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    (Essential Grammars) Ruth Laila Schmidt-Urdu_ an Essential Grammar (Essenti

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    Ruth laila

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    397 views161 pages

    (Essential Grammars) Ruth Laila Schmidt-Urdu - An Essential Grammar (Essenti

    Uploaded by

    Pradyuman Sharma
    Ruth laila

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    URDU: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR: Unde: An Essel Grammar isa reference guide tothe grammatical saute of moder Ur. The complies of Ura are set out in short readable secon, which a convenient grouped unde major fpial Readings. Explanations conan ‘tinal prgon aed emphasis bas been laced on the aspects of Urdo that pose {puta hallenge for Englnh speaking sce. Fees ecu: Ianguge examples throughoa in bath Ur spt and omaiztion ‘er aly ajo etork of rose eferences ewe sections (ele conten st ‘oper ines due An Ese Grammar pst fresh and accessible ection ofthe langue wil prove ivaliable to sudens tal levels in schools, colleges, aiventies and tut classes. Its clear explanations make i ides for independent eer 00 ‘Ruth Laila Schmidt ler in the Deparment of Eas Buopean and Orin Sti tthe University of Oso, Norn. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of bier Preface by Gopi Chand Narang Insadacton| Symbols snd abbreviations wed inthe text 1 NOUNS (Gender and macting ‘Gender marking; marked nouns; unmarked sous; awa gender: some ober lus o gender of ans Nas pale ous (nominative case) noo cout (mas) sous Ineton fens Nominative cae obliga ce oie nou esa foot ropping oft; expressing wiality: vocaive cs of mous Repel of sous ‘Simpl repetition: repetition wth an echo word [Nouns nit of measure Othe puts of speech wed a nous 2. PRONOUNS Demestatve prooouns ye tis ano, that Pench Farms non levels in second perce pronouns ham id 2 fest person singulr pronoun: omission of personal powcr lags a plural specie, ominaive pronouns obigue (fetes) pronouns he six ~ Oth eplcing IB ronons befor the Prsipsiton nf porserive forms of personal ronuns Tj what? yf marking questions sn eeazasions: kau, nk; bie forms of Ky and kau Inte pronouns iL some(one ay(oney ach, “someting, "ny Ching Relative pronoun > Repeated ross B 4 5 ™ 26 2% 0 » yt ey: aun aun AA, ch a, kk a ach, 3. ADIECTIVES Mating Marked adjectives: unmarked adjectives ‘Agreement “Aveemeat in gender an rumber: agreement in cae: agreement ‘wth oun sequence of diferent gender, tibuve ad predate ejecives Pronouns usd as adjives Teerogative pronouns indefinite pronouns Symmeicaly-vk word et Adjptive prses formed with and val "The adjectival patos (- 8a he sti Repent aves ‘Simple repeiion: repetition with an echo word Compasin of adjectives Comparison of adjectives withst compainon of actives with ‘arin, yn "are', os nd," 10 speitives wih adjectives ajetive ‘Ajetvs wit other wammatica functions Aijecvs used as aber adjectives ed 3 nouns Ajptve dacs inter cape Parties used as adjectives posessve adjectives: he eflerve powsssve adjective apek umber 4 ADVERBS ‘Symmeticl yr aver seta Advert of ine bb Lab uh vagus vag is ag calenr ad lock ime ‘Adve of lace yaw ei; iar hare jaga-jagah jaa etre is tra oligos av aves place; adverbial prase or compound positon? yi yh ial kas ju tru tab Estar trh; advertise of manner with he esiosiion spares sed verily ‘Adve of epee Modal adverb “Te nerative words mai, maa, al tos bah an, ‘Tobia of contons 8 “6 0 En s 5s ® ii_Tablo of contonts ‘bl ocontons_ix “nite 1c pi," ‘he! ‘canhnctiveparpes: repeated os in conjunctive parties Arabic adver ening inn 6 ‘Sotinuous ese; cannons present conus past oer Reposted adverbe 6 ‘Sotinuous ener ro0 saa (bility, possibilty oot ‘Sil epetion: idioma repetition {Goal rot + eka (ompletion): compound verbs Tnterogave aod adie wed wits oy « ‘Veto foms based on the imperative parle Tierogative avers se with ony ident verbs used Inpefetive partis son: habit pretent abisl pts swith toy: interrogate pronouns used With soy tier baba ene perfective pariape + rid (aie); ner of alg adverte o imperTotive parte ta grogresionimpetetive prtciplewsed asa agjecive $ PostmosmoNs o ee forms tase cn th perfective paige (rammatiel potpstions “ ‘Areement in perfective ese simple past maine pat remote Take ~Heapesing possesion A marking obj nlected ast ter pon tenses; derived pasive incapacity: perectve ‘in compotod pxipontions; Kad is enters; acing utile hard (habit or practice) pcectve participle + aba ‘objects BS marking subject RB showing movement ina dreton {continutin): perfective pariple wed ar an adetve ‘rtoa desivation KO afer day and dates: fllowieg nies: Intnives si mating sbjecs Taine syrbel nous: nities a request ors ‘Spat eporapotpostions Consmstons with nominative cae ninsiver swith ablative frtion; sf marking he nant sin comparison impersonal constuction: nftive-+ bl (Recent + af adjectives: sn adverbial pre: s8 marking objet forming i (advialiyinfitive + pa (oigation lack of ec) pstpstionl sequence lk sowing ene omit ik ar an CConstrostons with dle cae iaftives utc parle; mh wih cctv functoeintves alowed ‘Oblique nine + ik oblige anv + obigueinintve Loy pr with orate faressn pr showing movement 04 + lagad (commenced event oblique infite + ak (et stan; prfllowingobiqueinfinives; oblige ifinsive = caligueinintive + ye of motion purpose) cbgueinitive ‘arBht partaking bjs collocation of verbs with Hb toegave usseion) ospostions (Compound postpesions a ‘COMPOUND VERBS oblique oun» pospeiion; M+ obiue noun B+ oblique ‘Compound vee und simple vebe etve K+ adver: 2) + Psion yepoition + oligos oun, “The scare of compound vt pres: the difeencebewees eu +t compounded simple verbs Poxpoonal sequences 8s Innate vector vet Shuiaktcnpoal popoiions +o "Te ecto vet vetr verb pag he vo er lal; "pressng postion (to have’) 85 the vector verb ating he vere verb ban Thane possession: (-hé~ Ky aeeble possesion: bs, ‘Teast vector web inarpbepessesson: ib “Te vector ver the ver verb a th veo er il he sector erat 6 veRos a ‘Mixed wast in compound verbs Fos ofthe vib s Transive mai verbs wh nase vests inansive main Root infinitive: imperative paricpe; perfective prin verte wi wancive vcr, ‘The vad bind, be 2 Reavis on occurrence of compound verte “The conugnion of Bnd hasan aulary Yor ‘Consors based on he ver rotor five paisa Denominaive verte 9s ‘onsvatons: passive constrains negative seeenees ‘er forms tac onthe ve rt 9% ‘Subjunctive eoedonal seateces: equs fms; uae ese Parective participles as main vee Nominate perfec parties; oblique efoctive parties us 1 im 18 13 Me Ist Iss x _Tabioc contents Denominatve vrei compound vib sequences 4 INTRANSITIVE, TRANSITIVE AND CAUSATIVE VERBS Ierastiveandwanitve verbs The diterence between wasive and intranive vebe ageeent of ers; the increment; wastves derived wih he nctement alo prow) PRs seam, sevng roma Ler be sen) 3 lamba length fom amb one) Nouns _§ uns cndig ine seta oun foming ses Ab Tag 237 and a oy melee Lela haba onfson 3K mika cbc NOUN PLURALS 107 Forms (nominative case) ‘There te ferent pl sie for masculine marked feminine marked and Feminine unnrked nouns. Masclie unmarked noun haven pla sles (0) The suties ae a (nascalloe marked change to EPSP tara toys cot + bce, children (The suffic-aya (masculine marke) changes aB 8 26 iby yy ok tt pecs (0 Maseine ur sons av ao pla si ES har pha, hoses (4) Te it eine mark changes oy OSD BAT ats (Indies enn oun etn in tketheplr -y Oke We vhs tte (0 feminine want ous a he pl uli 2: SAS SRA bE, Hooks Slse yo dan dvd, medics 5 Urdu: An Essontal Grammar ‘eduction f penultimate