45o very far

Essay questions Amount of water is 1/3 To increase momentum

of the whole volume and impulsive force
Problem solving and Attached fins to the tail Rocket can move
of the rocket smoothly and stable
decision making
Characteristics of the spring cradle
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS Low spring constant Less stiffer and the spring
can oscillate with low
frequency
Characteristics of instrument to measure diameter
of ball bearing Low density Small mass and lighter
Consistency is higher The reading is more Low rusting rate Not easy to rust and lasts
consistent longer.
Accuracy is higher Can give measurement Two springs are Can withstand a heavier
closer to actual value arrange in parallel baby
Sensitivity is higher Can detect small Put string in the To prevent the baby from
changes in value to be spring falling down in case if the
measured spring breaks
Has no zero error To increase accuracy of
reading. Every Explain safety features of the car.
measurement must be Safety belts. To prevent the passengers
minus with zero error from being thrown forward
Has no parallax error Eye must be due to the inertia when
perpendicular to the accident occurs.
scale to avoid parallax Air bags Cushion the passengers
error from direct impact with the
steering when accident
occurs to reduce the
2. FORCES AND MOTION impulsive force.
Easy crumpled To reduce impulsive force.
Method to reduce the impact of impulsive force in steering.
egg’s drop competition from a height. (Mk) Front and rear To extend time of impact
The egg’s casing Lengthen the time of crumple zone. so that the impulsive force
made from soft impact will be reduced.
material Use stronger spring To reduce vibration when
Use parachute To slow down the egg drop for the suspension the car being used off road
The egg’s casing Absorb the impact// system
part that hit the lengthen the time of Anti-scattering Will not harm the
ground when landing impact. windscreen passengers and driver
made from easy to when it breaks.
crumple material Head rest To keep the position of
head when the car being
hit from back.
Characteristics of student to be in a basket ball
Passenger safety To prevent the car from
team. (Phg)
steel cage/cell built being crumpled when it is
Mass is smaller More agile/ can change
from reinforced steel overturned.
direction/increase speed
easily
Taller Easy to shoot goal Way so that the pole vaulter can jump higher and
Responding time fast Easy to catch ball lands safer.
Powerful More energy/not tired Run faster Increase the kinetic energy
easily Use elastic pole Produce higher elastic
Faster Can potential energy
block/attack/run/defence Use tight sport wear Reduce air friction
faster Use thick mattress Increase the interval of
with soft surface impact on landing, thus
reduce the resultant
Suitable characteristics of rope used for parachute.
impulsive force
(Pls)
Landing on the back Increase the surface area
Use a dynamic rope It is softer and could
and reduce pressure
prevent injury.
Use a spike To run faster and increase
A lower density It is lighter
kinetic energy
Higher snapping Not easy to snap
force
A rope with smaller It will occupy less space. Modify a normal car into a racing car.
diameter Use of higher power To produce high thrust
engine force
Use of strong Will not break/damage
Suggestion to design a water rocket.
composite material easily
Made from tougher Not easy to break
Use of engine which Will not damage at high
material
is able to withstand temperature
Aerodynamic/streamline Reduce air friction high temperature
shape
Use of low density To have smaller mass
Angle of launching is The rocket can travel material
Aerodynamic shaped To reduce air resistance
Use of spoilers at To create a downward
front, rear and side pressure (Bernoulli’s
of the car effect) to prevent the car
from being lifted upward at
high velocity
Use of wider tires To produce better grip to
the road
Use of hydraulic So that the car can be
brakes stopped faster
Center of gravity of To increase the stability of
the car is lower car
Additional safety belt To prevent the driver being
thrown forward during
collision.
Improve the safety To prevent the car from
steel cage/cell with being crumpled when it is
more reinforced steel overturned.
Method so the pole vault athlete can jump higher
and safer.
Bend the body when To reduce the air friction
running to take off. so that the acceleration will
be greater.
Wear tight clothes To reduce air resistance
Use spiked shoes To give stronger grip for
greater speeding
Pole is made from The potential elastic
soft but stiff material energy is high thus the
height of jumping can be
increased
Pole is made from Will not break easily
tougher material
Put soft and thick To increase the time of
mattress on the impact and reduce the
landing pit impulsive force
Land on the back Increase the surface area
and decreases the
pressure inverted.
Design of the water rocket so that it can fly further
and faster.
High volume / mass Can increase the
of water momentum to the back
thus increase the explosive
force
Soft drink bottle Decrease the mass and
increase the explosive
force
Add wing on the Rocket fly in stable
bottle
Add something to Reduce the air resistance
the part of the bottle
to make it sharp and
aerodynamic
Add weight to the Rocket can move straightly
head of the rocket and the head move 1st
Use a higher power Pushing force to the back
pump is high, momentum to the
back is high
Flying degree is 45 The flying distance is
degree longer
Modify the ordinary motorcycle to become a racing
motorcycle
Use softer and wider To strengthen the grip of
tires the tires on the road
Use an aerodynamic To reduce the air
shape resistance
Low center of gravity To make it more stable
Made from low More lighter and can
density materials increase the acceleration.
Use heavy engine The motorcycle is more
and place it in the stable
middle of the
motorcycle
Use powerful engine To produce high thrust
force.
Use front and rear So that the motorcycle can
disc brakes be stopped easily.
Design of the safety belts
Wider Large surface area will
reduce pressure to the
driver/passenger
Can be expanded To reduce impulsive force
Made from tougher Does not break easily
material
Made from non-stiff So it is soft and
material comfortable to use
Design of the satellite that falling back to the earth
so that it is not damage.
Made from material Not easily become hot.
that has higher
specific heat
capacity
Aerodynamic shape To reduce air resistance
Protected by a good To prevent the heat
heat insulator reach/enter the inner part
of the satellite
Made from low The mass will be smaller
density material so the impulsive force is
reduced
Made from tougher Not break easily
material
Attached with To reduce the velocity
parachutes
Attached with So that the satelite is not
cooling system become hot/melt easily
Design of springs for athlete’s exercise purposes
Parallel arrangement To increase the stiffness of
the spring.
Short in length To reduce the extension of
the spring.
Small in diameter Greater force is required to
stretch the springs.
Covered with plastic. Will not harm the athlete if
the springs are broken.
Made from non- Can be used for a longer
rusting materials. time/durable.
Fix with holder at the Can be easily be held and
end of the spring stretched
Fix an elastic rope in To prevent the springs
the springs from being stretched over
it’s elasticity limit.
Modification to the bus to improve the safety of the
passengers.
Attach safety belts. To prevent the passengers
from being thrown forward
due to the inertia when
accident occurs.
Air bags Cushion the passengers
from direct impact with the
front seat when accident
occurs to reduce the
impulsive force.
Front and rear To extend time of impact
crumple zone. so that the impulsive force
will be reduced.
Use stronger spring To reduce vibration when
for the suspension the car being used off road
system
Shatter proof Break into small pieces
windscreen and with blunt edges and will
window panels not harm the passengers.
Head rest To keep the position of
head when the car being
hit from back.
Passenger safety To prevent the bus from
steel cage/cell built being crumpled/collapsed
from reinforced steel when it is overturned.
The bus is made To avoid the bus being
from tougher dented when involved in
material accident

