SPECIAL LINES IN TRIANGLE

A. DEFINITION
 Lines
A line is a set of dots whose members consist of more than one point.
 Triangle
Triangle is a wake up which is bounded by three sides and has three
vertices.
B. PART OF SPECIAL LINES IN TRIANGLE
 Altitude
Altitude within a triangle is a segment drawn from a vertex and
perpendicular to the segment in the opposite.

In the triangle above, AD, BE, and CF are altitudes within triangle ABC.
AD is drawn from vertex A and perpendicular to BC which is opposite to
A. BE is drawn from vertex E and perpendicular to AC which is opposite
to B. CF is drawn from vertex C and perpendicular to CF which is
opposite to C.

 Angle Bisector
Angle bisector is a segment (it can be a ray) within triangle which is
drawn from any vertices to the segment in the opposite and form two
congruent angles
 Look at the triangle besides, AD is an angle bisector which is drawn from
A and bisects angle BAC into two congruent angles, BAD and CAD. BE
is an angle bisector which is drawn from B and bisects angle ABC into
two congruent angles, ABE and CBE. CF is an angle bisector which is
drawn from C and bisects angle ACB into two congruent angles, ACF
and BCF.

 Median
Median is a segment within triangle which is drawn from any vertices of
the triangle to the midpoint of segments in the opposite.

In the picture above, AD is a median of triangle ABC which is drawn

from point A to point D, the midpoint of BC. BE is a median of triangle
ABC which is drawn from point B to point E, the midpoint of AC. CF is
a median of triangle ABC which is drawn from C to F or the midpoint of
AB.

 Perpendicular Bisector
Perpendicular bisector is a line which bisects a segment of a triangle into
two equal parts and perpendicular to the segment.

In the picture above, line k is a perpendicular bisector which bisects

segment AB into two equal parts and perpendicular to it. Line l is a
perpendicular bisector which bisects segment BC into two equal parts
 and perpendicular to it. Line m is a perpendicular bisector which bisects
segment AC and perpendicular to it.

SPECIAL CIRCLES IN TRIANGLE

A. DEFINITION
 CIRCLES
A circle is the collection of all the points in a plane that are a certain
fixed distance away from a certain fixed point in the plane

B. PART OF CIRCLE
 A circle in a triangle
The inner circle of a triangle is a circle that alludes to all sides of a
triangle.

From the picture above, obtained triangle ABC area

𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝐴𝐵𝐶
ABC area = r.s or r =
𝑠
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
With s =
2
The proof of formula circle in a large triangle

Point O is the center point of the circle with the radius r

Determine the area of the triangles ABC
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
 Area of triangle = ½ x side x high
L.ABC = L BOC + L AOC + L AOB
= ½ a.r + ½ b.r _ ½ ar
= ½(a+b+c)r
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
=r
2
So, L.ABC = r x s
Example
Given the inner circle of the triangle ABC with the length of the sides of its
triangle 4,6,8. Determine the radius of the inner circle?
Solution:
*) determine the value of s and area of triangle
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 4+6+8
S= =
2 2
area of triangle ABC with Heron Formula
A = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

A = √9(9 − 4)(9 − 6)(9 − 8)

= √135
A = 3√15

Outer Circle of Triangle

The outer circle of a triangle is a circle through the three vertices of the triangle.
From the picture, area of out circle of triangle is:

𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
Area of ABC = or r =
4𝑎𝑟 4 𝑥 𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑐

Where area of ABC = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
With s =
2
Example 2
Which radius circle out of triangle ABC who have the sides 5,6,9?
Solution:
A = 5, b = 6 and c = 9
Determine s:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 5+6+9
S= = = 10
2 2
Determine area of triangle ABC
Formula ABC = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

= √10(10 − 5)(10 − 6)(10 − 9)

= √200
= 10√2
Determine radius of outer triangle
𝑎𝑏𝑐
r=
4 𝑥 𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑐
5.6.9
r =
4 𝑥 10√2
27
r =
40
√2
 Vocabulary

1. Altitude
Altitude within a triangle is a segment drawn from a vertex and perpendicular
to the segment in the opposite.

2. Triangle
A closed figure consisting of three line segments linked end-to-end.
A 3-sided polygon. Triangle a plane figure with three straight sides and three
angles.

