Evolucion en Los Ultimos Veinte Años PDF

CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF FAMILY
THERAPY: THE LAST TWENTY YEARS

Florence W. Kaslow
ABSTRACT: There have been numerous accounts of the history and

major trends and issues in family therapy during the field’s first three
decades in the literature (see for example: Broderick & Shrader, 1981;
Framo, 1972; Guerin, 1976; Kaslow, 1973, 1977, 1980; Nichols, 1986,
1999 for some varied depictions, written from each respective author’s
unique lens). Viewed as a set, packaged with different, yet interrelated
contents, they offer a multihued portrait of the emerging field during
its infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Now it is time to move on and
look at the adulthood era as it has unfolded.
KEY WORDS: family therapy history; feminist therapy; brief therapy; managed care;
integrative family therapy.
This article covers the less frequently chronicled last two decades.
It is intended as an historic and analytic account that supplements
and extends those that have appeared before. Previously, the periods
in the history of family therapy have been divided into four generations
(Kaslow, 1990, Vol. 1 & 2), and amended over time (Kaslow, Kaslow, &
Farber, 1999).
I. Pioneers and Renegades (Pre-1969)

II. Innovators and Expanders (1969–1979)
III. Challengers, Refiners and Researchers (1980–1989)
IV. Integrators and Seekers of New Horizons (1990–1999).
Florence W. Kaslow, PhD, is Director of the Florida Couples and Family Institute,
128 Windward Drive, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33418. She is a Visiting Professor of
Psychology in Psychiatry at Duke University Medical Center, a Visiting Professor of Psy-
chology at Florida Institute of Technology, and President of the American Board of
Family Psychology and President of the International Academy of Family Psychologists.
Contemporary Family Therapy 22(4), December 2000
 2000 Human Sciences Press, Inc. 357
358
CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY
Here the focus is on the era of generations III and IV in the field and
extended family of family therapists.
THE THIRD GENERATION: THE CHALLENGERS,

REFINERS, RESEARCHERS: 1980–1989
The developments in the field of family therapy and the contribu-

tions of some of the main leaders will be alluded to as the major trends
are highlighted. (It is recognized that it is not possible to include every-
one whose work has been published and apologies are extended to those
not mentioned.)
Ascendance of Feminist Family Therapy

By the dawning of the 1980s, the feminist movement had exploded
throughout America. Professional women had embraced its tenets and
its rhetoric and were asserting their claim to equality in all domains.
Feminist thinking and therapy catapulted onto the family therapy
scene, changing it irrevocably and permanently. The centrality of the
role of the woman in the family was finally recognized as indisputable;
women could no longer be expected to be subservient or non-assertive,
and therapists who suggested that women assume a stereotypically
prescribed female role were reprimanded, even ostracized. Clinicians
were chastised and admonished to be gender sensitive and women were
to be encouraged to expect equality in all spheres of their lives. Men
had to accommodate as best they could to the needs and demands of
women—becoming more understanding, sensitive, and empathic, more
appreciative, and more available as fathers and husbands. As a parallel
phenomenon, women moved into the leadership ranks in the field of
family therapy and its organizations, consciously seeking to serve on
editorial boards, as officers on boards of directors, and on national
conference program committees.
Whereas Virginia Satir was perhaps the only prominent woman
in the first generation of family therapists to receive much recognition,
others who were less acknowledged but who also made substantial
contributions include: Carolyn Attneave (1990; Speck & Attneave,
1972); Margaret Thaler Singer, particularly for her yeoman work in the
arena of cults (1979, 1986, 1995); Kitty La Perriere (then at Ackerman
Institute), Jeanette Kramer (1985) (Family Institute of Chicago); San-
dra Coleman (1985); Bunny Duhl (1983); Rachel Hare Mustin (1978;
359
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
1987); and Florence Kaslow (1981, 1982a, 1982b). These represented

the burgeoning group of female leaders who had emerged during the
first and second generation eras.
It was not until the third generation that the feminist influence
coalesced and crescendoed. Those who led the way included the four-
some in the Women’s Project: Betty Carter and Peggy Papp (1977,
1980, 1983); Olga Silverstein and Marianne Walters (1985; Walters,
Carter, Papp, & Silverstein, 1988). They, along with Carol Anderson,
Monica McGoldrick, and Froma Walsh (1991), as well as the women
already mentioned, were all writing journal articles and books that
have become definitive works on: genograms (McGoldrick & Gerson,
1985; Kaslow, 1995c); family life cycle (Carter & McGoldrick, 1980);
ethnicity in families (McGoldrick, Pearce, & Giordano, 1982; McGol-
drick, Giordano, & Pearce, 1996); normal families (Walsh, 1982);
women in families (McGoldrick, Anderson, & Walsh, 1989); psychoedu-
cational techniques in coping with schizophrenia and the family (Ander-
son, Reiss, & Hogarty, 1986); and other topics. In the early 1980s they
banded together to organize several gatherings of well-known female
family therapists at Stonehedge, Massachusetts, and attempted to in-
culcate others with their agenda for leadership and influence in theory
development and therapeutic practice. There was much anger against
their male counterparts, and this was articulated later in separate
group consciousness raising sessions of men and women at American
Family Therapy Academy (AFTA) conferences and later at some Ameri-
can Psychological Association Division 43 meetings. However, these
latter sessions never took on the same intensity or acrimony as some
of those at AFTA.
The Journal of Feminist Family Therapy was launched in 1988
with Lois Braverman as its first editor and most of the leading women
in the field on its editorial board. Evan Imber-Black became well known
for her work on secrets and rituals, along with Janine Roberts (Imber-
Black, Roberts, & Whiting, 1988) and on ghosts in the therapy room
(1993). Like La Perriere, Hare-Mustin, Walsh, and Anderson, Imber-
Black has served as a president of AFTA. Other feminists, all based at
Ackerman Institute, who have become noteworthy are Gillian Walker,
particularly, for her work with AIDS patients, Virginia Goldner (1985,
1993), Peggy Penn (1985), and Marsha Sheinberg (1992). (See also
Goldner, Penn, Sheinberg, & Walker, 1990.)
The publication of Feminist Family Therapy: A Casebook (Good-
rich, Rampage, Ellman, & Halstead, 1988) marked another crest in
the series of waves bringing feminist family therapy to the forefront,
360
as this volume presented the utilization and applicability of feminist

therapy in actual cases. Two books by Harriet Lerner, The Dance of
Anger (1985) and The Dance of Intimacy (1989), exhorted women to be
more outspoken about their feelings and more forceful and courageous
in acting assertively to change the nature of their intimate and impor-
tant relationships. Lerner’s books appeal to a popular as well as a
professional audience, and have been instrumental in influencing thou-
sands of women who read and grappled with their contents. By the
end of the 1980s it was absolutely clear that the needs and voices of
women could no longer be discounted in therapy, in marriage, or in
the political or workaday worlds.
Identification of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Another significant trend was, and still is, the concern for families
with a member suffering from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
or syndrome (PTSS). Charles Figley has been among the front ranks
of those identifying and calling attention to this phenomenon (1985;
1986; 1989; Figley & Erickson, 1990). Initially much of the concern
emanated from dealing with those veterans of the Vietnam War who
were experiencing such symptoms as amnesia, terrifying flashbacks,
nightmares, and seemingly unprecipitated bouts of rage. Clearly mili-
tary service in war zones, whether in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan,
or the Persian Gulf caused psychological scarring to many troopers
(Kaslow, 1993; Keane, 1998). Since PTSD was first designated and
defined as a separate syndrome, this concept has been extended to
being an often utilized diagnosis for those suffering from having been
physically and sexually abused (Guyer, 1999), and for some who have
developed dissociative identity disorders (Koedam, 1996) subsequent
to sexual abuse and other traumas, as well as for victims of incest
(Trepper & Barrett, 1989; Kirschner, Kirschner, & Rappaport, 1993).
Clinicians treating survivors of the holocaust and other genocidal
events and eras also see syndromes resembling PTSD in the survivors
and their descendants. Work by therapists concerned with the long-
range sequelae of the Nazi holocaust in Europe in the 1940s also entered
the family therapy mainstream in the 1980s and 1990s (Charny, 1982,
1996; Danieli, 1985, 1988; Davidson, 1980; F. Kaslow, 1995a, 1997a,
1999; Sichrovsky, 1988). Also, as immigrants who fled repressive politi-
cal regimes in some countries in Latin America, the former Yugoslavia,
Iraq, Iran, and Somalia that engage in brutal murders and savage
torture have relocated to other countries, therapists in many regions
361
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
of the world have been treating severely traumatized patient families

and finding they present with perplexing and complex symptomatology
and deep personal pathology. These therapists are seeking guidance
on how to intervene to help people recuperate from the scars of massive,
continuous psychic treachery and traumatization.
During a lecture tour in Sweden (May 1997) when the author
talked on treating couples and families presenting with severe problems
and dysfunctional interactive patterns (Kaslow, 1996b), the burning
question that arose in each of the three cities visited was, “How do
you treat families where one or several members have witnessed the
atrocities of warfare on their streets, been subjected to rape and beat-
ings, been imprisoned in horrendous jails, been kidnapped, starved,
and/or had loved ones killed before their eyes”? An adaptation of a
combination of ideas drawn from the literature on understanding and
treating both holocaust survivors and those suffering from PTSD be-
came the foundation for the discussions and recommendations.
Given the number of stressors that impinge on therapists treating
severely traumatized, deprived, multi-problem, and dysfunctional pop-
ulations, as well as litigious clients, some clinicians develop severe
burnout (Freudenberger, 1983, 1984), or what Figley has identified as
“compassion fatigue”—a specific form of burnout that is one of the high
costs of caring. It partially emanates from shadow stress, the work
stress people carry home with them. Figley, (1995, 1997); Kaslow
(1984); and others like Kilburg and VandenBos (Kilburg, Kaslow, &
VandenBos, 1988) have all talked and written about professionals in
distress, and healing of the healers who experience secondary trauma.
Advent of New Theories and Methodologies