Characteristic of spring to be used as a spring

cradle. (Ktn)
Springs are arranged Can support higher load.
in parallel
Use stiffer spring Not easily broken/ spring
constant is higher.
Stainless steel Can be used for longer
time.
Shorter spring Spring constant is
higher/stiffer.

Characteristics of arm exercise equipment made

from spring that is suitable to use (J)
Spring made from Can be used for longer
stainless steel time.
Made from steel The spring is stiffer
Spring made from Wire not break easily
thicker wire
Spring with smaller Can withstand bigger
diameter force, more stiffer

Modification of a fisherman boat so it can be used

for deep-sea fishing. (MRSM)
Shape of the boat is Less water friction.
streamlined
Made from tougher Can withstand big wave
material
Stainless steel Can be used for longer
time. Less maintenance
Use ultrasonic wave More energy and can
penetrate deeper in the sea
Bigger cool room Can put a large amount of
fish for longer time.

Suitable characteristics of tractor used to do heavy

works
Use larger tires Larger contact area
produces low pressure and
the tractor will not sink into
the ground
Larger mass Larger inertia
Low centre of gravity More stability
Use liquid in the Liquid cannot be
hydraulic system compressed

Characteristics of spring to be used as the

motorcycle spring
Smaller diameter of Enough space to place the
spring spring to the motorcycle.
Higher elastic limit Can support more load
Higher spring Small compression of the
constant spring due to bigger load
Smaller natural To reduce bumping effect
frequency
Essay questions Modification of a pesticide sprayer into painter
Problem solving and sprayer.
Use a compressor Provide high air pressure
decision making with high ac voltage.
Use compressor
continuously.
To give high air pressure
which produce high and produce stronger
3. FORCES AND PRESSURE pressure. spray.
Made from low Light and can be bring to
density materials anyway
Specification of watercraft/ship.
Use materials that Do not rust/corrode easily
Cross sectional – Reduce water resistance. resist to and last longer.
Front side narrow corrosion/rusting.
and pointed
Use stronger Do not easily broken or
Hull made from Lighter, stronger and not materials damaged
aluminum corrode.
Use a bigger paint Enable to store more paint.
Hydrodynamic Withstand shock waves. container.
shape. Reduce water resistance
Adjustable nozzle Can control the size of the
(Stream-lined)
sprayer. spray.
Diesel engine Cheaper and powerful
Use longer nozzle Can spray the hidden part.
spray.
Specification of submarine. (MRSM)
Use nuclear energy Can be used for longer Design for the water tank to store a large amount of
time water
Use ballast tank Can float and submerge Made from Makes the tank stronger
easily composite materials and does not break easily
Fix with periscope Can look at the surface of and fiber
the sea without floating on Made from low More lighter
the surface density materials
Use ultrasonic wave Can penetrate further Thick wall at the To enable the water tank to
for radar bottom of the tank withstand the large water
pressure at the base of the
Characteristic of ship that can carry heavy loads. tank
(SBP) The water tank is So that the tank will not
Streamlined shape Reduce water resistance placed on the thick sink into the ground
Made from high Able to withstand bigger concrete floor
strength metal wave Large tank base To reduce pressure and
Ship base cross Abele to displace out more prevent the tank from
sectional is wider water to gain more buoyant sinking into the ground
force Build the water tank To increase the pressure of
Volume of the air Can displace out more at higher placed/ the water
space in ship is water//increase the volume build a tall design
bigger so overall density is lower Build larger water Can stored more water
than water tank

Characteristics of hydraulic brake. Modification to the hydraulic jack to enable it to lift