3. Segment
Each of the parts into which something is or may be divided
4. Vertex
The vertex (plural: vertices) is a corner of the triangle. Every triangle has three
vertices. The highest point; the top or apex.
5. Base
The base of a triangle can be any one of the three sides, usually the one drawn
at the bottom. You can pick any side you like to be the base. Commonly used
as a reference side for calculating the area of the triangle. In an isosceles
triangle, the base is usually taken to be the unequal side.
6. Perpendicular
A straight line at an angle of 90° to a given line, plane, or surface.
7. Angle Bisector
 Angle bisector is a segment (it can be a ray) within triangle which is drawn
from any vertices to the segment in the opposite and form two congruent
angles.
8. Incenter
The location of the center of the incircle. The point where the angle bisectors
meet
9. In radius
2a
The radius of the incircle. The radius is given by the formula
p
Where:
A is the area of triangle. In the example of, we know all three sides, so Hero’s
Formula is used. p is the perimeter of the triangle, the sum of its sides
10. Median
The median of a triangle is a line from a vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side. The three medians intersect at a single point, called the centroid
of the triangle.
11. Perimeter
The distance around the triangle. The sum of its sides.
12. The Incircle of a triangle
Also known as "inscribed circle", it is the largest circle that will fit inside the
triangle. Each of the triangle's three sides is a tangent to the circle.
13. Interior angles
The three angles on the inside of the triangle at each vertex. The interior
angles are those on the inside of the triangle.
14. Exterior Angles
An exterior (or external) angle is the angle between one side of a triangle and
the extension of an adjacent side. The angle between a side of a triangle and
the extension of an adjacent side. An exterior (or external) angle is the angle
between one side of a triangle and the extension of an adjacent side.
15. Hypotenusa
Definition: The longest side of a right triangle. The side opposite the right
angle.
16. Right Triangle
A triangle where one of its interior angles is a right angle (90 degrees).
17. Heron's Formula
A method for calculating the area of a triangle when you know the lengths of
all three sides. Let a,b,c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle. The area is
given by: Area = √(𝑝 − 𝑎)(𝑝 − 𝑏)(𝑝 − 𝑐)
 𝑎+𝑏
where p is half the perimeter, or 2
18. Area of an equilateral triangle
The area of an equilateral triangle (all sides congruent) can be found using the
√3
formula Area = × 𝑠2
4
where s is the length of one side of the triangle.
19. Area vs Perimeter of a triangle
A triangle with a fixed perimeter can have many different areas.
20. Elips
The definition of an ellipse is "A line forming a closed loop, where the sum
of the distances from two points (foci) to every point on the line is constant"
21. Obtuse Triangle
A triangle where one of the internal angles is obtuse (greater than 90 degrees)

22. The Incenter of a triangle

The point where the three angle bisectors of a triangle meet.
One of a triangle's points of concurrency.
23. Congruent Triangles
Triangles are congruent ehen all corresponding sides and interior angles are
congruent.The triangles will have the same shape and size, but one may be a
mirror image of the other

24. Equiangular Triangle

A triangle which has all three interior angles equal (congruent).
25. Bisects
Bisect" means to divide into two equal parts.
26. Acute triangle
A triangle where all three internal angles are acute (less than 90 degrees).
27. Isosceles Triangle
A triangle which has two of its sides equal in length.
28. Interior angles of a triangle
The interior angles are those on the inside of the triangle. The Inner circle
29. Circumcircle of a triangle
A circle which passes through all three vertices of a triangle
Also "Circumscribed circle".
30. The Incircle of a triangle
Also known as "inscribed circle", it is the largest circle that will fit inside the
triangle. Each of the triangle's three sides is a tangent to the circle.
31. Area
The number of square units it takes to exactly fill the interior of a triangle.
32. Gergonne triangle
 Gergonne triangle is defined by the 3 touchpoints of the incircle on the 3
sides
33. An excircle
An escircle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and
tangent to the extensions of the other two.
34. Perpendicular Bisector
Perpendicular bisector is a line which bisects a segment of a triangle into two
equal parts and perpendicular to the segment
35. Incircle

36. Excirlce

37. Euler Line

Euler line is a line determined from any triangle that is not equilateral.

38. Feuerbach Line

The Feuerbach Line is the line defined by the Incenter I and the Nine-Point
Center N

39. Lines
A line is a set of dots whose members consist of more than one point.
40. Orthocenter
Orthocenter is the point of meet the third high triangle

41. Axial Lines

The made through the point of the middle of a triangle side and perpendicular
side
42. Straight line
A straight line has neither starting nor end point and is of infinite length.
43. Acute angle
The angle that is between 0° and 90° is an acute angle, ∠A in the figure
below.

44. Right angle

The angle that is 90° is a Right angle, ∠C as shown below.