Several additional theories and/or intervention approaches became
prominent during this decade.
Psychoeducational strategies. This approach moved to the fore-

front, particularly for use in enabling families to cope better with a
member with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (see for example An-
derson, Reiss, & Hogarty, 1986; Falloon, Boyd, & McGill, 1984; McFar-
lane, 1983). Families and many therapists came to favor this approach
over more traditional family therapy interventions since psychoeduca-
tional methods, particularly when conducted in groups, are associated
with family members feeling less blamed and criticized for the problem.
Rather, families perceive that they are receiving support and empathic
362
responses and that they are being viewed as cooperating with patient
and therapist to understand and handle the illness more effectively
and to gain control over their own style of expressing emotions and
how to communicate more clearly (Leff & Vaughn, 1985).
Brief therapy. Brief therapy also gained many adherents during

this era, and the leaders promulgating this methodology ascended into
prominence. At the vanguard in the family therapy arena have been
Steve de Shazer (1985, 1988) and Insoo Kim Berg (Berg & de Shazer,
1993), of the Milwaukee Family Institute, who have focused on rapidly
finding a solution to the problem being presented. They have developed
catchy interventions like asking “the miracle question,” which others
can quickly learn to do. Those practicing brief, solution-focused therapy
are not interested in diagnosis or formal assessment, in developing
self-awareness, or in any personality reconstruction. Their sole aim is
problem resolution. With the advent of managed care since the late
1980s and its accompanying cost containment policies, insurance com-
panies have favored such brief approaches and helped them gain in
popularity because of their reimbursability.
Functional family therapy (FFT). This behaviorally based and

structured approach to treating families with a delinquent or opposi-
tionally defiant adolescent, also came into its own (Alexander & Par-
sons, 1982; Alexander & Barton, 1990). It has become a well-researched
and documented treatment methodology (Alexander & Barton, 1995;
Alexander & Pugh, 1996). FFT “has been designated one of two Family
Based Empirically Supported Treatments (FBESTS) that are effective
and reproducible with families representing a wide range of cultures,
ethnicities, rural and urban living contexts, . . . socio-economic levels,
and primary languages (Fraenkel, 1999, p. 35).
Integrative approaches. Integrative approaches also began to have

great appeal in the 1980s as more and more practitioners and theoreti-
cians spoke out against doctrinaire leaders and schools of thought that
held that their approach was either the only right one, or certainly the
best of all possible ones. Among the integrationists are Larry Feldman
(1992); Alan Gurman (1981, 1990; Gurman & Kniskern (1981, 1991);
F. Kaslow (1981, 1987a); Diana and Sam Kirschner (1986); William
Nichols (1986, 1988a,b, 1999); William Pinsof (1990, 1998); and Carlos
Sluzki (1983). Those of this persuasion believe that the treatment ap-
proach should be selected judiciously based on such factors as the
363
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
patient’s problems and symptomatology, personality, resiliency, family

dynamics and issues, and time they are willing and able to devote to
therapy. Whether one’s own interpretations of the situation to oneself
as well as one’s assessment and treatment techniques are drawn con-
currently from several approaches or sequentially, depending on how
the therapy unfolds, all concur that one should have a variety of viable
alternatives in one’s treatment armamentarium to be chosen wisely
and flexibly when most appropriate.
Rising Divorce and Remarriage Rates

During this period, as the number of divorces and remarriages
continued their upward spiral, the literature on this vast topic ex-
panded. More and more therapists found themselves treating families
pre, during, and post divorce. Constance Ahrons wrote about the copa-
rental divorce and the binuclear family, and developed a typology of
divorced couples (1979, 1983; Ahrons and Rodgers, 1987). Craig Ever-
ett, who became the second editor of the Journal of Divorce (now Divorce
and Remarriage) founded in the 1970s by Esther Fisher, has made this
a major focus of much of his writing (Everett & Volgy, 1993). Florence
Kaslow has written about a seven-stage model of divorce, elaborating
on the legal and economic facets as well as the parenting and visitation
issues (Kaslow & Schwartz, 1987; Kaslow, 1994, 1995b; Schwartz &
Kaslow, 1997), and promulgated a divorce ceremony (1993). Judith
Wallerstein and Joan Kelly wrote about surviving the breakup (1980),
and Wallerstein later reported on men, women, and children a decade
after divorce (Wallerstein & Blakeslee, 1989). Hetherington and her
associates have conducted significant research into divorce and its
aftermath (Hetherington, Bridges, & Isabella, 1998; Hetherington,
Cox, & Cox, 1997).
The fledgling field of divorce mediation burgeoned in the 1980s
and presented couples pursuing divorce with a viable and more humane
alternative route than an adversarial proceeding. Mediation provides
marital and family therapists who are seeing couples in the throes of
marital dissolution with the option of suggesting mediation instead of
litigation, and recommending this pathway, which is usually more
constructive and more compatible with such therapeutic goals as maxi-
mizing client self determination and being considerate of the needs of
all family members affected by the decisions. The literature on media-
tion also proliferated during this era and was written by professionals
drawn from the mental health disciplines as well as from law. (See for
364
example Erickson & Erickson, 1988; Folberg & Milne, 1988; Haynes,
1981).
Clifford Sager’s work on marriage contracts (1976) looked at con-
tracting prior to marriage; his illuminating ideas were extended in a
later volume on treating the remarriage family (Sager et al., 1983).
Emily and John Visher (1979, 1991) also have made a substantial
contribution to the understanding of the dynamics and treatment of
stepfamilies, and were the co-founders of the Stepfamily Association
of America. F. Kaslow has written about psychosocial prenuptial agree-
ments as a prelude to marriage and remarriage (1991, 2000b) and has
developed a therapeutic remarriage ritual (1998). Others like James
Bray have been conducting research on developmental issues in step-
families (Bray & Berger, 1993). Roni Berger (1999) has evolved a classi-
fication schema of stepfamilies. Thus, there are now many extant re-
sources for academicians, researchers and clinicians working in the
areas of divorce and remarriage.
Multicultural and Ethnic Diversity

As the tried and true American philosophy heralding this being a
melting-pot country began to be eroded by groups not wanting to give
up and ultimately lose their earlier national identity, and as more
respect was demanded for each person’s ethnicity and cultural roots,
family theory and practice reflected the emerging concern that multi-
cultural pluralism become a dominant value—superceding the homoge-
nization process. McGoldrick, Pearce, and Giordano’s book, Ethnicity
and Family Therapy (1982; McGoldrick, Giordano, & Pearce, 1996) has
become a standard text. Others who have contributed to the growing
awareness of ethnic and cultural diversity, the reverberations of politi-
cal repression, and the need to be respectful of these differences and
not to obfuscate them are: Carlos Sluzki (1990); Lillian Comas-Diaz
(1992, 1996); F. Kaslow (1982b, 1997b); and Nadine Kaslow (Kaslow,
Celano, & Dreelin, 1995; Celano & Kaslow (in press).
Celia Falicov (1983, 1988, 1995) has done yeoman work in promot-
ing the importance of cultural sensitivity and in increasing the aware-
ness of the dynamics, values, and traditions of Latino families. Simi-
larly, Nancy Boyd-Franklin has been one of the premier standard
bearers in heightening sensitivity to the concerns of African Americans
in therapy, in their families, and in the larger community (1989, 1995).
Kenneth Hardy has also made a significant contribution to conscious-
ness raising about life as experienced by African Americans, and ad-
365
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
dresses the continuing legacy of slavery many generations later (Hardy,

1989; Saba, Karrer & Hardy, 1989). In addition, he has addressed the
concerns of minority therapists in training and treatment. Likewise,
Terry Tafoya (1989) has helped rally interest in the circumstances of
the lives of Native Americans and the issues they present in family
therapy. Man Keung Ho (1987); Derald Wing Sue and David Sue (1990);
and Berg (Berg & Joya, 1993), among others, have highlighted the
strengths, attitudes, and values of Asian Americans, particularly as
these are manifested in treatment.
The Expansion of Family Systems Medicine and Its Impact

Another major happening has been the mushrooming of family
systems medicine—with increasing numbers of family therapists now
working in tandem with physicians in hospitals, medical schools, and
physicians’ offices. It is a collaborative model in which co-equals from
different fields team up in the treatment of the various family members
to enhance their own understanding of patient needs and provide opti-
mal health care interventions for emotional and physical problems.
Prime movers have been Donald Bloch (1988), first editor of the journal,
Family Systems Medicine (1983); Susan McDaniel (McDaniel & de
Gruy, 1996), current editor of this journal; Sylvia Shellenberger, Jeri
Hepworth, and William Doherty (McDaniel, Hepworth, & Doherty,
1995; Doherty & Baird (1983, 1987); John Rolland (1984, 1994); Anne
Kazak (Kazak & Simms, 1996)) and Betsy Wood (1991). This group
has its own annual conference, and their work is also featured promi-
nently in presentations at conferences of other organizations such as
the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT),
AFTA, and APA. A similar development has occurred in Israel where
Cynthia Carel has blazed the path for medical family therapy. This
trend is increasing in scope, with therapists participating actively in
primary care teams with family practitioners, pediatricians, cardiolo-
gists, obstetricians, and other specialists; it is likely to continue acceler-
ating.
Mounting Concern Over Professional Identity