has a high specific Plate not easily heat up mass of greater quantity
heat capacity Use piston of bigger Can support greater force
High boiling point Not easily boil at high cross-sectional area (weight)
temperature Use low density Very light and easy to carry
Fluid that Pressure can be transfer material
uniformly to whole the fluid Non-compressible Piston can be lifted up
Use non-corrosive To not destroy the brake liquid
fluid system Longer handle Less effort needed to press
Brake made up of Not easily get rust the small piston.
stainless steel Apply released valve Liquid can flows into small
between small and reservoir.
main reservoir.
Design of a buoy on the sea surface
Use stronger metal Not easily broken.
Painted with bright Can be easily seen in the
Use non-corrosive Will not corrode metal and
color morning and at night
liquid long lasting.
Fix lamps on the Can be easily spotted at
buoy night
Made of thick and Will not easily split and Characteristic of an automatic tennis ball shooter.
hollow material waterlogged Small spring To ensure that the elastic
Fix small flags on the Can be easily split and diameter potential energy is higher.
buoy waterlogged Thicker spring wires So that spring constant is
Tied with ropes to To prevent the float from higher/more elastic/ball
the seabed sweeping away can be shot out at a high
Not made from metal To prevent the float from velocity.
rusting and can be used for More number of So that the compression
a long time. spring coils length is longer.
Hollow and big in To have buoyancy and Low density of tennis To ensure that it moves
size floats ball is used faster and further.
Suitable characteristics of a wings to be installed
with the body of the aircraft Suitable characteristic of hydrometer to measure
A shape of cross- To produce the speed of air the density of concentrated acids.
section which is flow above the wings to be Material made from Glass does not corrode
upper side is longer higher than the bottom glass with acid
than the bottom area. Small diameter of To increase the sensitivity
The area of the wing To produce larger lift force capillary tube of the hydrometer
is larger High density of shots Makes the hydrometer
Made from low Less weight//very light// to stays upright
density material. produce more upward Big diameter of To obtaine bigger upthrust
resultant force. bottom bulb force so the hydrometer
The difference in To produce higher can float
speed of air is higher difference in pressure

Suitable characteristics of metal to be used to built

Design of the astronaut’s suit a boat
White color/shinning To reflect the cosmic ray Streamlined (larus) in To reduce water resistance
Made from tougher Not easily torn shape
material Lower density It will be lighter.
Made from non-stiff So that the astronaut can material
material move easily. Higher specific heat Absorbs more heat but
Lined with To avoid the penetration of capacity become hot slowly
lead/plumbum radioactive radiation. High strength Not easy to damage
Use photographic To check the exposure to Corrosion effect is Not easy to rust/corrode.
badge. the radioactive radiation of lower
the astronaut.
Put on safety space To allow the astronaut to
helmet made from look at his surroundings. Modification of the balloon so that the balloon can
tough glass float and carry more passenger and has safety
features for the passenger
Use hot air/ Less dense than the
Modification of hydraulic jet to overcome bigger helium/hydrogen gas atmosphere//lighter
force Larger basket Can bring more
passengers
Increase the surface Can easily push up bigger Balloon/basket made To reduce it weight
area of bigger mass object from low density
cylinder material
Decrease the smaller Can push up bigger mass Basket fit with Comfortable and reduce
surface area of the with lesser force cushion impulsive force when
cylinder landing
Hydraulic oil that will Not easily evaporated Use burner To control the height of the
not evaporate easily when in high temperature balloon by producing hot
Larger base area of More stable air.
hydraulic jet Equipped with Can be used to save the
Made from harder Not easily break when parachute passengers if the balloon
alloy supporting bigger mass is not functional.
object Equipped with safety To avoid passengers from
Made from low Can use for longer period belts fall down.
rusting effect object

Suggestion to built a barge (tongkang) that can

Way to increase the cleaning efficiency of cloth. carry heavy load, faster and safer
Use detergent Remove the dirt and Built from stronger Can withstand great force
moistening the cloth material
Use hot water Decrease the surface Lower density Lightweight
tension of the water and material
moistening the cloth. Has two stage Save in fresh and salt
Use automatic Can control the amount of plimsoll line water
mashing machine water being used Bigger size Can place more load
Use pipe water (soft Enable the soap to form Streamlined- Reduce water friction
water) not well water scum and increase the aerodynamic shape
(hard water) cleaning efficiency
Clothes are made To avoid the oil and dust
from materials that stick on the clothes Specification of component in the brake system
can decrease the Disc brake is made Not easy to become hot
stickness between from higher specific
the clothes and the heat capacity
dirt material
Waterproof clothing So that the clothes will not Higher melting point Not easy to melt at high
become wet when we of brake disc temperature
sweat Compression of Difficult.
Use more efficient Clothes will be shivered brake liquid
washing machine along with the detergents Higher hardness of Can be used for longer
to remove the dirt brake disc time.
Use computerized Can control the
washing machine usage/volume of water
Characteristics of fluid/liquid used as a hydraulic
fluid
Higher boiling point Not easy to boil at high
temperature
Higher specific heat Not easy to become hot
capacity
Lower density So the hydraulic jack will
not become too heavy
Has lower rate of No easy to expand so the
expansion volume will be constant

Design of hydrometer use to measure the density of

an acid solution.
Smaller and longer Increase the sensitivity
stem. where the scale divisions
are far apart so that small
changes in density can be
detected.
Use glass to built the Do not erode and small
hydrometer adhesive force.
Larger diameter of Higher up thrust
bulb force/displaces more
liquid/able to float easily
Use lead shot in the Hydrometer can float
bulb vertically and stable.

