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EE2001D Unit 6-Time Varying Field
EE2001D Unit 6-Time Varying Field
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6.1 Flux linkage and inductance
Flux linkage
For an ideal coil of N turns in which a current I produces a
total flux . The flux linkage is defined as
N
Fig. 6 .1
I
2
For a coil having a single turn, the flux linkage is equal to
the total flux = .
Inductance (self-inductance)
Inductance is defined as the ratio of the total flux linkage to
the current which they link
N
L
I I (Henry) (6.1)
For linear magnetic media, L has a constant value.
For nonlinear ferromagnetic materials, L=L(I).
Example
Calculate the inductance per unit length of a coaxial
conductor as show in Fig. 6.2 (suppose the currents are on
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the surfaces of the conductors).
o I
Between the conductors B a .
2r
Fig. 6.2
For a length l, the total flux linkage is
o I o Il b
Bdrdz
l b l b
drdz ln
0 a 0 a
2r 2 a
The inductance for a length l is
0l b
L
I 2 a
ln
(H) (6.2)
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The inductance per unit length (1 m) is
o b
L ln (H/m) (6.3)
2 a
Example
Find the inductance of an ideal solenoid with 300 turns, l =
0.50 m and a circular cross-section of radius 0.02 m.
Fig. 6.3
In Fig. 6.3, a part (12) of the magnetic flux produced by the
current i1, through coil 1 links the N2 turns of coil 2. We can
define the mutual inductance M12 between the circuit 1 and
circuit 2, in terms of mutual flux linkage:
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N 212
M 12
i1 (H) (6.4)
Similarly, we can define M21
N121
M 21
i2 (H) (6.5)
where 21 represents the flux produced by i2 through coil 2
which links the N1 turns of coil 1.
M 12 M 21 (6.6)
Example
A solenoid with N1=1000, r1 = 1.0cm, and l1 = 50cm is
concentric within a second coil of N2 =2000, r2 =2.0cm, and
l2 = 50cm. Find the mutual inductance assuming free-space
conditions.
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For long coils of small cross section, H may be assumed
constant inside the coil and zero for points just outside the
coil.
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The definition of the electromotive force (e.m.f.) is:
e l
E dl
(volts) (The reference direction of e: dl .)
A dimensional check shows that it is measured in volts.
So an electromotive force is merely a voltage source.
d
A nonzero value of dt may result from any of the
following situations.
1. A time varying flux linking a stationary closed path.
2. Relative motion between a steady flux and a closed
path.
3. A combination of the two.
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For a one turn circuit,
d
e E dl B dS
d
l dt dt S
(6.8)
(1) Stationary-path
The current paths are fixed in space with respect to B and
the area S does not change with time, hence we have
e E dl
l
d
dt
d
dt
B dS
S S
B
t
dS
E dl
B
e dS
l S t (6.9)
In power engineering, this e is often called the
“transformer” e.m.f.
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Maxwell’s second equation has a more general form:
E dl
B
dS
l S t
Let’s obtain the point form of this integral equation.
Applying Stokes’ theorem to the closed line integral, we
have
E dl
E dS
l S
B
E
Therefore,
t
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Example
z
(0,1,0)
(0,0,0) y
(1,0,0) I 100
(1,1,0)
x
B
Fig. 6.5
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(2) Moving path, flux density is constant
conducting
rails
z
y
B y
_ Moving bar
+ with sliding
O x contacts
L
Fig. 6.6
At any instant, the flux linkage = BS = BLy
d dy
e BL BLv (6.10)
dt dt
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Let us consider this “conductors in motion through
time-independent fields”.
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F
F Q Em , Em
and Q
This special electric field intensity Em , is called motional
electric field intensity, which is defined as the force per unit
charge:
F
Em v B
Q
When a conductor with a great number of free charges
moves through a field B , the impressed Em creates a
voltage difference between the two ends of the conductor.
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e E
l
m dl v B dl
l (6.11)
For a closed loop the line integral must be taken around the
entire loop.
Of course, if only part of the complete loop is in motion, it is
necessary only that the integral covers this part, since Em
will be zero elsewhere.
If B is uniform, e v B L .
If B is uniform, the velocity v and the field B are at right
angles, and the conductor is normal to both, then a conductor
of length L will have an e.m.f.:
e BLv (6.12)
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Maxwell’s second equation*
Induced e.m.f.:
E dl v B d l
B
e d S
l
m
S t l (6.14)
Applying Stokes’ theorem to the closed line integral, we
have
t d S v B d S
B
e E md S
S S S
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Em
B
t
v B
Usually the electric field produced by charges is called
Coulomb electric field, denoted as EC.
The total electric field is
E EC Em
For the Coulomb electric field:
l
E C dl 0
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E dl
l S
B
t
l
d S v B dl
Maxwell’s second equation
The point form:
E
B
t
v B
Example
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Fig. 6.8
d
B dS
d
e
using dt dt S
d
B dS BS cos t
d d dB d
e S cos t BS (cos t )
dt dt S dt dt dt
dB
S cos t BS sin t
dt
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Method 2*: using the two-term form of Faraday’s law
Let the area of the loop be S. The contribution to e due to the
variation of B is
e1 d S
B dB dB
a z dS a n S cos t since a z a n cos t
S t S dt dt
To calculate the second, motional contribution to e, the
velocity v of a point on the loop is needed. From Fig. 6.8(b)
it is seen that
y
v r a n an
cos t
so that
v B
y
cos t
an B a z
y
cos t
B sin t a x since
a n a z sin t a x
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( an is on y-z surface)
Consequently,
e2 v B d l
B sin t
cos t y ax d l
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Application: electric generator
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6.3 Displacement current - Maxwell’s hypothesis
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D
JD
is called displacement current density. Note that
t
(6.15) has not been proved: they are just a postulate. But
since they are found to be consistent with all physical
phenomena so far observed, they may be accepted as being
true.
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Displacement current in a flat-plate capacitor
0 SVm
IC cost
d
This current obviously cannot flow across the plates of the
capacitor.
Integral form:
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d B
l E d l dt S t dS , E t Faraday’s Law
B
2.
l H d l I S t d S ,
D D
3. H J
t Ampere’s circuital Law
4. S B d S 0 , B 0 No isolated magnetic
charge
The auxiliary equations:
D E from D 0 E P and P e 0 E
B H from B 0 H M and M m 0 H
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Boundary conditions for time-varying fields
General:
Et1 = Et2
Ht1 – Ht2 = JS (surface current density)
Dn1 – Dn2 = S
Bn1 = Bn2
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*
Perfect conductor (material 2), i.e. 2 =
Et1 = 0 E2 0
Ht1 = JS ( H t1 J S an ) H 2 0 (not for static fields)
Dn1 = S J2 0
Bn1 = 0
Note:
1. S is possible for dietectrics (insulators) and conductors.
2. It is often desirable to idealize a physical problem by
assuming a perfect conductor for which = but J is
finite.
From Ohm’s law J E , then, in a perfect conductor,
E0
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For time-varying fields, it follows from the point form of
B
Faraday’s law E that
t
B 0 and H 0
D
The point form of Ampere’s circuital law H J
t
then shows that the finite value of J is
J 0
and the current can only be carried on the surface as JS,
not J .
B
E
3. E0 in a perfect conductor. Since t for
time-varying fields, B 0 and H 0 .
This is not the case for static fields. In static fields,
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E 0
According this equation, we cannot determine B and H.
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