In the more political arena of the field concerns over licensure,
professional identity, and status issues escalated. As more states
passed marriage and family therapy licensure/certification laws, spear-
headed by state AAMFT chapters and supported by the national organi-
366
zation, that might be either scope of practice or title protection acts,

they also set the academic requirement level at the masters degree.
(Currently AAMFT has about 23,000 members; AFTA numbers about
1,000, and there is some overlap.) Many family oriented psychologists
and psychiatrists, who concurred with the criteria of both APAs (the
American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric As-
sociation) that the basic level for independent practice should be a
doctoral degree, became disgruntled, particularly when they found they
were ineligible because their specific training was different than that
required for marriage and family therapy licensure. Another source of
consternation was that some marriage and family therapists, not
trained rigorously in psychological test administration and interpreta-
tion, still wanted testing to fall within their scope of practice. Turf
battles ensued; some took sides while others straddled the fence and
maintained two licenses. This dilemma continues.
At the opposite end of the spectrum, others pressed for inclusion
of indigenous therapists on treatment teams, stressing that shared
values and demographic factors between therapists and patients are
essential and overshadow the emphasis on academic background. Such
a position runs contrary to the push for credentialing based on objective
education and training requirements, while coinciding with the voices
of those who press for non-hierarchical treatment models and eschew
the belief that the therapist should have a carefully honed knowledge
and skills base.
For these and other reasons, the American Academy of Psycholo-
gists in Marriage, Family and Sex Therapy, a group with a history of
several decades, decided to mount a campaign to become a formal
division of the American Psychological Association. In 1985 it achieved
this status as the Division of Family Psychology (Division 43). The
division not only provided family psychologists with a home base in
APA, but also saw that part of its mission was, and remains, to inculcate
systemic thinking and awareness of multi-patient units (i.e., couples
and families) into APA (F. Kaslow, 1987b). A representative list of
those who have served as division president include James Alexander,
Arthur Bodin, James Bray, Gary Brooks, Florence Kaslow, Ronald
Levant, Susan McDaniel, and Carol Philpot—all of whom have contrib-
uted a great deal to both the family psychology and family therapy
literature, as well as to the growing body of research-based materials.
About 2000 family psychologists currently belong to Division 43.
In 1987 the Journal of Family Psychology was launched under
Division 43 auspices. Several years later it became an official APA
367
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
journal. Howard Liddle served as its first editor, Ronald Levant as its
second, and Ross Parke as its third. The journal’s circulation figures
place it among the most widely read of the family journals that are
primarily research oriented.
Also during the 1980s, the American Board of Family Psychology
(ABFamP) began its diplomating process and has achieved growing
recognition. ABFamP became one of the boards under the long existing
American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), which added credi-
bility to family psychology as a specialty. There are three steps to
becoming board certified, a rigorous credentials review process; submis-
sion and review of two work samples—one in family assessment and
diagnosis, the other in treatment intervention; and a 3-1/2 hour oral
examination with a committee of three diplomates. As of May 2000
there were approximately 115 board certified family psychologists in
the United States.
Concurrently, many family psychologists have remained involved
in AAMFT and AFTA and some are licensed as both psychologists and
family therapists and are AAMFT approved supervisors. They also are
on the editorial boards of such interdisciplinary journals as Journal of
Marital and Family Therapy, Family Process, The American Journal
of Family Therapy, Contemporary Family Therapy, and Journal of
Family Psychotherapy.
THE FOURTH GENERATION:

INTEGRATORS AND SEEKERS OF NEW HORIZONS:
1990–1999
Enter Managed Care and Its Emphasis on Brief Therapies

A major upheaval beset all mental health practice, including family
therapy, with the advent of managed care. Although this phenomenon
had started in the 1980s, the full impact of this onslaught was not felt
until the early 1990s. Various organizations have scrambled to advocate
for inclusion of their members as professionals eligible for reimburse-
ment. Fees have been driven downward and many therapists have
faced decreased incomes while feeling pressured to see many more
patients for shorter therapy sessions in order for their practices to
survive. Some practitioners banded together to form group practices.
Other more senior therapists have opted to continue to cater to the
fee-for-service market only and not to cut fees; if they have achieved
368
fine reputations and have vast referral networks, they have fared well.
By the end of the last century, an increasing number of clinicians were
so dissatisfied with drastic limits on number of sessions and severe
reductions in fees that they resigned from the panels of providers. This
has had an effect on the quality of service available to people with
limited financial resources in under-served geographic locales.
Since a major thrust of the managed health care industry is “cost
containment,” third party payers have a decided preference for brief
and thus less costly therapies. They are loathe to reimburse for longer
term psychodynamic or intergenerational therapies; their goals are
rapid restoration of functioning and solving the presenting problem as
quickly as possible. Thus, approaches like de Shazer’s (1985, 1988) and
Berg’s (Berg & de Shazer, 1993) solution focused brief therapy model
used for individual and family problems have gained popularity. Many
patients like talk of miracles and the probability of needing only a few
sessions; they do not want to delve into their families of origin and
rehash old issues in order to feel better in the here and now.
Behavioral marital and family therapies (Budman & Gurman,
1988; Wood & Jacobson, 1990; Jacobson & Gurman, 1986), like brief
therapies, also garnered new adherents as these time limited, problem
focused, clear and structured modalities lend themselves to managed
care constraints and reporting specifications. Cognitive behavioral ap-
proaches also are receiving more attention (Baucom, 1990; Baucom,
Epstein, & Rankin, 1995; Dattilio & Padesky, 1990; Seligman, 1991)
as many therapists now prefer focusing on changing cognitions as well
as behaviors. Not surprisingly, some cognitive behaviorists have be-
come more integrative and include the other component of the triad,
affects or feelings. This has emerged as the approach with the most
empirical data supportive of its efficacy.
Other Therapeutic Modalities of Increasing “Popularity”

Another methodology that came to play a dominant role in the
therapeutic world during the 1990s encompasses the externalization
and narrative techniques of Michael White (1989), and David Epston
(White & Epston, 1990) from Australia. These pied-piperish pioneers
have spread their approach to having everyone tell their story, listen
to each others’ versions, and then become actively involved in changing
the direction the narrative will take, i.e., geared to helping patients
feel empowered to proactively participate in shaping their future—a
goal shared with many other approaches. The appeal of the narrative
school lies not only in its brevity, but in the drama and optimism
369
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
inherent in the approach (Sluzki, 1992). O’Hanlon Hudson and Hudson-

O’Hanlon promulgated their own variation of the restorying theme in
their volume, Rewriting Love Stories (1991).
Social constructionism also has come to occupy a prominent place
in the theoretical and therapeutic array of choices. Inherently an anti-
diagnostic, anti-labeling paradigm, like the narrative approach, it fo-
cuses on the use of language in communication and how people con-
struct their own meanings for their personal realities and relationships
through language. Therapy occurs through the meaning that emerges
in the dialogue and the language of the session; the therapist and
family co-construct the meanings to be attached to events and relation-
ships. This is essentially a non-hierarchical model that eschews the
role of the therapist as either conductor, coach, or expert. Instead the
client/consumer is an equal participant in determining what will tran-
spire and evolve. Leaders in formulating and promulgating this ap-
proach have been Harry Goolishian and Harlene Anderson (1990), Tom
Andersen (1990, 1996), Kenneth Gergen (Gergen & Davis, 1985), and
Lynn Hoffman (Gergen, Hoffman, & Andersen, 1996); all are persuasive
writers and speakers, and they have found adherents, particularly in
the more non-conformist, non-traditional wings of the profession.
Other noteworthy methodologies that have achieved some popular-
ity in this era are Imago Therapy (Hendricks, 1992), Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) (Greenwald, 1994; Shapiro,
1994), and various hypnotherapy approaches (Hudson-O’Hanlon, 1987;
Lankton & Lankton, 1989; Zeig, 1985a, 1985b). All of these fall under
the rubric of brief therapies.
Besides the new entries in the realm of therapeutic approaches,
there have been some other shifts in the field in this decade, and
different attitudes and values have come to the fore. The voices of the
third and fourth generation have grown more forceful; sometimes they
are very innovative, other times they build upon and crystallize ideas
already expressed. For example, as discussed earlier, feminist family
therapy began in the late 1970s and crested in the 1980s. It has become
a generally accepted part of the field, which now has many more female
members and leaders than was the case during the first two decades
of the evolution of family therapy.
The Men’s Movement Evolves

