2/11/2018
Respiratory System
Gas exchange
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• Why do we breathe? Think of all the T
reasons why we need a respiratory O
system. G
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2/11/2018
Warning: terminology!
• “Respiration” is used several different ways:
• Cellular respiration is the aerobic breakdown
of glucose in the mitochondria to make ATP.
• Respiratory systems are the organs in
animals that exchange gases with the
environment.
• “Respiration” is an everyday term that is often
used to mean “breathing.”
Respiratory system function
• Respiratory systems allow animals to
move oxygen (needed for cellular
respiration) into body tissues and
remove carbon dioxide (waste product of
cellular respiration) from cells.
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Gas exchange by Diffusion
• Some animals simply
allow gases to diffuse
through their skins.
• These animals have a
low metabolic rate.
Why?
• All of these are aquatic
animals. Why?
Specialized structures
• Structures
specialized for gas
exchange include:
• gills (aquatic
animals)
• spiracles
(terrestrial insects)
• lungs (most
terrestrial
vertebrates)
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Countercurrent Exchange
• In a concurrent
system, exchange is
inefficient.
Equilibrium is
reached at one end.
• In a countercurrent
system, equilibrium
is not reached, so
gas exchange
continues, increasing
efficiency.
Fish Gills
• Fish increase gas
exchange efficiency
using countercurrent
exchange.
• Running blood through
the system in the
opposite direction to
water keeps a diffusion
gradient throughout the
entire exchange.
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Human respiratory system
• Parts of the
respiratory system
include:
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
Nasal Respiratory Overview Picture
Cavity
Throat
Nose (pharynx)
Mouth
Windpipe
(Trachea)
Bronchus
Left lungs
Bronchiole Ribs
Alveolus
Diaphragm MB
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The Nose and Mouth
This is where it all begins.
This is where the oxygen first
enters your body and also where
Carbon Dioxide leaves.
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The Nose and Mouth
When the air comes into your nose it gets
filtered by tiny hairs and it is moistened by the
mucus that is in your nose.
Your sinuses also help out with your
Respiratory System. They help to moisten
and heat the air that you breath.
Air can also get into your body through your
mouth/oral cavity but air is not filtered as
much when it enters in through your mouth.
Nose and Mouth Picture
Nasal Cavity
Nostril
Pharynx
Oral Cavity
Here is a picture of your nasal and
oral cavity.
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Where are Nasal Passage
We?
We are here. Tongue
Pharynx
The Trachea
Bronchi Tubes is held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs) rings of
cartilage.
Thin-walled blood vessels Bronchioles pass
called capillaries air to and from
your alveoli.
Very thin cells line the
alveoli so that O2 and
CO2 can pass in and
out of the blood.
The Pharynx and Trachea
Next we will head down to your pharynx
(throat) and your trachea (windpipe).
This is where the air passes from your
nose to your bronchi tubes and lungs.
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The Pharynx and Trachea
Mouth Pharynx
(Throat)
Trachea
Your pharynx (throat) gathers air after it passes
through your nose and then the air is passed down to
your trachea (windpipe).
Your trachea is held open by “incomplete rings
of cartilage.” Without these rings your trachea
might close off and air would not be able to get
to and from your lungs.
Nasal Passage
Where are
We? Tongue
Pharynx
We are here.
The Trachea
Bronchi Tubes is held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs) rings of
cartilage.
Thin-walled blood vessels Bronchioles pass
called capillaries air to and from
your alveoli.
Very thin cells line the
alveoli so that O2 and
CO2 can pass in and
out of the blood.
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The Bronchi Tubes and
Bronchiole Intro
Your trachea (windpipe) splits up into
two bronchi tubes. These two tubes keep
splitting up and form your bronchiole.
MB
The Bronchi Tubes and
Bronchiole
These bronchi tubes split up, like
tree branches, and get smaller and smaller
inside your lungs.
