Pharmaceutical Aids

and Necessities
“ Glasses “
 Table of Contents

01 02 03 04
Composition Classificatio
Introduction Evaluation;
of Glass n of Glass
 01
Glasses in Pharmacy
Start of presentation.

Presented by: Crystal Arieta

Instructor: MOISES JAIME A. JAMILA JR.

 Introduction
Glass is the
container material
-

of choice for most

small volume
infusions.
 Composition of Glass
It is composed chiefly of silicon dioxide, with varying amounts of other
oxides like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, boron, and
iron.

Substances Added Color Imparted

Copper (I) oxide Opaque red, green, blue

Tin (IV) oxide Opaque

Calcium fluoride Milky white

Manganese (IV) oxide Violet

 Composition of Glass
Substances Added Color Imparted

Cobalt (II) oxide Blue

Finely divided gold Red, purple, blue
Uranium compounds Yellow, green
Iron (II) Compounds Green

Iron (III) Compounds Yellow

Chromium Green

Cadmium Sulfide Yellow

Selenium Red or Pink

Glass is formed by the silicon oxide tetrahedron. Though boric oxide
will enter into this structure, most of the other oxides do not.

Glass types are determined from the result of two USP tests:
the powdered glass test and water attack test. The latter is used
for type II glass.

Selecting the appropriate glass composition is a critical facet of determining

the overall specifications for each parenteral formulation. Glass can be a
source or cause of leachables/extractables, adsorption of formulation
components, especially proteins, and cracks or scratches.
Leachability is a property in which ions from the glass
container will leach out and interact with the product,
thereby reducing the stability of the product.

Delamination or glass particulate formation is caused by

the chemical attack on the glass matrix by the
formulation solution, resulting in the weakening of the
glass and the eventual dislodgement of flakes from the
glass surface.
Classification of Glasses
i. Type I (Borosilicate glass)

- Composed principally of silicon dioxide and boric oxide, with low levels of the
non-network-forming oxides, it is a chemically resistant glass (low leachability)
with low thermal coefficient of expansion.

- This type of container is suitable for all products although sulfur dioxide
treatment sometimes is added to further increase its resistance.

Uses of Type I glass containers

Type I glass is suitable as packaging material for most preparations whether
parenteral or non-parenteral.
They can also be used to contain strong acids and alkalis.
 ii. Type II glass containers (soda-lime treated
soda-lime glass)
-The relatively high proportions of sodium oxide and calcium oxide makes this glass
type chemically less resistant.

-Type II melts at lower temperature, rendering it easier to mold into various shapes;
and has a higher thermal coefficient of expansion than type I.

- It has a lower concentration of the migratory oxides than Type III.

- This type is treated under controlled temperature and humidity conditions with
sulfur dioxide or other dealkalizers to neutralize the interior surface of the
container.
- Type II glasses may be suitable for a solution that is buffered, has a pH below 7, or
is not reactive with glass.
 iii. Type III , a Soda-Lime Glass
-These glasses are composed of relatively high proportions of sodium oxide
and calcium oxide, a combination that renders the glass chemically less
resistant.

- They melt at a lower temperature, are easier to mold into various shapes,
and have a higher thermal coefficient of expansion than type I.

- Type III glasses are suitable principally for anhydrous liquids or dry
substances.
Type IV glass containers (a soda-lime glass not
suitable for containers for parenterals)
Reagents Added to Modify the Characteristics/ Appearance of Glass

Special Addition or Composition Desired Property

Large amounts of PbO with SiO2 and Brilliance, clarity, suitability for optical
Na2CO3 structures; crystal or flint glass

SiO2B2O3 and small amounts of Al2O3 Small coefficient of thermal expansion;

borosilicate glass

One part SiO2 and four parts PbO Ability to stop (absorb) large amount of
X-rays and gamma rays: lead glass

Large concentrations of As2O3 Transparency to infrared radiation

Thank You!