In response to the original havoc wreaked by the feminist move-
ment and the incessant demand it made on men to change in reactivity,
responsively and responsibly, a serious men’s movement evolved. Rob-
370
ert Bly, a poet, was the founder of the mythopoetic movement that
stressed the importance of men nurturing men (Erkel, 1990). Men’s
groups formed in which the men sought acceptance and friendship from
each other, and many bemoaned the lack of emotional involvement of
their fathers during their childhood years. Some gatherings occurred
to the accompaniment of tom-tom beats and men began to express
their fears, their needs, and their dreams. Well-known therapist Frank
Pittman (1990) wrote about the masculine mystique and the longing
for fathers to endow sons with masculinity, and about the endeavor to
understand what masculinity is and encompasses. At meetings of AFTA
and the APA Practice Divisions’ Mid-Winter conferences, special ses-
sions for male therapists only were held. There and elsewhere, men of
the current generation of fathers, therapists and non-therapists alike,
vowed to be more emotionally accessible, especially to their sons. The
Family Therapy Networker (1990) devoted the major portion of a full
issue to this topic—highlighting and extending its significance. In the
mid-1990s, initiated by such men as Ronald Levant (Levant & Kopecky,
1995; Levant & Pollack, 1995), Gary Brooks (1995) and Don-David
Lusterman (Philpot, Brooks, Lusterman & Nutt, 1997), a new division
for the study of men and masculinity was begun in APA—Division 52.
Probably the newest mass variation on the men’s movement theme
has been the rapid evolution of The Promise Keepers, a recently formed
organization that supposedly numbers more than a million men assert-
ing their manhood. A headline on Time Magazine’s cover raised the
query, “Should they be cheered—or feared?” around the time the million
man march on Washington occurred (Stodhill, 1997). A fervent Chris-
tian movement, led by a former college football coach, Bill McCartney,
the positive goal is for men to assume greater responsibility for them-
selves, their wives, and their children. Two of the aspects that are
frightening to many outside of the movement are: (1) they believe that
when men and women disagree, the man’s view and decision must
prevail as he is ultimately in charge of the family, and this is perceived
as God’s will; and (2) members view homosexuality as a sin and not
acceptable in God’s eyes or theirs. Although many Promise Keepers
claim their wives welcome their taking a stronger role in the family,
feminists and others—men and women alike—decry turning the clock
back to glorify the male dominant/female submissive role relationship
of men and women and the censuring of homosexuality as sinful. Cer-
tainly this gigantic and seemingly fundamentalist segment of the men’s
movement will change the dynamics of many families, hopefully with-
out promoting spouse abuse and corporal punishment of children as
371
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
the husband/father attempts to reassert his “authority.” Therapists

will do well to be mindful of the principles and precepts of the Promise
Keepers when treating men/couples who adhere to these, and to find
ways to communicate with them effectively as they chant their particu-
lar catechism.
Bridging the Gender Gap

At the same time the men’s movement was ascending in popularity,
others felt it was time to bridge the gender gap and the separate gender
worlds, and became concerned instead with having men and women
communicate and interact more cordially and meaningfully with each
other (Philpot, 1990; Philpot, Brooks, Lusterman, & Nutt, 1997). These
authors and others are purporting that all therapy and therapists
should be gender sensitive, that those of both genders can and should
co-evolve, and that violence in male-female relationships, in all settings
and across the age spectrum, is not acceptable in any form. No doubt
we will continue to see some who harken more to the feminist mis-
sion, others who continue to beat the masculinity tom-tom, and a
third corps of professionals who believe it is time for rapprochement
to occur. Two of the most sensitive books on helping couples foster more
loving, empathic, and intimate relationships as they bridge the gender
gap are The Fragile Bond (Napier, 1988) and The Sexual Crucible
(Schnarch, 1991).
Emphasis on the Necessity of Solid Research and Evaluation

The interest in both qualitative and quantitative research has
mounted and AFTA, AAMFT, and the Division of Family Psychology
of APA have all held conferences devoted to family research during
this decade. Journals such as JMFT, JFP, and Family Process all devote
a great deal of space to research-based articles. Highlighting the greater
importance being placed on research, partially because third party
payers want documentation regarding which approach works best and
fastest for which problems, and data on psychotherapy efficacy and
outcomes, an oversized issue of JMFT concentrated on this topic (Pin-
sof & Wynne, 1995). Others, including Pauline Boss (1990), Fred Piercy
and Douglas Sprenkle (1986), James Alexander and Cole Barton (1995),
Nadine Kaslow (Kaslow, Wood, & Loundy, 1998b), Anne Kazak (Ka-
zek & Simms, 1996), Howard Liddle, Jose Szapocznik (Szapocznik,
Rio, Perez-Vidal, Kurtines, Herves, & Santisteban, 1986), David Reiss
372
(1981, 1988), and Luciano L’Abate and Dennis Bagarrozi (1993) also
continue to conduct research in numerous areas of endeavor.
Utilization of Testing and Assessment Instruments

New assessment instruments have been developed and refined,
such as the Marital Satisfaction Inventory (Snyder, 1990; Snyder, Ca-
vell, Heffer, & Mangrum, 1995) and the Family Assessment Device
(FAD) (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983). These are being utilized
more widely as diagnostic and screening tools, and because clients
derive meaning from participating directly in the assessment process.
Nurse’s recent book (1999) on family assessment describes the effective
uses of personality tests with couples and families, thus anchoring
assessment in more objectively-derived data than clinical interview
techniques alone can provide. Terry Patterson’s Couple and Family
Clinical Documentation Sourcebook (1999) brings together a panoply
of the questionnaires and assessment instruments used in acquiring
information about patients, including their self and partner percep-
tions. These devices are extremely valuable aids for those who believe
sound treatment is predicated on thoughtful diagnosis.
Development of Relational Diagnoses

The press for a taxonomy of relational diagnosis also crested during
the past two decades (Wynne, 1984, 1987) and was punctuated emphati-
cally by the inclusion of the Global Assessment of Relational Function-
ing (GARF) scale in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders-IV (Wynne, 1994). Some of the work of members of the Coali-
tion on Family Diagnosis, an interorganizational task force in existence
from 1987–1994, was pulled together in the Handbook of Relational
Diagnosis and Dysfunctional Family Patterns (Kaslow, 1996) and sup-
plemented by pertinent chapters especially written for this classifica-
tion schema by non-task force members. It is hoped this work will
continue in the forthcoming decade and eventuate in a separate Diag-
nostic Manual of Relational Disorders which will be a supplement to
the existing DSM of Mental Disorders—separate and equal (American
Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Interest in Long-Term Successful Marriages

Perhaps as a reaction to all of the sadness and disillusionment
many therapists hear about from patients during and after divorce,
some clinicians and researchers turned their attention to studying
373
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
couples married more than 20 years who deem their marriages satisfy-
ing and successful. Numerous articles, published by researchers collab-
orating in an eight-country study that spanned five continents, found
respondents identified remarkably similar factors as the basis of their
marital satisfaction, including trust and respect in all areas of the
relationship, shared goals and values, strong commitment to the part-
ner and to the marriage as a special entity, the continuing ability to
have fun together, much affection and ongoing sexual activity, reciproc-
ity and mutuality, consideration and the ability to compromise, and
deep friendship (Kaslow & Hammerschmidt, 1992; Kaslow & Robison,
1996; Sharlin, 1996; Roizblatt et al., 1999; Sharlin, Kaslow & Hammer-
schmidt, 2000). Wallerstein and Blakeslee (1995) also sought to ascer-
tain how and why love lasts. One goal of all of these researchers has
been to generate a profile of the ingredients and kinds of interactions
that are conducive to creating satisfying long-term partnerships that
can be utilized to help guide unhappy couples toward finding greater
satisfaction and harmony.
Miscellaneous Trends
We have also witnessed increasing emphasis on certain content
areas, i.e., syndromes, symptoms, and specific maladies. These include
chronic illness (Barth, 1993), suicidology (N. Kaslow, Thompson et al.,
1998a), depression (N. Kaslow, Ash, & Deering, 1996), ADHD (Culbert-
son & Silovsky, 1996), eating disorders (Levine, 1996), and AIDS (Lan-
dau-Stanton & Clements, 1993). Some of these disorders are treated
by therapists involved in the area variously designated family systems
medicine, medical family therapy, and behavioral medicine discussed
earlier. Other therapists see them in their private individual or group
practices.
Another trend has been the evolution of outreach approaches, in-
cluding at home therapy. These practical team approaches are being
utilized increasingly with severely distressed inner city populations.
For example, the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, part of the Chil-
dren’s Hospital and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of
Pennsylvania in the 1990s, served a patient population largely com-
prised of multi-problem, hard to reach, inner city families and reached
into their homes and communities to do so (Lindblad-Goldberg, Dore, &
Stern, 1998). This well respected training center has both an APA
approved internship and an AAMFT accredited training program—one
of the few facilities in the country to have both. Similar outreach pro-
grams have evolved in other countries, like Israel, for utilization with
374
their large, chaotic, often newly arrived immigrant families (Sharlin &
Shamai, 1999).
The Focus on Values

Other luminaries are diligently pursuing the issue of values (Doh-
erty, 1989) in family therapy (Doherty & Boss, 1995). They posit that
therapists’ values, their cherished beliefs and preferences, play a role
in treatment and should be acknowledged, where relevant. One should
not superimpose his or her own ideology on families without revealing
what that ideology is. In addition, they hold that therapists should
engage in dialogue with clients about their “moral choices” when these
are pertinent to the issues and dilemmas they are confronting in ther-
apy. Doherty and Boss (1995) tackle critically a bevy of deceptions
that characterize some family therapy methods, particularly strategic
models and paradoxical interventions that often are utilized in very
manipulative ways. They attest that such deceptions erode the “founda-
tions of trust that clients . . . hold for family therapy” (p. 621). We agree
that inauthentic interactions should be avoided, not only because they
impede the formation of a strong therapeutic alliance, but also because
it is almost impossible to help patients become more trustworthy, can-
did, and accountable when we are not modeling exemplary behaviors.
Two decades ago Abroms (1978) wrote a thoughtful article on The
Place of Values in Psychotherapy. He indicated that we are increasingly
confronting the myths of the amoral stance and of the value neutrality
of the therapists. He admonished therapists to recognize their biases
and learn to use these in a disciplined, rational way in caring for
patients. For example, he stated that “parents should be the executives
in the family,” or “it is healthy for adolescents to individuate” are value
statements and opinions and need to be honestly posited as such in
the therapy. It is interesting to ponder why this area of concern is
resurfacing at this time with much more momentum.
Mounting Ethical and Legal Concerns