Suitable characteristic of hot air balloon which is

able to carry more passengers to a higher altitude
in shorter time.
Larger balloon size To produce bigger bouyant
force.
Use many burners To produce bigger flame.
Heat up the gas in shorter
time.
Use synthetic nylon Lighter, strong and air-
proof
Higher temperature Reduce the density of the
of air in the balloon air in the ballon.
Essay questions Design of the car radiator
Problem solving and Use water as a
cooling agent
Higher specific heat
capacity
decision making Use bigger fan Can sucked out more heat
from the radiator
Use water pump To help in the flow of water
4. HEAT to the radiator
Paint the radiator Black body can radiate
with black paint more heat
Characteristics of an ice cream container.
Number of cooling Cooling will be more
Use low specific heat Easy to get cold//become
fin is greater efficient
capacity to bulit cool easily.
inner box.
Smaller size of ice Easy to carry because it is Characteristic of a school’s physics laboratory
cream box lighter.//Easy to become thermometer. (MRSM)
cool. Bulb is smaller More sensitive
Outer box is made It is poor conductor// It is a Rod is thicker Stronger, not easily break.
from PVC plastics good heat insulator. Wall of the bulb is Allow good heat
Outer box colour is Does not absorb heat from thinner conduction
brighter. surrounding quickly. Capillary tube bore is More sensitive, more
Has gap between Avoid heat from smaller accurate reading
inner box and outer surrounding enter the inner Use mercury Opaque and can be seen
box and fill with heat box. easily
insulator. Do not stick the glass
Rod is longer Wider range of scale and
Suggest the suitability of material used to more sensitive
determine the specific heat capacity of aluminum
Put on asbestos A good heat insulator. Suitable characteristics of the solar cooker
Avoid heat loss by
conduction. Use concave mirror Will converges all light to
Wrapped with tissue Avoid heat loss by the focal point
paper radiation/ to the Use spherical Will converges more light
surrounding concave mirror to the focal point hence
Put some oil in the Better heat contact increases the intensity of
hole between aluminum block light/heat
and thermometer. Kettle is made from Metal is good conductor.
Higher power Can increase the metal
immersion heater temperature faster. The kettle holder is Easy to handle the kettle
made from insulator and not so hot
Characteristic of spatula use as a kitchen utensil
(Mk) Modify/design of an efficient solar water-heating
Shape of the handle Easy to handle system.
is slim Use insulator behind To prevent the loss of
Density is lower Its is lighter the absorber panel heat energy
Higher melting point Not easily melt at higher Use an absorber A black surface is a good
temperature. panel which is absorber of radiation so it
Higher specific heat Not easily become hot. painted black. will
capacity absorb heat faster
The pipe inside the Metal is a good heat
plate must be made conductor,
Desing of the ice container.
of metal so it will transmit heat to
Lower density Smaller mass, lighter and
water easily
easy to carry.
Pipe embedded in Longer pipe will enlarge
Higher specific heat The container is not easy
plate must be long surface area will absorbs
capacity to become hot/cold
heat
Made from good heat To avoid heat from faster
insulator surrounding enter the
Use glass cover on To trap heat energy.
container.
the top of the panel (energy is radiated in,
Shining surface. To reflect the heat from but cannot radiate out
surrounding and avoid the again).
heat being absorbed by the
container.
Put a cover to the To avoid heat from enter Design of the oven so that the oven will use less
container. the container. electricity and user friendly
Fix a bulb in the oven Can see the cake clearly
Has stand so the So the user can load and
oven is at eye level unload the cake easily.
Built the oven so that Can bake large amount of
the oven has many cake in one time.
racks
Insulate the oven The heats will not loss to
with good heat the surroundings.
insulator
Fit with a glass Can see the cake without Suitable characteristic of metal to be used as a
window to the cover. opening the cover. cooling fins of a motorcycle
Fit a fan in the oven So the heat will spread Lower specific heat Easy to get hot or cold
uniformly in the oven. of capacity
Made from stainless Last longer/durable. Higher melting point Does not melt easily
steel Good heat conductor The heat can be lost easily
Lower rate of The shape of fin unchange
Design of the hot food container. expansion
Lower density Smaller mass, lighter and
easy to carry
Higher melting point Not melt easily at high
temperature
Higher specific heat Not become hot easily
capacity
Lower heat To avoid loss of heat to the
conductivity surrounding.

Design of a cooking pot

Pot made from lower Easy to become hot with
specific heat small amount of heat.
capacity material
Lower rate of Not easy to corrode and
corrosion. does not contaminate the
food
Made from lower The mass will be lower and
density material easy to handle
Made from aluminum Lower density and
cheaper.
Handle is made from Not easy to become hot.
higher specific heat
capacity.

Characteristics of hot water tank.

High specific - To ensure that it will not heat
heat capacity up fast.
Low density - So that its mass is smaller
and easier to be managed.
Low rate of - So that it will not be easily
oxidation oxidized / rust when contacts
with hot water.
Durable - To ensure that the reservoir
will not break easily when it
is filled with large amount hot
water.

Characteristics of liquid use as a cooling agent for

engine.
Specific heat Not easily become hot
capacity must be
high
High boiling point Not easily boiled in high
temperature
Ph7 Will not corrode the engine
rusting low Will not caused the engine
to rust

Characteristics of car radiator use to cool the

engine.
Large number of To ensure that more amount
cooling fins of heat is released at a short
period of time.
Size of the fan is So that the radiator can be
big cooled quickly./ Direct large
amount of air to the radiator.
Use water Specific heat capacity of water
is high and takes time to
become hot.
Use cover with To ensure that pressure in the
spring radiator can be release
automatically.
 Suggest suitable modification to increase the
Essay questions efficiency of compound microscope. (Ktn)
Eye piece has longer Has higher magnification
Problem solving and focal length than factor.
objective lens.
decision making Object is place To produce real, magnified
between fo and 2fo and inverted image
Adjusted so that To act as a magnifying
5. LIGHT object for eyepiece is glass
place u<fe
How to build a compound microscope. Distance between To produce bigger image
• Eyepiece – use longer focal length = fe lenses is > f0 + fe from the eyepiece.
• Objective lens – use shorter focal length. = fo Store in cool and dry To avoid the formation of
• fe > fo place fungus.
• Label the fe and fo
• Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of Design an optical instrument in the double-decker
double
images. bus so that The driver at the lower deck is able to
Ray diagram see the upper deck. With cheaper cost. (Phg)
Use periscope Cheaper than CCTV
2 plane mirrors//2 Reflect light from object
prisms
Mirrors are arranged parallel light from first mirror
will be reflected into second mirror
Light from second mirror is reflected into the
driver’s eyes
Tube or casing to hold mirror easier to handle
periscope
Mirrors are at 45o angle

How to built compound microscope.