short vowel When suties coming of lng vowels eclading the nominive ad oblique plural and the vce re added wo rot conaning two or moe short owe "he pentimate short vowel fhe root educed ot ot Sage rat woman +> aah women ort babe ser +> asses ‘Tobi 1: Plural of nouns ‘Soon Museu ak é Sta Eng my Howe gy ny oe ka es Moco. umuncs af ghar Fon manne ole We int Fou omnes "CLS ki 108. Non-count (mass) nouns [Nom coun (mais) nous o at have pla for. Aen Ste pls alot water ae et SSeS MeO ktm Cony © gy Hines ipa Wop ST beh > abst (6) The plora sfc -ye changes yo: Cops © SY iy yc (c) The sfx sade tthe sist misetne unmarked fos Cane ah ar sha Bxarpies oe EF ob Tui OL ‘sfondi ‘Thewaer of hee wei cold corte BE Sud ‘huh RE KE mali ash ‘he houses have various es (it. rents ofthe hoses ae vai wa lS le Cosh kiya Wark ms a ‘Te ih’ brother i Kara the rte ofthe gis in Karachi. nape Boke ad Sone ib gjima mal ih “The boks have various prices it prices of he books ae varius). 10 _ Urdu: An Essontal Grammar Nouns 11 “Table 2: Ooque case of nouns “The fllowing words ave speci stems bles 5. Snouan Nowarve nave Bascron ——Stemeerone fh STEWS Sek Mase.wnwso St Sh ae 2) ew os to pss dite Sim Bocaire Se med Spe slaps GK ia may Rit) yn cane tem ne olsen Ses ee Mace aun aS ae oe Tetaty 5 vy « = ST oles opal WN stem J Opell Fonwmes SY tad Pat ‘ohh sab bllyh Ue dt nl Air ive guest came Hecaloteveysngleene often Fh a Pana, Newauve Onuose Cr toad . a , Sa aa = enone Masenameo SP as ose latte iro rt oes 5 oS tame ae ame ‘andes oes Sheer omen for hours 26a) AmB yy spa “aulty may ao be exgresed by a prs inthe pate: AB, where Xis a Se ee acd {ges no, mam pane he pronoun ad Tn ths expen te obiue Mise. wounees gf ghar oo gue piss ot a 2 . = ST Sle ote Ste HS de Bie Oe yee ST CS a es : 2 Sis on ; " i " Sitscimamtaiys gmt jae ang gy ble chk yy iv ‘sirens The ent forested inthe ie Fovuwumes pi ibe Gy a 111 Obique nouns ruling fem dropping of kb ‘Te paspsiton, to ‘a i oflen hoped expressions describing movement toa Gestion, The noun resin inthe oblique cae See $507. "Nous is ine expressions ls appear in te eligue case, Se $1309, $1311 112. Expressing totaly [Numbers tine weds andthe pronoun sab may ocur in the oblique plural to ‘xpress tty oa efi lrg amount In numbers 20 lowe, it tends {ocnpes trai: in higher members tenes en indtaaly large amount, -Sgrewree See Cae sez are dra eb brabia got vey nts bred Frey tating as ot 113. Vocative case of rouns ‘The vocstive singular sufi i ema! with the oblique sux. The vocaive lal uci 9 The vcaive used only towards pesos or objets Meni with persons, sed does ot coeur very often, Vostives maybe introduced by the voctve injections 8 3) ac 9° cay) bey" (6217. 2 Tass ay ed oma ah 6 mp pe, 12 Urdu: An Essentat Grammar “The norte form of, son is sometimes wed in place ofthe voctive, Table 3: Vocative cate ofrouns Snovan Neoware Vocame Mase, wane unt Sb lit Mase, une es ae a Fe aarso ema ee lnit Few, usar tort ten core ben Pum Vocarve aso. was Slat en Mase ane Gay slay tiys Fa, ware SB tt SP kis Fen, one ct abe als examples ST ahs 1 2b 25531 i ihr 65 sige vate Son cone he. Orch dive aoe 1 ses sles ect nd i aba Cen. eileen Brothers ser Nouns 13 AEPETITION OF NOUNS. 414. Simple repetition “The doubling of nouns expreses variety or uli. ce dh dl Fgh oh wr I at iat at a “anwipr ae ome mt shop wb LS Sd Se anos pg oa ‘Never othe igh een 1115 _Repetiion wih an ocho word "Nous (and ahr part of specs are sometimes repeated with a ying eho word, often on beginning with ¥-y. Echo words beginning with © have no meaning oftheir own; hei uncon iso generalize the mening ofthe fat word. Sometimes so echo ward has a meaning fis own, but it independent occurence i much es regent than te occurence i th compound eae iva Sorting like hey (

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