Other therapists have become increasingly concerned about legal
and ethical dilemmas in marital and family therapy practice (Gottlieb,
1995, 1997; Gottlieb & Cooper, 1990; F. Kaslow, 1992, 1996a; Marsh &
Magee, 1997; Woody, 1990). The AAMFT Code of Ethics (1988) details
standards of behavior related to:
375
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
• Responsibility to clients
• Confidentiality
• Professional competence and integrity
• Responsibility to students, employees, and supervisees
• Responsibility to research participants
• Responsibility to the profession
• Financial arrangements
• Advertising.
The most recent revision of the APA Code of Ethical Principles of

Psychologists and Code of Conduct (1992) is more elaborate and com-
plex and goes into greater detail regarding such dilemmas as:
• Multiple relationships
• Exceeding one’s competence and maintaining expertise
• Sexual harassment
• Delegation to and supervision of subordinates
• Informed consent
• Maintenance of records.
In addition, guidelines are provided regarding what is considered ethi-

cal behavior in numerous other realms of professional practice.
The spiraling concerns about therapists being brought up on ethics
or malpractice charges have made many therapists more cautious re-
garding whom they are willing to treat. The large mental health profes-
sional organizations now often employ in-house legal counsel with
whom members can consult, and have worked with insurance compa-
nies to develop appropriate liability insurance programs. These signs of
our times reflect our feelings of vulnerability, the decrease in therapist
freedom, the increase in patients’ power, and the creation of external
bodies, beyond professional organizations, which rule on professional
standards of conduct.
Internationalization of Family Therapy

The number of international conferences have skyrocketed in the
last 20 years. The International Family Therapy Association (IFTA)
was born in Czechoslovakia at the East-West Bridging Conference in
Prague in 1987. The International Academy of Family Psychologists
(IAFP) was launched in 1990 in Japan. Both AFTA and EFTA (the
European Family Therapy Association) have international members.
376
All promote exchange of theoretical ideas and clinical approaches, and

foster appreciation of multi-cultural issues and diversity (Ariel, 1999),
An increasing number of books on family therapy around the world
have been published (Kaslow, 1982; Gielen & Comunian, 1997, 1999)
and numerous journal issues have been devoted to family therapy in
specific countries (particularly in Contemporary Family Therapy). It is
predicted that this globalization will continue to pick up momentum
in the 21st century and, despite some theoretical clashes and ethnocen-
trism, will enrich us all.
SUMMARY
It becomes apparent that the leaders in the past two decades have
shared many traits with the pioneers of the first two generations—they
are innovative, courageous, bright to brilliant, often charismatic, deter-
mined to be heard and seen, committed to their ideas and interpreta-
tions and eager to promulgate them, and often have the requisite narcis-
sism to be “on stage” and to occupy front and center position. They are
articulate, emanate strength and power, write well, think clearly, and
are willing to buck the prevailing tide. They have kept the field dynamic,
lively, multifaceted and on a perpetual pathway to finding better tech-
niques and solutions to enable individuals and families to become hap-
pier and more functional. Today, leaders from all four generations are
active and interactive—reflecting the tensions and affections of the
multigenerational and tribe-like families we treat.
As this article, which attempts to highlight the trends of the past 20
years, the contributions of key leaders and thinkers, and development of
various organizations, is drawn to a close, it is reiterated that it has
not been possible to be all inclusive, and apologies are expressed to
anyone inadvertently omitted. This author has tried to be as objective
and broad based as her own professional lens permits. Others will no
doubt chronicle the field differently, again reflecting its patchwork quilt
style—colorful, diverse, and variegated. May it continue to be so during
this new millennium.
REFERENCES
Abroms, G. (1978). The place of values in psychotherapy. Journal of Marriage and

Family Counseling, 4, 3–18.
Ahrons, C. R. (1979). The co-parental divorce: Preliminary research findings and
377
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
policy implications. In A. Milne (Ed.), Joint custody: A handbook for judges, lawyers and
counselors, (pp. C1–C9). Portland, OR: Association of Family Conciliation Courts.
Ahrons, C. R. (1983). The binuclear family: Parenting roles and relationships. Unpub-
lished paper.
Ahrons, C. R., & Rodgers, R. H. (1987). Divorced families: A multi-disciplinary
developmental view. New York: Norton.
Alexander, J. F., & Barton, C. (1990). Functional family therapy: A relationship and
a process. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 209–226).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Alexander, J. F., & Barton, C. (1995). Family therapy research. In R. H. Mikesell,
D. D. Lusterman, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy: Handbook of family
psychology and systems theory (pp. 199–216). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Alexander, J. F., & Parsons, B. V. (1982). Functional family therapy: Principles and
procedures. Carmel, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Alexander, J. F., & Pugh, C. A. (1996). Oppositional behavior and conduct disorders
of children and youth. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational disorders and
dysfunctional family patterns, (pp. 210–224). New York: Wiley.
American Association for Marital and Family Therapy (1998). AAMFT code of ethical
principles for marriage and family therapists. Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th edition). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and
code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author.
Andersen, T. (Ed.) (1990). The reflecting team: Dialogues and dialogues about the
dialogues. West Germany: Borgmann.
Andersen, T. (1996). Language is not innocent. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of
relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns (pp. 119–125). New York: Wiley.
Anderson, C. M., Reiss, D. J., & Hogarty, G. E. (1986). Schizophrenia and the family.
New York: Guilford Press.
Ariel, S. (1999). Culturally competent family therapy. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press.
Attneave, C. L. (1990). A maverick finds an identity. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices
in family psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 17–47). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Barth, J. (1993). It runs in my family: Overcoming the legacy of family illness. New
York: Brunner/Mazel.
Baucom, D. H. (1990). A cognitive/behavioral marital therapist thinks aloud. In
F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 177–193). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Baucom, D. H., Epstein, N., & Rankin, L. A. (1995). Cognitive aspects of cognitive-
behavioral marital therapy. In A. S. Gurman & N. S. Jacobson (Eds.), Clinical handbook
of couples therapy (pp. 65–90). New York: Guilford Press.
Berg, I. K., & de Shazer, S. (1993). Making numbers talk: Language in therapy. In
S. Friedman (Ed.), The new languages of change: Constructive collaboration in psychother-
apy (pp. 5–24). New York: Guilford Press.
Berg, I. K., & Joya, A. (1993). Different and same: Family therapy with Asian
American families. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 19, 31–38.
Berger, R. (1999). Stepfamilies: A multi-dimensional perspective. New York: Haworth
Press.
Bloch, D. (1988). The partnership of Dr. Biomedicine and Dr. Psychosocial. Family
Systems Medicine, 6, 2–4.
Boss, P. (1990). Family therapy and family research: Intertwined parts of the whole.
In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 17–32). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Boyd-Franklin, N. (1989). Black families in therapy. New York: Guilford Press.
378
Boyd-Franklin, N. (1995). Therapy with African-American inner city families. In R.