• Thicker lens as an objective lens, thinner lens
as an eyepiece.
• Fo and Fe are not overlapped.
• Light ray to form the first image.
• First image formed shown.
• Light ray to form final image.
• Final image formed shown.
Diagram

Explain how to built simple periscope and suggest

modification to convert the periscope to binoculars

Draw a labeled diagram

Specification of the optical fiber use in an

endoscope for medical imaging.(Mk)
Low density Lighter
High flexibility Can be bent easily.
High purity Avoid loss of signal.
Smaller in size Can occupied in small
space.
Made from stronger Not easily break
material

Draw a labeled diagram

Use 2 right angle The rays will bent through Characteristics of lenses to built telescope.
prisms 180o Objective lens with a Higher magnifying power
Use eye piece and To magnified the image/ as long focal length
objective lens a telescope Eyepiece with a short Higher magnifying power
focal length
How you would build a simple binocular and Objective lens with a Enable the light to enter
suggest modification so the binocular will big diameter and thus clearer the image
produced brighter and bigger image (J) to be seen
Eyepiece with a Suitable with our eye’s size
small diameter and make it easier for us to
see

Design of fibre optics which can work efficiently

Use refractive index So that total internal
of outer layer less reflection can happen in
than the refractive the fibre optic.
index of inner layer
Use high flexibility So it can be bend
material
Use stronger Do no break easily
material
Objective lens with More light can enter the Use thin material Lighter/ can be used in
bigger diameter binocular small area
Eyepiece with bigger higher power as a Low density material Lighter
power magnifying
ying glass
Suitable characteristics of lens to be used by a
technician to repair watch.
Suitability of mirror use to watch over the shop Use convex lens To magnify the image
costumer. (Pls) % of clarity is higher Image will be brighter and
Concave mirror To provide wider field view clearer
Bigger size of mirror To enable a wider view and Focal length is short To increase the power/to
sharper image. produce bigger image/
Hung the mirror at Easier to look/won’t disturb image can be focused on
the top corner of the the costumer the short distance
shop Lens has smaller Easy to wear as a
diameter spectacle.

Characteristics of optical fiber

Small critical angle Internal reflection can Suitable design for slide projector
easily occur Use concave mirror. To reflect dan focus light to
High density To have small critical angle the slide
Stiffness is low Can be easily bent Use two plano- The light from the source
High strength Will not break easily convex lens that will distribute evenly to the
have same power slide so that the image
Small in diameter Does not occupied much
formed on the screen is
space
brighter.
The distance The image formed on the
Modify an astronomical telescope become a between the slide screen will be magnified
binocular. and the projection and real.
• Astronomical telescope uses 2 convex lens. lens is between f and
Objective lens and eyepiece. 2f
• Objective lens has longer fo. Eyepiece has The slide would be So the image will be
shorter fe. placed inverted upright
Diagram

Advantage of binocular
• Binocular is shorter//smaller in size.
• Easy to carry.
• Produced brighter image.
 Suggestion to built beach resort
Essay questions Built at bay Water is calmer. Sea is
shallower
Problem solving and Built retaining wall Reflected back the wave to
open sea.
decision making Built gap in the wall Diffraction occurs. Energy
of wave is smaller
Higher wall The wave cannot passed
6. WAVES over the wall
Wall is built using The wall will be stronger.
Suggest modification to built big hall so it is concrete
suitable for the assembly
Bulit a dome shaped Improf the aqoustic effect
Characteristics of wave use to detect a school of
or circular roof of sound/accomodate more
fish
student
Longitudinal wave. Sonar sound is
Increase the number Reduce effect of reflection
longitudinal wave
of door.
Higher frequency Has higher energy
Built wall from To avoid disturbance from
Higher speed Can travel faster in the sea
sound-proof material outside
Higher penetrating Can penetrate through
Inner wall made from To avoid reflection of
power medium easily
soft material/use sound.
cushion chair/curtain
Placed loudspeaker To produce more
away to each other constructive interference
region
Increase the number To get sufficient amount of
of light light.

Suggest relevant steps to be taken to build a safe

port for fishermen.
Built the port at the The water wave is calmer
gulf
Built a wall that has a The sea wave will
narrow gap in the undergoes diffraction and
sea the amplitude will be
reduced
Built the wall using Not easily to collapse
concrete
Make small hole at To absorb the wave
the wall energy.
Built stronger wall To reflect the sea wave
Built higher wall The sea wave cannot pass
through over the wall
The wall must be So that the wavelength can
slanting be reduce when the sea
wave hit the wall

Characteristics of waves which are use to

determine the depth of the sea.
High frequency Higher energy and enable
sound wave the wave to travel further
Higher amplitude High energy and enable the
wave to send to further
places
Higher percentage of So the reflected signal can
energy reflected from be detected easily
seabed
Rate of sound So that the wave can be
absorption by the easily reflected and
water is low detected by the
hydrophone.
Essay questions Specifications of lamp that is suitable to use as a
Problem solving and reading lamp. (J)
Low power rating Consume less electrical
decision making Low cost
energy
Save money//cheaper
High efficiency Produced higher output
power // less energy
wasted
7. ELECTRICITY Long lifetime Last longer

Suggestions of material used to build heating

Suitable design for wiring a cabin.
element.
The electric Allow each electric
Lower density Light weight
appliances are appliances to be switched
Higher melting point Not easy to melt at high connected in on and off independently
temperature parallel//diagram
Low rate of oxidation Can be used for longer Fit fuse at the live To stop the flow of current
time. wire in the fuse box by melting when a high
Lower surface area. Resistance will be higher //diagram// voltage of electric current
and produced more heat. Use miniature circuit flows through the circuit //
Used longer wire Higher resistance and can breakers (mcb’s) switches itself off very
produced more heat quickly if the current
exceeds e.g. 15A (for 15A
Design of pylon for transmission of electricity. mcb)
(Phg)
Use step up Current will be smaller and Earth connection to Earth wire connected to
transformer to less loss of energy the metal case of earth, so that when a fault
increase the voltage electrical appliances occurs and a current flows
before transmission through the live wire and
process the earth wire, the fuse in
Use low resistance Less loss of energy to the live wire will blow and
wire overcome the resistance cut off the supply. It will
Use low density wire Lighter. Easy to hung on protect a person who may
pylon. touch a faulty or live
Higher pylon For safety purpose. Not appliance
reach by others
Tougher material to Not easy to collaspe Use low power lamps To save the energy
build pylon. Steel / install fluorescent
alloy lamp
U shape steel alloy Not too heavy Use thicker wire Reduce resistance
Large diameter cable Less resistance Use insulated wire To avoid short circuit
Place the power To avoid being touch by
point at higher place the children

