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Phase Shifter Application Workshop: PJM Power Pool, March, 2015
Phase Shifter Application Workshop: PJM Power Pool, March, 2015
Application Workshop
Siemens Energy, Inc.
James McIver
∆V
i1 X1
itotal
i2 X2
VS VL
VS VL i2
i1
∆V
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Purpose and function of PSTs
Equalization of currents:
VS VS´ VL
∆V2
VPST ∆V2
∆V1
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Purpose and function of PSTs
Power System
Node 2
Voltage V2
PST
VPST ∆V = I2 . j(XPST + XLine)
I1 I2
jXPST jXLine
V1 = V S ∆IPST VL0 VL V2
VPST
VL
α
x
V1 = VS
V2
I2
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Categories and types
Delta-connected exciting
winding,
One tap winding
Phasor Diagram: L1 S1
One LTC
One reversing change-over ϕ
switch
S3
Reversing switch operation is critical
L2
Advantageous for small phase angle L3
and rating S2
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Categories and types
Winding Connection with two ARS Switches:
Symmetrical single core L1 S1 L2 S2 L3 S3
solution:
Delta-connected
exciting winding
Two tap windings
Phasor Diagram: L1 S1
Two tap changers
Two advance retard
ϕ
switches
S3 L2
Rating strongly limited by LTC
Load tap changers exposed to system
disturbances
L3 S2
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Categories and types
Hexagonal connection of RW
Two ARS’
ϕ
L3 S2
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Categories and types
Winding Arrangement and Connections:
Classic solution:
S1 L1 S2 L2 S3 L3
a b c
Symmetrical two core
design
Series unit and exciting
unit
One LTC Phasor Diagram:
L1 S1
a
ϕ
S3 L2
Phase Shifting Transformer (PAR)
c b
Widely used in USA
L3 Primary circuit S2 Secondary (regulating) circuit
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Operational considerations
VPST jXPST*iL
VL0 VS
XPST iL VL
~ α
∆α
VS VL0 VL
ϕ
iL
4
Dual core, with series and exciting unit
Maintenance Intervals:
After every 50,000 operations, the diverter
switch contacts have to be exchanged between
phases.
VS VL0 VL
Advance Retard
jXPST*iL
VPST
jXPST*iL VL
VPST VL0 VS
VL0 VS
VL ∆α
α
α
∆α
iL
iL
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Operational considerations
Power transformer
Flux distribution at rated load, cos ϕ ∼ 1
ΦS
Φ1 Φ2
Φ2 ΦS Φ1
2 1
PST
Single phase scheme and phasor diagram
I
PST
UZ
U U
1 2
U
1
3-phase U
connectio
2
I
n
Φ S’ Φ 2’
Φ1
ΦS
Φ2 ΦS Φ1
Φ2
2 1
IL ∆I IS ATS
Specific requirements:
Heat run
PST fully assembled
minimized deviation of loss distribution during short circuit
condition
access to all windings for resistance measurement
Temporary bushings inserted at all connections between series and exciting unit
For resistance measurement, all these connections can be opened
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Design consideration - Heat run test settings
Note difference in loss distribution for nominal
operation vs. condition for heat run test
S1 L1 S2 L2 S3 L3
Exciting Transformer
~ Auxiliary bushings
S2 L2
S2 L2
Source- and
load- terminal
connected
150 V(%)
100
50
0
0 40 80 T(µ s) 120
-50
Applied voltage and typical wave shape of voltage at crossover during lightning
impulse test with source and load side terminals connected
CT’s required for protection often located inside tank of the PST.
S1 S2 S3
87-1
primary
L1 L2 L3
87-2
secondary
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Recent PST units
Two-tank design
Two-core design
Restricted © Siemens Energy 2013 All rights reserved.
Recent PST units
Lee Lake
Substation
12.7
miles
Lake Elsionre
Power
Pump
16.5 House
miles
Camp Pendleton
Substation
500 kV
230 kV
115 kV
13.8 to 20 kV
Existing
New Additions
Further
Additions
Questions?
james.mciver@siemens.com