Mikesell, D. D. Lusterman, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy: Hand-
book of family psychology and systems theory (pp. 357–371). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Bray, J. H., & Berger, S. H. (1993). Developmental issues in stepfamilies research
project: Family relationships and parent-child interactions. Journal of Family Psychol-
ogy, 7, 76–90.
Broderick, C. B., & Shrader, S. S. (1981). The history of professional marriage and
family therapy. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy
(pp. 5–35). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Brooks, G. (1995). The centerfold syndrome: How men can overcome objectification
and achieve intimacy with women. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Budman, S. H., & Gurman, A. S. (1988). Theory and practice of brief therapy. New
York: Guilford Press.
Carter, E., & McGoldrick, M. (Eds.) (1980). The family life cycle. New York: Gardner
Press.
Celano, M. P., & Kaslow, N. J. (2000). Culturally competent family interventions:
Review and case illustrations. American Journal of Family Therapy, in press.
Charny, I. W. (1982). How can we commit the unthinkable? Genocide: The human
cancer. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Charny, I. W. (1996). Evil in human personality: Disorders of doing harm to others
in family relationships. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational diagnosis and
dysfunctional family patterns (pp. 477–495). New York: Wiley.
Coleman, S. (1985). Failures in family therapy. New York: Guilford Press.
Comas-Diaz, L. (1992). The future of psychotherapy with ethnic minorities. Psycho-
therapy, 29, 88–94.
Comas-Diaz, L. (1996). Cultural considerations in diagnosis treatment. In F. W.
Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns (pp.
152–168). New York: Wiley.
Culbertson, J., & Silovsky, J. F. (1996). Children with learning disabilities and
attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: Their impact on their significant others. In
F.W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational disorders and dysfunctional family patterns
(pp. 186–209). New York: Wiley.
Danieli, Y. (1985). The treatment and prevention of long term effects and intergenera-
tional transmission of victimization: A lesson from holocaust survivors and their children.
In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake, Vol. 1 (pp. 295–313). New York: Brunner/
Mazel.
Danieli, Y. (1988). Treating survivors and children of survivors of the Nazi holocaust.
In F. M. Ochberg (Ed.), Post-traumatic therapy and victims of violence (pp. 278–294).
New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Dattilio, F. M., & Padesky, C.cA. (1990). Cognitive therapy with couples. Sarasota,
FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Davidson, S. (1980). The clinical effects of massive psychic trauma in families of
holocaust survivors. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 6, 11–22.
de Shazer, S. (1985). Keys to solution in brief therapy. New York: Norton.
de Shazer, S. (1988). Clues: Investigating solutions in brief therapy. New York:
Norton.
Doherty, W. J. (1989, March/April). Unmasking family therapy. The Family Therapy
Networker, 13, 35–39.
Doherty, W. J., & Baird, M. A. (1983). Family therapy and family medicine: Toward
the primary care of families. New York: Guilford Press.
Doherty, W. J., & Baird, M. A. (1987). Family-centered medical care: A clinical
casebook. New York: Guilford Press.
Doherty, W. J., & Boss, P. G. (1995). Values and ethics in family therapy. In A. S.
379
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
Gurman & D. R. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of Family Therapy (Vol. 11) (pp. 606–637).
Duhl, B. S. (1983). From the inside out and other metaphors. New York: Brunner/
Mazel.
Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. (1983). The McMaster family assessment
device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 19, 171–180.
Erickson, E., & Erickson, M. (1988). Mediation casebook. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Erkel, R. T. (1990, May/June). The birth of a movement. The Family Therapy Netw-
orker, 14, 26.
Everett, C. A., & Volgy, S. S. (1991). Treating divorce in family therapy practice. In
A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (Vol. II) (pp. 508–524).
Falicov, C. J. (Ed.) (1983). Cultural perspectives in family therapy. Rockville, MD:
Aspen Systems.
Falicov, C. J. (1988). Learning to think culturally. In H. A. Liddle, D. C. Breunlin, &
R. C. Schwartz (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy training and supervision (pp. 335–357).
Falicov, C. J. (1995). Cross cultural marriages. In N. S. Jacobson & A. S. Gurman
(Eds.), Clinical handbook of couple therapy (pp. 231–246). New York: Guilford
Press.
Fallon, I., Boyd, J., & McGill, C. (1984). Family care of schizophrenia. New York:
Guilford Press.
The Family Therapy Networker (May/June 1990), 14. Washington, DC: Author.
Feldman, L. B. (1992). Integrating individual and family therapy. New York: Brun-
ner/Mazel.
Figley, C. R. (Ed.) (1985). Trauma and its wake: The study of treatment of post
traumatic stress disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Figley, C. R. (Ed.) (1986). Trauma and its wake: Traumatic stress, theory, research
and intervention (Vol. 2). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Figley, C. R. (Ed.) (1989). Treating stress in families. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Figley, C. R. (Ed.) (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic
stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Figley, C. R. (1997). Crisis intervention and compassion fatigue. Family Therapy
News, June, pp. 15–16, 21.
Figley, C. R., & Erickson, C. A. (Eds.) (1990). The psychology of traumatized families.
In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2, (pp. 33–50). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Foldberg, J., & Milne, A. (1988). Divorce mediation. New York: Guilford.
Fraenkel, P. (2000). Research plenary; Embracing complexity and compassion: The
evolution of family therapy. AFTA Newsletter (Winter), 78 (pp. 34–35).
Framo, J. L. (1972). Family interaction: A dialogue between researchers and family
therapists. New York: Springer.
Freudenberger, H. J. (1983). Hazards of psychotherapeutic practice. Psychotherapy
in Private Practice, 1 (1), 83–89.
Freudenberger, H. J. (1984). Impaired clinicians: Coping with burnout. In P. Keller &
L. Ritt (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book (Vol. 3) (pp. 221–228).
Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Gergen, K., & Davis, K. (Eds.) (1985). The social construction of the person. New
York: Springer.
Gergen, K., Hoffman, L., & Andersen, T. (1996). Is diagnosis a disaster: A construc-
tionist trialogue. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational diagnoses and dysfunc-
tional family patterns (pp. 102–118). New York: Wiley.
Gielen, U. P., & Comunian, A. L. (Eds.) (1997). The family and family therapy: An
international perspective. Padua, Italy: Edizione Lent Trieste.
380
Gielen, U. P., & Comunian, A. L. (Eds.) (1999). International approaches to the family
and family therapy. Padua, Italy: Unipress.
Goldner, V. (1985). Feminism and family therapy. Family Process, 24, 31–47.
Goldner, V. (1993). Power and hierarchy: Let’s talk about it. Family Process, 32,
157–162.
Goldner, V., Penn, P., Sheinberg, M., & Walker, G. (1990). Love and violence. Gender
paradoxes in volatile attachments. Family Process, 29, 343–364.
Goodrich, T. J., Rampage, C., Ellman, B., & Halstead, K. (1988). Feminist family
therapy: A casebook. New York: Norton.
Goolishian, H. A., & Anderson, H. (1990). Understanding the therapeutic process:
From individuals and families to systems in language. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in
family psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 91–113). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gottlieb, M. C. (1995). Ethical dilemmas for family psychologists and systems thera-
pists: Change of format and live supervision. In R. H. Mikesell, D. D. Lusterman, & S. H.
McDaniel (Eds), Integrating family therapy: Handbook of family psychology and systems
theory (pp. 561–570). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Gottlieb, M.C., & Cooper, C. (1990). Treating individuals and families together: Some
ethical considerations. The Family Psychologist, 6, 10–11.
Greenwald, R. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): An
overview. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 24, 15–34.
Guerin, P. J. (1976). Family therapy: The first twenty-five years. In P. J. Guerin
(Ed.), Family therapy and practice (pp. 2–22). New York: Gardner Press.
Gurman, A. S. (1981). Integrative marital therapy: Toward the development of an
interpersonal approach. In S. Budman (Ed.), Forms of brief therapy (pp. 415–457). New
York: Guilford Press.
Gurman, A. S. (1990). Integrating the life of an integrative family psychologist. In
F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 250–266). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P (Eds.) (1981). Handbook of family therapy. New
Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (Eds.) (1991). Handbook of family therapy (Vol.
II). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Guyer, C. G. (2000). Spouse abuse. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of couples and
family forensics (pp. 206–234). New York: Wiley.
Hardy, K. V. (1989). The theoretical myth of sameness. A critical issue in fam-
ily therapy training and treatment. Journal of Psychotherapy and the Family, 6, 17–
34.
Hare-Mustin, R. (1978). A feminist approach to family therapy. Family Process, 17,
181–194.
Hare-Mustin, R. (1987). The problem of gender in family therapy theory. Family
Process, 26, 15–28.
Haynes, J. M. (1981). Divorce mediation. New York: Springer.
Hendricks, H. (1992). Getting the love you want: A guide for couples. New York:
Harperperrenial Library.
Hetherington, E. M., Cox, M., & Cox, R. (1977), The aftermath of divorce. In J. H.
Stevens, Jr., & M. Matthews (Eds.), Mother-child, father-child relations (pp. 149–176).
Washington, DC: NAEYC.
Hetherington, E. M., Bridges, M., & Insabella, G. M. (1998). What matters? What
does not? Five perspectives on the association between marital transactions and children’s
adjustment. American Psychologist, 53, 167–184.
Ho, M. K. (1987). Family therapy with ethnic minorities. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Hudson-O’Hanlon, W. (1987). Taproots: Underlying principles of Milton Erickson’s
therapy and hypnosis. New York: Norton.
381
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
Imber-Black, E. (1993, May/June). Ghosts in the therapy room. The Family Therapy
Networker, 17, 18–29.
Imber-Black, E., Roberts, J., & Whiting, R. (1988). Rituals in families and family
therapy. New York: Norton.
Jacobson, N. S., & Gurman, A. S. (Eds.) (1986). Clinical handbook of marital therapy.
Journal of Feminist Family Therapy (1988 on). New York: Haworth Press.
Kaslow, F. W. (1973). Family therapy: Viewpoints and perspectives. Clinical Social
Work Journal, 1, 196–207.
Kaslow, F. W. (1977). Training of marital and family therapists. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.),
Supervision, consultation and staff training in the helping professions (pp. 199–234). San
Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Kaslow, F. W. (Spring/Summer 1980). History of family therapy in the United States:
A kaleidoscopic overview. Marriage and Family Review, 3, 77–111.
Kaslow, F. W. (1981). A diaclectic approach to family therapy and practice. Selectivity
and synthesis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 7, 345–351.
Kaslow, F. W. (1982a). History of family therapy in the United States: A kaleidoscopic
overview. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), The international book of family therapy (pp. 5–40).
New York: Brunner/Mazel. (Reprinted from 1980).
Kaslow, F. W. (1982b). Working with families cross culturally. In A. Gurman (Ed.),
Questions and answers in the practice of family therapy, Vol. II (pp. 251–254). New York:
Brunner/Mazel.
Kaslow, F. W. (Ed.) (1984). Psythotherapy with psychotherapists. New York: Haworth
Press.
Kaslow, F. W. (1987a). Marital and family therapy. In M. B. Sussman & S. K.
Steinmetz (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 835–860). New York: Plenum.
Kaslow, F. W. (1987b). Trends in family psychology. Journal of Family Psychology,
1 (1), 77–90.
Kaslow, F. W. (Ed.) (1990). Voices in family psychology, Vols. I & II. Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Kaslow, F. W. (1991). Enter the prenuptial: A prelude to marriage or remarriage.
Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 9, 375–386.
Kaslow, F. W. (1992). Legal issues in psychotherapy practice. Independent Prac-
titioner, 12, 131–135.
Kaslow, F. W. (1993). The divorce ceremony: A healing strategy. In T. Nelson & T.
Trepper (Eds.), 101 Favorite family therapy interventions (pp. 341–345). New York:
Haworth Press.
Kaslow, F. W. (1994). Painful partings: Providing therapeutic guidance. In L. L.
Schwartz (Ed.), Mid-life divorce counseling (pp. 67–82). Alexandria, VA: American Coun-
seling Association.
Kaslow, F. W. (1995a). Descendants of holocaust victims and perpetrators: Legacies
and dialogue. Contemporary Family Therapy, 17, 275–290.
Kaslow, F. W. (1995b). The dynamics of divorce therapy. In R. H. Mikesell, D. D.
Lusterman, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy: Handbook of family
psychology and systems theory (pp. 271–284). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Kaslow, F. W. (1995c). Projective genogramming. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource
Exchange.
Kaslow, F. W. (1996a). Families and the legal issues they face: A life cycle overview.
The Diplomate, 15 (2), 6–10.
Kaslow, F. W. (Ed.) (1996b). Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional
family patterns. New York: Wiley.
Kaslow, F. W. (1997a). A dialogue between descendants of perpetrators and victims.
Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 44–54.
382
Kaslow, F. W. (1997b). The Voice of America: Culturally sensitive radio. In D. A.

