses that darken when exposed to sunlight.
Responsive Glazing – either active and passive.
• Passive glazing responds directly to environmental conditions such as light level or
temperature(Photochromics or thermochromics). Passive glazing is controlled by the
external conditions to which a building is exposed. Photochromic glazing is that in
which resistance to light transmission across the pane is increased as the intensity of
light falling on the pane increases. Thermotropic glazing increases its resistance to heat
(or long wavelength radiation) transmission as the intensity of the heat falling on the
pane increases.
• Active glazing - controlled as per needed and can include such devices as liquid crystal,
dispersed particle and electrochromics. Active glazing known as electrochromic glazing,
is controlled by a current passing through the material to alter the amount of heat and
light transfer. The state of the glazing is controlled by building occupants, who set the
current passing through the glazing and thus set the working environment to suit their
needs.
PHOTOCHROMICS – These materials change their transparency in response to light
intensity. They are ideal for automatically controlling the quantity of daylight allowed into a
building. Enough light to eliminate the need for electric lighting but not so much that the
cooling load would increase
THERMOCHROMICS – These materials change transparency in response to temperature.
They are transparent when cold and reflective white when hot. They can be used in skylights
where the loss of transparency on a hot day is not a problem as it would be in a view window.
These materials could also be used to prevent passive solar heating systems for overheating in
the summer.
LIQUID CRYSTAL GLAZING
LIQUID CRYSTAL GLAZING– When electric power is applied, the transparent liquid crystals
align and become translucent liquid crystals align and become translucent. Thus liquid-crystal glazing
has little application for shading but its real potential is in privacy control.
DISPERSED-PARTICLES GLAZING – Similar to liquid-crystal glazing, this material is more
promising for solar control because the applied power can change the transmittance of the material in
a range between clear and dark state, thereby preserving the view.
ELECTROCHROMIC GLAZING – This is the most promising material for shading because it can
change transparency – not translucency – continuously over a wide ( about 10 to 70 %) and can be
easily controlled.

ELECTROCHROMIC GLAZING

DISPERSED-PARTICLES
GLAZING
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
• Glass plays an important role in the generation of solar power by way of two
technologies: solar thermal and photovoltaic.
• Photovoltaic technologies are used to convert solar energy directly into
electricity. There are many different technologies available to suit various
requirements and they can come in various shapes and colours offering
flexibility for design integration and building integrated applications (BIPV).
The most common photovoltaic technology is based on crystalline silicon
solar cells. In this application glass acts as a protective outer layer, while
transmitting the solar light to the photovoltaic cells interconnected
underneath. In another technology called ‘thin films’, transparent conductive
coated glass not only allows light through to the photoactive films, but also
conducts the generated electricity out of the modules.
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
• Glass plays an important role in the generation of solar power by way of two technologies: solar thermal and photovoltaic.
• Solar thermal collectors are intended to collect heat which is then used to supply hot water or heat exchangers, for domestic or
industrial applications.
• There are various kinds of solar thermal collectors but most require a flat glass cover, or glazing, which serves not only to protect
the panel while letting the sunlight through, but also to prevent cooling of the panel from exposure to cold air.
• High-tech glass, the properties of solar-energy technologies are optimised. Indeed, extra-clear glass and mirrored glass can also be
used to produce electricity from the sun at utility scale in Concentrated Solar Power systems (CSPs).