Although not generally appreciated by lay people, it is not possible to design and

construct a structure that will remain safe against failure under all conditions and at
all times.
The reasons for a structure being prone to failures are several: (a) the strength of
the various components cannot be assessed with full certainty; (b) the loads that a
structure will be called upon to sustain also cannot be predicted with certainty; and
(c) the condition of a structure may deteriorate with time due to the effects of the
environment, causing it to lose strength. Because of these factors, there exists a
probability that the strength of a structure will at some time be exceeded by the
loads that it has to sustain, resulting in the failure of the structure. As noted in subsection
1.3.2, the term failure is being used here not only to signify the collapse of
the whole structure, but also to include the situation of the structure not being able to
fulfil one or more of its intended functions.

Bridge Site Selection

Geometric condition

Calumpang Bridge no. 3 has a span of 140m and approximate width of 15m. It is located at Kumintang
Ibaba, Batangas City. The said location allows to connect roads and allowed for construction. The
distance between two barangays is 145m. The bridge is located along Ferry- Gulod Labac Road and
nearby houses are located and intended to be demolished to paved way on the construction. According
to student’s keen observation, REINFORCED CONCRETE should be adopted on the site since it has low
maintenance cost . Cast in place reinforced concrete structures are contious and monolithic and has
good seismic resistance.

Construction and Erection Consideration

The selection of the bridge type to be built is often governed by construction and erection
considerations. In general, the larger the
prefabricated or precast member, the shorter the construction time. However, the larger the
members, the more difficult they are to transport and lift into place.

Subsurface condition
Kumintang Ibaba has soil profile that has good composition. Once at the site, it is easy and of
great value to sample for soil, rock, stone, water, etc. Soil investigation is required to get soil
profile, engineering property of the foundation material and foundation level of the abutments and
piers for design of the foundation. At the site, minimum sample of 2kg should be collected at every
station in order to determine the soil profile and its characteristics. Based on the student’s keen
observation during site visit, the ground soil is sandy silt.

Function of the Bridge

The main function of the Calumpang Bridge is to connect two barangays namely Ferry and Gulod Labac.
This is to make ease on the traffic made on the national roads. Traffic data is needed in the design of all
highway improvements. It is an important considerations both in the determination of the appropriate
level of imrpvement.It is ab important consideration both in the determination of appropriate width of
bridge o be adopted.
Aesthetics
From the aesthetical view, the various understanding are evaluated. One is When the bridge is place
under water, the most pleasing appearance occurs when there are an odd number of spans with span
lengths. And lastly, the harmony between the whole structure and its surrounding needed to be
addressed

Economics and ease of maintenance.

In comparison of the economics of different bridge

types, the construction cost and maintenance cost should be taken together. A general rule is
that the bridge with minimum number of spans, fewest deck joints and widest spacing of
girders will be the most economical. By reducing the number of spans, the construction cost
of one pier is eliminated. Generally, concrete structures require less maintenance than steel
structures.

Legal Considerations

Applicable laws like environmental laws also govern the type of

bridge. The Calumpang Bridge should follow the guidelines of DENR. For institutional
responsibilities and agreement s of this project, the project should comply with the requirements of
the local government of Batangas City and DPWH District 2, particulary under Bridges Management
Cluster Unified Project management office of the said area