Characteristics of power socket extension for Modification to the desk lamp so it is comfortable to
normal use. (MRSM) use
Not using extension Less resistance, less loss Use a fluorescent Fluorescent lamp use less
cord// use shorter of energy as heat energy lamp electrical energy
extension wire Use bigger cover Reduce light directly
One fuse for each If one fuse blow the other with white color propagate to eye and
socket can still function reflection and reflector
Use power surge Can cut off the supply light and heat energy
protector. when it is overloaded Use an adjustable Height of the lamp can be
Head plug earthed Flow current leakage to stand adjusted and can be used
earth anywhere
Connect with earth Flow the current leakage to
Suggestion to light up a room. (Pls) wire the earth
Use fluorescent lamp Consume less energy Use an energy saver Use same amount of
Use more efficient Brighter and prevent lamp energy but light up brighter
fluorescent lamp. wastage of energy.
Use fuse To prevent overheating of Characteristic of connecting wire
lamp. Resistance of wire is To prevent power loss due
Two or more If one lamp blow out, the low to heat
fluorescent lamp is other can still function. Melting point is Prevent wire from melting
connected in parallel higher at high temperature
Density of wire is low So it is light weight and
reduce the mass
Rate of rusting is low Prevent the wire from
rusting and can be use for
longer time
Lower rate of To prevent lengthening of
expansion wire
Specification of wire used for heating element Suggest modifications that can be made to the
Lower density The mass is smaller and electric kettle so that it can boil water faster and
light weight has better safety
Higher melting point Will not melt easily at high Diameter of Less resistance and
temperature connecting wire is produce small amount of
Lower oxidation rate Can be used for longer bigger heat. If large current flow
time the wire will no be
Higher resistance Produce more heat energy overheated
Length of connecting Less resistance
wire is shorter
Modification to the circuit to improve safety,
Heating element Can produced high amount
produce the lamps light up with normal brightness
must have high of heat energy with smaller
and increases the efficiency of electrical energy
resistivity current
consuming
The kettle is made Less heat loss to
Attach one fuse to To break off the circuit
from good heat surounding. Water will boil
the live wire in the when large current flow
insulator faster
consumer unit and produce fire
Use suitable fuse. If If higher current flow the
Use an insulated wire To prevent short circuit
the current flow is fuse will melt and kettle will
Use thicker wire To reduce resistance and 8.3A. Use 13A fuse no be damaged
improve efficiency. cartridge
Attach switch for To allow each lamp to be
each lamp switched on and off
independently
Connect the metal To flow electron (extra) to
fitting lamp to the earth and avoid electric
earth wire shock.
Using only 240 V To ensure the bulbs light
light bulb up with normal brightness
Connect the bulbs in Each bulbs will receive
parallel same voltage

Suitable characteristics of metal to make a water

heater
Smaller surface The resistance will be
area/diameter higher
High melting point Not easy to melt
Low specific heat The temperature rise
capacity slowly
Long coiled metal To increase the resistance.

Characteristics of metal use as a heater. In

electrical kettle.
High resistance Higher resistance make the
heating better
High melting point Not easily melt in high
temperature
Low rusting effect Not easily to rust n safe for
consumer
Low specific heat Easily 2 become hot
capacity

Characteristics of the current distributor cable in

the car.
Low resistance A little energy is lost as
heat energy
Low density Small mass and easy to be
carried/hung
Wire with large To reduce the resistance
diameter
Low expand rate Does not contract too
much and becomes too
loose during hot days.
 Suggest modification to ac generator to that can
Essay questions produce bigger dc current. (Ktn)
Increase the number Increase the rate of cutting
Problem solving and of turn of coil the magnetic field
Use stronger magnet Increase the strength of the
decision making magnetic flux
Use curve magnet To provide radial magnetic
field
8. ELECTROMAGNETISM Diameter of wire of Thicker wire has lower
coil is greater resistance. Higher current
Modification to enable moving coil microphone to can flow.
detect sound effectively and generate bigger Use copper wire Lower resistance. More
current. current flow.
Use thin diaphragm Easy to vibrate.
Use stronger Not easy to break. Suitable characteristics of electric bell that can
material to built produces a louder sound
diaphragm
Use bigger hammer So that the surface area
Use more number of Increase the rate of change contact is bigger/produce
turns of coil of magnetic flux. more impulsive force
User thicker wire To reduce the resistance of Distance between the The force applied to the
wire. hammer and the gong is larger
Use powerful magnet To increase the rate of gong is larger
to has stronger change of magnetic flux. Number of turns of The strength of the
magnetic field the coil is larger magnetism is higher
High curvature of the The area of air molecule
Suggestion to make a hand phone charger (Phg) gong vibrate is greater.
Use step down Able to reduce voltage
transformer from 240V to 9V Modification to be done to enable the electric bell to
Use a diode Change ac to dc ring louder
Use capacitor Able to smooth the output Increase the number Produced greater magnetic
current. of turns of wire field to produce greater
force.
Suggest modification so that the galvanometer can Increase the To increase the resultant of
increase its sensitivity. (J) magnitude of the magnetic field
Increase the strength Increase the force between current/ the number
of the magnetic field current carrying conductor of cells
and the magnetic field. Used u-shape soft Produced stronger
Using lower stiffness Smaller opposing force to iron core magnetic field
of hairspring stop the turning of the coil Use bigger diameter Will vibrate more air
Lighter mass of coil Smaller inertia, able to of the gong molecules
move easily. Use bigger hammer Produces greater impulsive
Increase the area of More change to the force.
the coil magnetic flux, a bigger
force is produced. Advantage of the National Grid Network