45. Adjacent angles:

The angles that have a common arm and a common vertex are called adjacent
angles.
46. Plane
A plane is a flat surface with no boundaries and no thickness.
47. Parallel Lines
Lines that never intersect.
48. Intersecting Lines
Lines that have a point in common.
49. Radius
 The radius is the distance from the center outwards.
50. Diameter
The diameter goes straight across the circle, through the center.
51. Annulus
Annulus is the ring-shaped object, the region bounded by two concentric
circles.

52. Arc
A segment ie. part of the circumference of the circle is called an arc

53. Disc
The region of the plane bounded by a circle
54. Tangen
a coplanar straight line that touches the circle at a single point
55. Sagitta
The sagitta is a line segment drawn perpendicular to a chord, between the
midpoint of that chord and the arc of the circle.

56. Mid-parallel
A line that connects the middle of one side with the middle of another side in
a triangle is called a mid-parallel.
57. Centroid
The three medians in a triangle will intersect in one point.
This point is called the centroid.

58. Secant
A line that intersects a circle at two points.
59. Sector
 A sector of a circle is a region bounded by two radii and an arc of the circle.
60. Semicircle
Semicircle is half of a circle.

61. Quadrant
Quadrant is quarter of a circle.

62. Inscribed Angle

Inscribed Angle is an angle made from points sitting on the circle's
circumference.

A and C are "end points"

B is the "apex point"
63. Angle at the Centre
The angle formed at the centre of the circle by lines originating from two
points on the circle's circumference is double the angle formed on the
circumference of the circle by lines originating from the same points.
64. Terminal point
Example : Finding Terminal Points. Find the terminal point on the unit circle
determined by each of the following real numbers t.
(a) 𝑡 = 3𝜋
SOLUTION
The terminal point determined by 3𝜋 𝑖𝑠 (−1,0).
65. The Unit Circle
The unit circle is the circle of radius 1 centered at the origin in the xy-
plane. Its equation is
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
66. Point
 Point is something that has a position, but the point has no size
67. Sector
A sector of a circle is a region bounded by two radii and an arc of the
circle.

68. Angles = Sudut

The rotational quantity of a segment from one point to another
Example : the great of Right Angle is 90˚
69. Symmetry Folding = Simetri Lipat
A characteristic of the field of geometry, equations and other objects
70. The Line to Offend
The line that intersects the circle exactly at one point

71. Arround the Corner

an angular region bounded by two talibusur intersecting at a point on the
circle and the angle of the telephoto on the circumference of the circle.

72. Equation
The equation is a mathematical statement in the form of a symbol which
states that two things are exactly the same
Example: x2 + y2 = r2
73. The Circle Equations
 The Circle equation is the position of points (x, y) which are equidistant to
one particular point.

74. Addition
Example: Four plus eight is twelve
75. Substraction
Example: twenty minus five is fifteen
76. Sehargale

77. The number line

Is a straight line image in which each point is assumed to represent a real
number and each real number refers to a particular point
78. Equilateral triangles
Equaliteral triangles are triangles in which all three sides are the same length.
79. Isosceles triangles
Isosceles triangles are triangles in which two of the sides are the same length.
80. Scalene triangles
Scalene triangles are triangles in which none of the sides are the same length.
81. Interior angles
The three angles on the inside of the triangle at each vertex.
82. Exterior angles
The angle between a side of a triangle and the extension of an adjacent side.
83. Axis
84. Power of number
Example: three cubed is twenty seven
85. Even Number
Example: 2,4,6,..

86. Distribution Principle

Example: a x (b + c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
87. The number line
Is a straight line image in which each point is assumed to represent a real
number and each real number refers to a particular point
88. Odd number
A random odd number is a lot harder to test
89. Indefinite function
Since the graph can be both positive and negative, it is called an indefinite
function
90. Constant
As a noun, a term or expression with no variables. Also, a term or expression
for which any variables cancel out.
91. Arithmatic
Calculations involving numbers. The typically involves the basic operations,
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponents.
92. Composite Number
A positive integer that has factors other than just 1 and the number it self.
93. Prime Factorization
Writing an integer as a product of powers of prime numbers
94. Quotient
The result of diving two numbers or expressions. Example: the 50 divided by
10 has a quotient of 5
95. Algorithm
A set of instructions used to solve a problem or obtain a desired result
96. Infinite
Describes a set which is not finite. Formally a set is infinite if it can be placed
in one to one correspondence with a proper subset of it self
97. Protactor
A tool used to measure and draw angles.

98. Power Line = Garis Kuasa

position of points having equal power over both circles.

99. Garis singgung persekutuan luar

100.Garis singgung persekutuan dalam