Kirschner & S. Kirschner (Eds.), Perspectives on psychology and the media (pp. 141–156).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kaslow, F. W. (1998). A therapeutic remarriage ritual. In T. S. Nelson & T. S.
Trepper (Eds.), 101 more interventions in family therapy (pp. 223–229). New York:
Haworth Press.
Kaslow, F. W. (1999). The lingering holocaust: Legacies in lives of descendants of
victims and perpetrators. Professional Psychology, 30 (6), 611–616.
Kaslow, F. W. (Ed.) (2000a). Handbook of couple and family forensics: A guidebook
for legal and mental health professionals. New York: Wiley.
Kaslow, F. W. (2000b). Prenuptial and postnuptial agreements: Sunny or stormy
bellwethers to marriage or remarriage. In F. W. Kaslow, (Ed.), Handbook of couple and
family forensics: A guidebook for legal and mental health professionals (pp. 3–22). New
York: Wiley.
Kaslow, F. W., & Hammerschmidt, H. (1992). Long term good marriages: The seem-
ingly essential ingredients. Journal of Couples Therapy, 3, 15–38; and in B.J. Brothers
(Ed.), Couples therapy, multiple perspectives, (pp. 15–38). New York: Haworth Press.
Kaslow, F. W., & Robison, J. A. (1996). Long term satisfying marriages: Perceptions
of contributing factors. American Journal of Family Therapy, 24, 153–170.
Kaslow, F. W., & Schwartz, L. L. (1987). Dynamics of divorce: A life cycle perspective.
Kaslow, N. J., Celano, M. P., & Dreelin, E.D. (1995). A cultural perspective on family
theory and therapy. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18, 621–633.
Kaslow, N. J., Deering, C. G., & Ash, P. (1996). Relational diagnosis of child and
adolescent depression. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational diagnosis and
dysfunctional family patterns (pp. 171–185). New York: Wiley.
Kaslow, N. J., Thompson, M. P., Meadows, L. A., Jacobs, D., Chance, S., Gibb, B.,
Bornstein, H., Hollins, L., Rashid, A.., & Phillips, K. (1998b). Factors that mediate and
moderate the link between partner abuse and suicidal behavior in African American
women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 533–540.
Kaslow, N. J., Wood, K. A., & Loundy, M. R. (1998c). A cultural perspective on
families across the life cycle: Patterns, assessment, and intervention. In A.S. Bellack &
M. Hersen (Eds.), Comprehensive clinical psychology (Vol. 10) (pp. 173–205). New York:
Pergamon Press.
Kaslow, N. J., Kaslow, F. W., & Farber, E. W. (1999). Theories and techniques of
marital therapy. In M. Sussman & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and
the family (2nd ed.). (pp. 767–743). New York: Plenum.
Kazak, A. E., & Simms, S. (1996). Children with life-threatening illnesses: Psycholog-
ical difficulties and interpersonal relationships. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of
relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns (pp. 225–238). New York: Wiley.
Keane, T. M. (1998). Psychological effects of military combat. In B. P. Dohrenwent
(Ed.), Adversity, stress and psychopathology (pp. 52–65). New York: Oxford University
Press.
Kilburg, R., Kaslow, F. W., & VandenBos, G. (1988). Interdisciplinary update: Profes-
sionals in distress. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39 (7), 723–725.
Kirschner, D. A., & Kirschner, S. (1986). Comprehensive family therapy. New York:
Brunner/Mazel.
Kirschner, S., Kirschner, D. A., & Rappaport, R. L. (1993). Working with adult incest
survivors. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Koedam, W. (1996). Dissociative identity disorder in relational contexts. In F. W.
Kramer, J. R. (1985). Family interfaces: Transgenerational patterns. New York:
Brunner/Mazel.
L’Abate, L., & Bagarrozi, D. (1993). Sourcebook of marriage and family evaluation.
383
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
Landau Stanton, J., Clements, C. D., & Associates (1993). Aids: Health and mental
health. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Lankton, C. H., & Lankton, S. R. (1989). Tales of enchantment: Goal oriented meta-
phors for adults and children. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Leff, J., & Vaughn, C. (1985). Expressed emotion in families. New York: Guilford
Press.
Lerner, H. G. (1985). The dance of anger. New York: Harper & Row.
Lerner, H. F. (1989). The dance of intimacy. New York: Harper & Row.
Levant, R.F., & Kopecky, G. (1995). Masculinity reconstructed. New York: Dutton.
Levant, R.F., & Pollack, W.S. (1995). A new psychology of men: Where have we
been? Where are we going? In R. F. Levant & W. S. Pollack (Eds.), A new psychology of
men (pp. 384–387). New York: Basic Books.
Levine, P. (1996). Eating disorders and their impact on family systems. In F. W.
Lindblad-Goldberg, M., Dore, M., & Stern, L. (1998). Creating competence from chaos.
New York: Norton.
Marsh, D. T., & Magee, R. D. (1997). Ethical and legal issues in professional practice
with families. New York: Wiley.
McDaniel, S.H., & de Gruy, F.V. (1996). Relational disorders in primary care. In
F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns
(pp. 126–136). New York: Wiley.
McDaniel, S. H., Hepworth, J., & Doherty, W. J. (1995). Medical family therapy
with somaticizing patients: The co-creation of therapeutic stories. In R. Mikesell, D. D.
Lusterman, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy (pp. 377–388). Washing-
ton, DC: American Psychological Association.
McFarlane, W.R. (1983). Family therapy in schizophrenia. New York: Guilford Press.
McGoldrick, M., Anderson, C.M., & Walsh, F. (Eds.) (1989). Women in families: A
framework for family therapy. New York: Norton.
McGoldrick, M., & Gerson, R. (1985). Genograms in family assessment. New York:
Norton.
McGoldrick, M., Giordano, J., & Pearce, J.K. (Eds.) (1996). Ethnicity and family
therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
McGoldrick, M., Pearce, J. K., & Giordano, J. (1982). Ethnicity and family therapy.
New York: Guilford.
Napier, A. Y. (1988). The fragile bond. New York: Harper & Row.
Nichols, W. C. (1986). The field of family therapy. In W. C. Nichols & C. A. Everett,
Systemic family therapy: An integrative approach (pp. 1–63). New York: Guilford Press.
Nichols, W. C. (1988a). Marital therapy: An integrative approach. New York: Guilford
Press.
Nichols, W. C. (1988b). An integrative psychodynamic and systems approach. In
H. A. Liddle, D.C. Breunlin, & R. C. Schwartz (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy training
and supervision, (pp. 110–127). New York: Guilford Press.
Nichols, W. C. (1999a). Family systems therapy. In S. W. Russ & T. Allendick (Eds.),
Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (pp. 137–152). New York: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum.
Nichols, W.C. (1999b). Integrative family therapy. In A.M. Horne (Ed.), Family
counseling and therapy (3rd ed.) (pp. 539–564). Itasca, IL: Peacock Publishing Co.
Nurse, R. (1999). Family assessment: Effective uses of personality tests with couples
and families. New York: Wiley.
O’Hanlon Hudson, P., & Hudson O’Hanlon, W. (1991). Rewriting love stories. New
York: Norton.
Papp, P. (1977). Family therapy: Full length case studies. New York: Gardner Press
Papp, P. (1980). The Greek chorus and other techniques of paradoxical therapy.
Family Process, 19, 45–57.
Papp, P. (1983). The process of change. New York: Guilford Press.
384
Patterson, T. (1999). Couple and family clinical documentation sourcebook. New