Design of a moving coil ammeter that can function Cost of generation of Because high voltage
better(Mk) electricity is reduced reduces the current flow.
Use stronger magnet Stronger magnetic field/ Reduces power loss in the
large rotation cable.
Use curve magnet Produce radial magnetic Electricity supply is Because repair and
field more reliable with maintenance work can be
Use cylindrical core To supply uniform less interruption. carried at any power
magnetic field strength station and at any time.
Use soft iron core To concentrate the The generation of At peak hours more
magnetic field electricity at each generators can be
Use linear scale The angle of rotation is station can be switched on.
linear and more accurate controlled and
regulated
Power station can be So that air an
Design of the ac generator so that the efficiency of located outside the environmental pollution
the generator is higher. city limits. can be reduced.
Use soft iron core To concentrate the
magnetic flux
Increase no of turns To increase the rate of
of coil magnetic fluxs cutting
Use bigger/thicker To reduce resistance of the
wire wire
Use curve permanent So rate of the rotation and
magnet magnetic fluxs cutting is
constant
Use powerful To increase the rate of
permanent magnet magnetic fluxs change
Suitable characteristics of materials to be used as a Modification of transformer to become a step-down
model of power transmission. transformer with 12V dc output.
Use 12V ac power Can be change the voltage Connect the output with To change a.c. current
supply with transformer a diode to d.c. current
Use laminated soft Produced stronger Connect capacitor Smoothen the a.c.
iron core magnet// easy to magnetize current
and to demagnetized Use the primary turns Reduce the current to
Use step-up To increase and to and secondary turns become 12V
transformer Np= decrease the voltage due with the ratio 2:1
1200, Ns=2400 and to the demand/need. Use soft iron core Can me magnetized n
step-down demagnetized easily
transformer with and reduce the energy
Np=480 and Ns= 120 lost
Use copper wire Lower resistance. Use laminated iron core Increase the resistance
to the flow of eddy
Suitable characteristics of cables use as a current
transmission cable. Wound the secondary Prevent leakage of
Low resistivity To reduce heat loss in the coil the primary coil or magnetic flux
cables placed very closed to
the primary coil(along
Low density The cables will be lighter
the same core)
Low cost Cost of project will be
Use wire with low Reduce energy lost
lower
resistance
Low rate of thermal The cables will not expand
expansion under hot weather
Characteristics of cable to be used in the National
Grid Network.
Modification of the loudspeaker to produce louder
Larger diameter To reduce the resistance of
sound.
wire
Increase the number To increase the magnetic
Lower density The cable will be lighter
of turns of coil field strength/ current
and can be supported
produced
securely
Use larger diameter Reduce resistance in the
The rate of So there is less expansion
of wire coil
expansion is low and less sagging in the
Cone made from Easy to vibrate
cable during hot day.
lighter material
Higher melting point Cable does not melting in
Use stronger magnet Cone will vibrate stronger
high temperature.
and produced more emf.
Bigger diaphragm Will vibrate more air to
produce louder Problem Involving electricity Transmission
Cone made from Not easy to break. Cost of cable. • Aluminum cables are
tougher material used because the density
is lower (the cables
become lighter), have low
Suitable characteristics of the hand phone charger.
resistance and cheaper.
Loss of power by • By using thicker
Connect the output To change a.c. current to
the cables aluminum cables,
with a diode d.c. current
resistance can be
Connect capacitor Smoothen the a.c. current
reduced
Use the primary Reduce the current to
• By using a high voltage
turns and secondary become 12V
transmission, the current
turns with the ratio
in the cables is reduced
2:1
and the power dissipated
Use soft iron core Can me magnetized n by the cables is reduced.
demagnetized easily and
Charge leakage • To prevent charge
reduce the energy lost
between the cables leakage, the aluminum
Use laminated iron Increase the resistance to and the earth cables are supported by
core the flow of eddy current
high metal tower/pylons.
Wound the Prevent leakage of
• The metal support of the
secondary coil the magnetic flux
tower is earthed so that it
primary coil or
is safe for the worker or
placed very closed to
public.
the primary
coil(along the same
core)
Use wire with low Reduce energy lost
resistance
Use full wave To reduce loss of energy
rectification circuit
Suggestions to design a moving coil loudspeaker
that can produce louder sound.
Use radial shape of The magnetic field strength
magnet is uniform.
Coil is built To increase the
surrounding the effectiveness of the
magnet//Attached to counter react between the
the magnet magnetic field.
Used lighter material Can easily vibrate.
to built diaphragm
Use ac power Audio signal varies with
the current.
Box made from Loudspeaker is stronger.
wood/steel

Way to build a industrial lifting electromagnets.

Large number of Increase the
turns of coil electromagnetic strength
Use soft iron core Can be magnetized and
demagnetized easily
Insulated copper Prevent short circuit
wire
Use higher To produce a strong
voltage/current magnetic field
Use thicker wire To reduce the resistance of
the coil

Design a circuit that can be used to switch on 12V

dc radio
Use step-down Capable to reducing
transformer potential difference/voltage
The ratio of no of Can reduce 240V to 12V
turn of primary coil
to secondary coil
must be 20:1
Using four diodes Full wave rectification
Using capacitor To smooth out output
current//produce output of
steady dc

Suggest modification to the dc motor to increase

the efficiency of the motor.
Increase the strength To increase the magnetic
of the magnet field strength.
Increase the number To increase the magnitude
of turns of coil of force
Increase the To increase the magnitude
magnitude of current of force/ increase the
strength of the magnetic
field.