The air flows past your bronchi tubes
and into your bronchiole. These tubes
keep getting smaller and smaller until they
finally end with small air sacs (called alveoli).
But we will go there later…
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Alveoli and Bronchi Picture
Trachea
Bronchi Tubes
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Nasal Passage
Where are
We? Tongue
Pharynx
The Trachea
Bronchi Tubes is held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs) rings of
cartilage.
Thin-walled blood vessels Bronchioles pass
called We are here.
capillaries air to and from
your alveoli.
Very thin cells line the
alveoli so that O2 and
CO2 can pass in and
out of the blood.
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Alveoli
• The alveoli are moist, thin-walled pockets
which are the site of gas exchange.
• A slightly oily surfactant prevents the
alveolar walls from collapsing and sticking
together.
The Alveoli and Capillary
Network
Now we will head over to the
alveoli and what happens when the
air finally makes it down there.
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The Alveoli and Capillary
Network
Your alveoli are tiny air sacs
that fill up with air/oxygen when you
breath in.
Your alveoli are surrounded by
many tiny blood vessels called
capillaries.
The walls of your alveoli (and capillaries) are
so thin that the oxygen or carbon dioxide can
pass through them, traveling right into, or
out of your blood stream.
MB
Alveoli Picture
Here is a close Capillary
up picture of
your Alveoli
and a Capillary
surrounding it.
Wall of Carbon
the air Dioxide is
sac dropped off
Oxygen is
picked up
Red Blood
Cell
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Nasal Passage
Where are
We? Tongue
Pharynx
The Trachea
Bronchi Tubes is held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs) rings of
cartilage.
Thin-walled blood vessels Bronchioles pass
called capillaries air to and from
your alveoli.
Very thin cells line the
alveoli so that O2 and
We are here. CO2 can pass in and
MB out of the blood.
Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
Alveolus
Alveolar Duct
Alveolar Sac
Capillaries
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Looking at the Alveoli
Lets take a closer
look shall we.
Red blood cell carrying Carbon dioxide
Ch emicals
Chemical change is taking place in cell
Red blood cell carrying oxygen
Alveolus
Contiguous Basal Laminae (Membrane)
Capillary
JH
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Oxygen
Diffusion
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen diffuses
through the Alveolus
membrane into the
blood stream. Contiguous Basal Laminae (Membrane*)
Carbon Dioxide
diffuses through the Capillary
membrane and
enters the alveolus.
* A specialized thin layer of skin
that oxygen and carbon dioxide
can pass through.
Cool pictu res
JH
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Now we will look at the Diaphragm.
You might be wondering, what does the
Diaphragm do? The Diaphragm is an
important factor in breathing.
Moving air in and out
• During inspiration
(inhalation), the
diaphragm and
intercostal
muscles contract.
• During exhalation,
these muscles
relax. The
diaphragm domes
upwards.
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Diagram of Diaphragm
JH
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Circulation and Gas Exchange
• Recall the
interconnection
between
circulation and the
respiratory
system.
• Gas exchange at
the lungs and in
the body cells
moves oxygen
into cells and
Gills exchange gases in fish. What is the
site of gas exchange in mammals?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Alveoli
2. Tracheids
3. Bronchi
4. Esophagus
1 2 3 4
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W
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• Why are gills so widely seen in aquatic K
animals but not in land animals?
T
• One group of land animals that have gills O
is the Isopods (“pill bugs” and “sow G
bugs”). How can these organisms E
survive on land with gills? T
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What happens when you breathe
in?
1. The rib muscles 25% 25% 25% 25%
relax.
2. The diaphragm
contracts.
3. Air leaves the
alveoli.
4. Air moves between
the chest wall and
the lung.
1 2 3 4
W
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• Premature infants sometimes die of lung T
collapse and other lung problems. What O
might preemies be missing? How could G
this be remedied? E
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In the alveolus
• The respiratory
surface is made up
of the alveoli and
capillary walls.
