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Based on these results, a water content of 5 percent

is selected as optimum water content at 180oC. The
foam bitumen thus had the half-life of 12 sec and
expansion ratio of 14.
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material was
taken from a project site. The gradation of the RAP
material and that specified for Dense Bituminous
Macadam (DBM) mix in India are given in
Fig. 1 Gradation of Aggregates for Granular Sub-Base
Table 2.
Table 2 Gradation of RAP Material and required The base material for conventional type of pavement
Grading for DBM Mix section was of Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) type
with aggregate gradation as shown in Fig. 2.
Sieve Size, mm Percent Passing for Recommended
RAP Material gradation for DBM

45 100 100

37.5 100 87 – 100

26.5 98 77 – 100

19 92 66 – 99

13.2 78 57 – 87
Fig. 2 Aggregate Gradation for WMM Base

4.75 36 33 – 50
2.36 18 25 – 47
0.600 5 12 – 27
0.300 4 8 – 21
0.075 3 2–9
As may be seen, the gradation of RAP is not within
the limits given in specifications (20). Therefore
some fresh aggregates were added to RAP material
to bring the gradation at almost midpoint of
specified range on each sieve size. It was found
that 79 percent of RAP, 1 percent of cement and 20
percent of fresh aggregates provided the gradation
of the mix close to the midpoint of the range given
above. Based on Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS)
test results, the optimum foam bitumen content
was found to be 2.25%.
As mentioned earlier, pavement sections were
designed with conventional granular subbase
material as well as with cement treated subbase
and foamed bitumen stabilized RAP base course.
The grading for granular subbase was taken as per
guidelines given in specifications of MoRT&H,
2013 (19) and the same is shown in Fig. 1. The
soaked CBR value of GSB material was 47
percent.
The cement treated sub-base was prepared at 3
percent cement content and conforming to the
grading as given in Ministry of Road Transport
& Highways Specifications for Road and Bridge
Works (MoRT&H 2013). The 28 days compressive
strength of the mix at Proctor’s density was 6.0
MPa (average of three values) and it was used
to calculate the resilient modulus (Mr) using the
equation given in IRC: 37 (2012). The gradation
of mixes for Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM)
base course and Bituminous Concrete (BC) surface
layer were also taken as per MoRT&H Guidelines
(19).
3. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
The following tests were conducted on different
types of materials. All the tests were conducted on
3 samples and average values are reported.
Unconfined Compressive StrengthTests on Cement
Treated Stabilized Material
The cement treated sub-base was prepared at 3
percent cement content as mentioned above. The 28
days compressive strength of the mix at Proctor’s
density was 6.0 MPa .
3.1 Marshall Method of Mix Design
The Marshall method of mix design was used
to determine the optimum binder content for

Journal of the indian Roads Congress, July - September, 2017 111