Characteristics of dc motor that can be used to lift

heavy object.
Lower density Coil has smaller
material mass/lighter
Higher number of Larger force acting on the
turns of coil coil. Higher
electromagnetic field
strength
Stronger magnet Large force acting on the
coil
More number of Coil rotate smoothly
segment in the
commutator
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
9. ELECTRONICS

Characteristics of circuit with transistor which is

used for fire alarm system.

Negative terminal of - So that forward biased

cell is connected to occurs
the emitter/ Positive - Current can flows through
terminal of cell is the transistor
connected to the
collector of
transistor.
Heat Dependent - So that when there is a
Resistor (HDR) is rise in temperature, voltage
placed on top while across X will be higher.
resistor R is placed - Base current will flow.
at the bottom.
Resistor Y is placed - To limit the amount of
at the base of current that passes
transistor. through the transistor./
To protect the transistor
from any damage.
Connects extra - So that sound or signal is
components such as produced during fire.
siren/bell and light.

Use AC current in the - The larger is the AC

outer circuit to current, the louder the is
switch on the siren. the siren.

Draws the fire alarm system with electromagnetic

relay at the outer circuit and uses AC
current to switch on the siren
Essay questions Characteristic of radioisotope use to kill cancerous
Problem solving and cell. (radiotherapy) (Mk)
Long half life Can be used for longer
decision making time
Lower ionizing power Minimize the damage to the
organ.
10. RADIOACTIVITY Gamma ray Higher penetrating
power/can be detected.
Solid Can be handle easily
Characteristics of radioisotope to be used to inject
into the blood of a patient to detect the location of a
brain tumor Explain the suitability of radioactive source to be
Shorter half life Can be active in the body use to kill cancer cell
for shorter period. Can produced gamma Higher penetrating power
Lower ionizing power Causes minimum damage ray
to the tissues in the body Longer half-life Can be used for longer
Emit gamma ray Can penetrate through the time
body and detected by the Solid Easy to handle
GM tube Lower ionizing power Do not cause cell mutation

Characteristics of radioisotope to be use to detect Suggest how the radioactive material and the
the level of juice in a bottle detector should be chosen to be use in the study of
Longer half life Can be used for longer the intake of fertilizer.
time Shorter half life – a This allow time for the
Beta ray Can be absorbed and few days. fertilizer to be absorbed
medium penetrating power Use GM tube to The location of the fertilizer
Solid Easy to handle detect the radiation can be detected and
Ionizing power is Not ionize the juice. Safe to analyzed.
low. drink.
Characteristics of paper thickness control device
Suitable characteristics of radioactive to put on the using radioactive
lighting arrestor. (Pls) Half life of - So that it can be used for
Solid state Easy to handle radioactive a long time./ Does not have
Higher ionizing Easy for the medium to substance is long. to be changed often.
power conduct electricity and
cause the lightning to Radioactive - Moderate penetrating
divert to the place of higher substances that force.
ionization. release Beta
Longer half life Can be used for longer particles
time. Solid Radioactive - Easy to handle and
substances manage.
Use GM tube - Can detect Beta particles.
Characteristic of radioisotope to detect the
GM tube is placed - So that the intensity of
thickness of paper in a paper industry. (Ktn)
opposite of the Beta particles can be
Solid Easy to handle
radioactive source. detected.
Emit beta ray Medium penetration/ can
Papers are placed at - So that the Beta particles
be absorbed.
the centre of GM can penetrate the papers
Longer half life Can be used for longer tube and radioactive and detected by GM tube.
time. source.
Medium penetrating Less dangerous
power

Characteristic of radioactive use to detect the water

pipe leakage.(J)
Emit gamma Penetrating power is high
and can penetrate through
pipe and soil.
Shorter half life. Active in water supply for
shorter time.
Liquid Can be dissolved in water
easily.

Characteristic of radioisotope use to detect

problem organ/blood circulation (Mk)
Shorter half life Active in the body for
shorter time
Lower ionizing power Minimize the damage to the
organ.
Gamma ray Higher penetrating
power/can be detected.
Liquid Can be dissolved easily
Suggestion and explanation how to detect the
presence of blockages in the blood vessel using
radioisotope as a tracer
Use a small amount Can emit γ, and can
of Natrium- penetrate through the
24//Thalium- patient’s body
201//Technetium-99
Has short half-life ( a Not pose any serious
few days) health risk due to
overexpose to the radiation
Use GM tube as a Can detect γ ray.
detector
The radioisotope is Can flow to the entire body
injected to the blood of the patient.
vessel
Radiation from the Identify the region that is
radioisotope is not receiving enough
detected with GM blood.
tube -Higher reading means
blockages.
-Lower reading mean the
region is receiving not
enough blood.

Suitable characteristics of radioactive radiation and

detector used to detect the underground water
supply leakage
The radioactive Can penetrate the soil and
source emit beta emerge from the ground
particles
Shorter/sufficiently After the period of two
long half life days the activity of the
source is weak enough and
not dangerous
Use GM tube as a Very sensitive, can detect
detector beta particle and easy to
carry from one place to
another
Use a rate meter Can give the count rate
directly

Suggestions to modify your school lab with well

equip which can be used to do the research work
for radioactive source safely
Use thick lead box as Radioactive rays cannot
a radioactive source pass through
container
Radioactive waste is Prevent the radioactive
packed into stainless waste discharged to the
steel /concrete drum environment
and buried
underground
Use forceps/robotic Avoid direct touching
hand
Use siren Faster warning when
leakage

Characteristics of radioisotopes that are suitable

for use in controlling the population of pest
Use solid Easy to handle.
radioisotope
Can emit gamma ray Has higher penetrating
power.
Has longer half-life Last longer