• The walls of the
capillaries and the
alveoli may share
the same
membrane.
Gas Exchange Between the Blood
and Alveoli
Figure 10.8A
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Gas exchange
• Air entering the lungs
contains more oxygen
and less carbon dioxide
than the blood that
flows in the pulmonary
capillaries.
• How do these
differences in
concentrations assist
gas exchange?
Oxygen transport
• Hemoglobin binds
to oxygen that
diffuses into the
blood stream.
• What are some
advantages to using
hemoglobin to
transport oxygen?
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Carbon dioxide transport
• Carbon dioxide can
dissolve in plasma,
and about 70%
forms bicarbonate
ions.
• Some carbon
dioxide can bind to
hemoglobin for
transport.
At the cells
• Cells use up oxygen quickly for cellular
respiration. What does this do to the
diffusion gradient? How does this help
cells take up oxygen?
• Cells create carbon dioxide during
cellular respiration, so CO2 levels in the
cell are higher than in the blood coming
to them. How does this help cells get rid
of oxygen?
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Respiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9
Four Respiration Processes
Breathing (ventilation): Oxygen in to and Carbon
Dioxide out of the lungs
External respiration: gas exchange between air
and blood (what can be exposed to the outside
of the body)
Internal respiration: gas exchange between
blood and tissues (what cannot be exposed to
the outside of the body)
Cellular respiration: oxygen used to produce ATP
(energy), carbon dioxide is the waste product –
Where does this process occur?
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Diffusion of O2 from lungs to blood
is rapid because:
1. Active transport 33% 33% 33%
moves oxygen.
2. Hemoglobin takes up
oxygen, keeping
plasma
concentration low.
3. Blood plasma is
oxygen-rich.
1 2 3
Most of the oxygen in blood is:
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. In the white cells.
2. Bound to
hemoglobin.
3. Combined with
carbon to make
carbon dioxide.
4. Dissolved in the
plasma.
1 2 3 4
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Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System
A severe allergic reaction
asthma characterized by the
constriction of bronchioles
Inflammation of the lining of
bronchitis
the bronchioles
A condition in which the alveoli
emphysema deteriorate, causing the lungs
to lose their elasticity
Caused by the bacteria,
pneumococcus. A condition in
pneumonia which the alveoli become filled
with fluid, preventing the
exchange of gases
An irregular & uncontrolled
lung cancer growth of tumors in the lung
tissue
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Effects of smoking
• Inhaled smoke Gross, isn’t it?
contains:
• CO2, which affects the
CO2 diffusion gradient.
• carcinogenic chemicals
that can trigger tumors.
• toxic nicotine, which
paralyzes cilia that
normally clean the
lungs.
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What Causes Emphysema?
• Cigarette smoking
• Deficiency alpha-1-antitrypsin
• air pollution,
• airway reactivity,
• Heredity
• sex, and age.
• Foreign objects (e.g. bacteria) are trying to be
destroyed but this enzyme destroys normal tissue
since the second enzyme (antiprotease) responsible
for controlling the first enzyme (protease)
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Emphysema
• Besides cancer,
smoking can also lead
to emphysema. Alveoli
become dry and brittle,
and eventually rupture.
• Both active and passive
smoking (“second-hand”
smoke) can lead to can
lead to lung problems. All types of smoke, not just tobacco,
can cause cancers and emphysema.
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“Two lies and a truth” – which one
is true?
1. Cigarette smoke
cures colds because 33% 33% 33%
it kills bacteria in the
lungs.
2. Nicotine is one of the
most potent
neurotoxins on earth.
3. “Passive” smoking is
less harmful than
“regular” smoking.
1 2 3
W
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• When people quit smoking, if the lungs
are not damaged they can often clean T
themselves because the cilia are no O
longer paralyzed. What roles do cilia and G
E
mucus play in lung health?
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