York: Wiley.
Penn, P. (1985). Feed forward: Future questions: Future maps. Family Process, 24,
299–311.
Philpot, C. L. (1990). Toward a systemic resolution of the battle of the sexes. In
F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2, (pp. 244–260). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Philpot, C. L., Brooks, G. R., Lusterman, D. D., & Nutt, R.L. (Eds.) (1997). Bridging
separate gender worlds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Piercy, F. P., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1986). Family therapy sourcebook. New York:
Guilford Press.
Pinsof, W. M. (1990). Becoming a family psychologist: A personal odyssey. In F. W.
Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 99–125). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pinsof, W. M. (1995). Integrative problem centered therapy. New York: Basic Books.
Pinsof, W. M., & Wynne, L.C. (1995). The effectiveness of marital and family therapy.
Special issue: Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 21, 338–614.
Pittman, F. (1990). The masculine mystique. The Family Therapy Networker, 14,
40–45.
Reiss, D. (1988). The family’s construction of reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-
versity Press.
Reiss, D. (1988). Theoretical versus tactical inferences. In L. C. Wynne (Ed.), The
state of the art of family therapy (pp. 33–46). New York: Family Process Press.
Roizblatt, A., Kaslow, F. W., Rivera, S., Fuchs, T., Conejers, C., & Zacharias, A.
(1999). Long lasting marriages in Chile. Contemporary Family Therapy, 21, 113–129.
Rolland, J. S. (1984). Toward a psychosocial typology of chronic and life threatening
illness. Family Systemic Medicine, 2, 245–262.
Rolland, J.S. (1994). Families, illness, and disability: An integrative treatment model.
New York: Basic Books.
Saba, G., Karrer, B., & Hardy, K. (1989). Minorities and family therapy. New York:
Haworth.
Sager, C. J. (1976). Marriage contracts and couple therapy: Hidden forces in intimate
relations. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Sager, C. J., Brown, H. S., Crohn, H., Engel, T., Rodstein, E., & Walker, L. (1983).
Treating the remarried family. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Schnarch, D. M. (1991). The sexual crucible: An integration of sexual and marital
therapy. New York: Norton.
Schwartz, L. L., & Kaslow, F. W. (1997). Painful partings: Divorce and its aftermath.
New York: Wiley.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Shapiro, F. (1994). EMDR: In the eye of a paradigm shift. The Behavior Therapist,
17, 153–158.
Sharlin, S. A. (1996). Long term successful marriages in Israel. Contemporary Family
Therapy, 18, 225–242.
Sharlin, S. A., Kaslow, F. W., & Hammerschmidt, H. (2000). Together through thick
and thin: A multinational picture of long term marriages. Binghamton, NY: Haworth
Press.
Sharlin, S. A. & Shamai, M. (1999). From distress to hope: Intervening with poor
and disorganized families. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Sheinberg, M. (1992). Navigating treatment impasses at the disclosure of incest:
Combining ideas from feminism and social constructionism. Family Process, 31, 201–216.
Sichrovsky, P. (1988). Born guilty: Children of Nazi families. New York: Basic
Books.
Singer, M. T. (1979). Coming out of the cults. Psychology Today, 12, 72–82.
Singer, M. T. (1986). Consultation with families of cultists. In L. C. Wynne, S. H.
385
FLORENCE W. KASLOW
McDaniel, & T. T. Weber (Eds.), System consultation: A new perspective for family therapy
(pp. 270–283). New York: Guilford Press.
Singer, M. T. (1995). Cults: Implications for family therapists. In R H. Mikesell,
D. D. Lusterman, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy: Handbook of family
psychology and systems therapy (pp. 519–528). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Sluzki, C. (1983). Process, structure and world views in family therapy: Toward an
integration of systemic models. Family Process, 22, 469–476.
Sluzki, C. (1990). Disappeared: Semantic and somatic effects of political repression
in a family seeking therapy. Family Therapy, 29, 131–144.
Sluzki, C. (1992). Transformations: A blueprint for narrative changes in therapy.
Family Process, 31, 217–230.
Snyder, D. K. (1990). The marital satisfaction inventory: An actuarial approach to
assessing relations. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 261–
271). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Snyder, D. K., Covell, T. A., Heffer, R. W., & Mangrum, L. F. (1995). Marital and
family assessment: A multifaceted, multilevel approach. In R. H. Mikesell, D. D. Luster-
man, & S. H. McDaniel (Eds.), Integrating family therapy: Handbook of family psychology
and systems therapy (pp. 163–182). Washington, DC: American Psychological Associa-
tion.
Speck, R., & Attneave, C. (1972). Network therapy. In A. Ferber, M. Mendelsohn,
& A. Napier (Eds.), The book of family therapy (pp. 637–665). New York: Science
House.
Stodghill, R. (Oct. 6, 1997). God of our fathers. Time, 150 (14), pp. 34–40.
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (1990). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice.
(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Szapocznik, J., Rio, A., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W., Herves, O., & Santisteban, D.
(1986). Bi-cultural effectiveness training (BET): An experimental test of an intervention
modality for families experiencing intergenerational/intercultural conflict. Hispanic
Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 8, 303–330.
Tafoya, T. (1989). Circles and cedar: Native Americans and family therapy. Journal
of Psychotherapy and the Family, 6, 71–98.
Trepper, T. S., & Barrett, M. J. (1989). Systemic treatment of incest: A therapeutic
handbook. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Visher, E. B., & Visher, J. S. (1979). Stepfamilies: A guide to working with stepparents
and stepchildren. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Visher, E. B., & Visher, J. S. (1991). How to win as a stepfamily (2nd ed.), New
Wallerstein, J. S., & Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second chances: Men, women and children
a decade after divorce. New York: Tecknor & Fields.
Wallerstein, J. S., & Blakeslee, S. (1995). The good marriage: How and why love
lasts. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). Surviving the breakup: How children and
parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.
Walsh, F. (1982). Normal family processes. New York: Guilford.
Walsh, F. (1991). Promoting healthy functioning in divorced and remarried families.
In A. S. Gurman, & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy, II (pp. 525–545).
Walters, M. (1985, July/August). Where have all the flowers gone. The Family Ther-
apy Networker, 9, 38–41.
Walters, M., Carter, B., Papp, P., & Silverstein, O. (1988). The invisible web: Gender
patterns in family relations. New York: Guilford.
White, M. (1989). The externalizing of the problem and the reauthoring of lives and
relations. In Selected papers. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
386
White, M., & Epstom, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York:
Norton.
Wood, B. L. (1993). Beyond the “psychosomatic family”: A biobehavioral family model
of pediatric illness. Family Process, 32, 261–278.
Wood, L., & Jacobson, N. (1990). Behavioral marital therapy: The training experience
in retrospect. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Voices in family psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 159–175).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Woody, J. D. (1990). Resolving ethical concerns in clinical practice: Toward a prag-
matic model. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 16, 133–150.
Wynne, L. C. (1984). The epigenesis of relational systems: A model for understanding
family development. Family Process, 23, 297–318.
Wynne, L. C. (1987). A preliminary proposal for strengthening the multiaxial ap-
proach to DSM-III: Possible family oriented revisions. In G. L. Teschler (Ed.), Diagnosis
and classification in psychiatry: A critical appraisal of DSM-III (pp. 477–488). Cam-
bridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Wynne, L. C. (1994). Global assessment of relational functioning (GARF) scale. In
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor-
ders, 4th ed. (pp. 758–759). Washington, DC: Author.
Zeig, J. K. (1985a). Ericksonian psychotherapy: Structures (Vol. 1). New York: Brun-
ner/Mazel.
Zeig, J. K. (1985b). Ericksonian psychotherapy: Clinical applications (Vol. 2). New

Evolucion en Los Ultimos Veinte Años PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Evolucion en Los Ultimos Veinte Años PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF FAMILY

THERAPY: THE LAST TWENTY YEARS

ABSTRACT: There have been numerous accounts of the history and

I. Pioneers and Renegades (Pre-1969)

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

THE THIRD GENERATION: THE CHALLENGERS,

The developments in the field of family therapy and the contribu-

Ascendance of Feminist Family Therapy

1987); and Florence Kaslow (1981, 1982a, 1982b). These represented

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

as this volume presented the utilization and applicability of feminist

Identification of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

of the world have been treating severely traumatized patient families

Advent of New Theories and Methodologies

Psychoeducational strategies. This approach moved to the fore-

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

Brief therapy. Brief therapy also gained many adherents during

Functional family therapy (FFT). This behaviorally based and

Integrative approaches. Integrative approaches also began to have

patient’s problems and symptomatology, personality, resiliency, family

Rising Divorce and Remarriage Rates

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

Multicultural and Ethnic Diversity

dresses the continuing legacy of slavery many generations later (Hardy,

The Expansion of Family Systems Medicine and Its Impact

Mounting Concern Over Professional Identity

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

zation, that might be either scope of practice or title protection acts,

THE FOURTH GENERATION:

Enter Managed Care and Its Emphasis on Brief Therapies

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

Other Therapeutic Modalities of Increasing “Popularity”

inherent in the approach (Sluzki, 1992). O’Hanlon Hudson and Hudson-

The Men’s Movement Evolves

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

the husband/father attempts to reassert his “authority.” Therapists

Bridging the Gender Gap

Emphasis on the Necessity of Solid Research and Evaluation

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

Utilization of Testing and Assessment Instruments

Development of Relational Diagnoses

Interest in Long-Term Successful Marriages

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

The Focus on Values

Mounting Ethical and Legal Concerns

The most recent revision of the APA Code of Ethical Principles of

In addition, guidelines are provided regarding what is considered ethi-

Internationalization of Family Therapy

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

All promote exchange of theoretical ideas and clinical approaches, and

Abroms, G. (1978). The place of values in psychotherapy. Journal of Marriage and

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

Boyd-Franklin, N. (1995). Therapy with African-American inner city families. In R.

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

Kaslow, F. W. (1997b). The Voice of America: Culturally sensitive radio. In D. A.

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

Patterson, T. (1999). Couple and family clinical documentation sourcebook. New

CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY

You might also like