Utah State University

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Reports Utah Water Research Laboratory

1-1-1965

Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a

Trapezoidal Measuring Flume by Model Study
M. Leon Hyatt

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Recommended Citation
Hyatt, M. Leon, "Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Trapezoidal Measuring Flume by Model Study" (1965). Reports. Paper 386.
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/water_rep/386

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 DESIGN, CALIBRATION, AND EVALUATION

O F A TRAPEZOIDAL MEASURING F L U M E

BY MODEL STUDY

bY

Milton L e o n Hyatt

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g r e e of

of

MASTER O F SCIENCE

in

Civil Engineering

Approved:

UTAH S T A T E UNIVERSITY
L o g a n , Utah
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T h e r e i s no l i m i t to the thanks and a p p r e c a t i o n that m u s t b e

given to Gaylord Skogerboe f o r the guidance, aid, and s o u r c e of i d e a s

which have been invaluable throughout this investigation. Gratitude

i s e x p r e s s e d to D r . Calvin Clyde f o r the counsel and i n s t r u c t i o n

r e c e i v e d f r o m him. A l s o , the suggestions offered by D r . B r u c e

A n d e r s o n , the e d i t o r a l a s s i s t a n c e of M r s . C. W. L a u r i t z e n , and the

typing of the t h e s i s by M i s s B a r b a r a South a r e v e r y m u c h appreciated.

Thanks a r e a l s o given t o t h e Utah W a t e r R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y and its

staff f o r s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d . Appreciation would not be c o m p l e t e with-

out recognizing the help, devotion, and love given by m y wonderful

wife, J e r r o l y n .

Milton Leon Hyatt

 T A B L F O F CONTENTS

Page
.
S C O P E A N D P U R P O S E O F INVSSTIGATION . , . . . . 1

L I T E R A T U R E REVIEW . . . . . . . , . . . . 4

DESIGN O F P R O T O T Y P E T R A P E Z O I D A L MEASURING F L U M E 1I

DESIGN O F M O D E L T R A P E Z Q I D A L MEASURING F L U M E . . 16

EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . 22

DESIGN CHANGES RESULTING F R O M MODEL STUDY . . . 27

ANALYSIS O F DATA F R O M F I N A L DESIGN . 39

S u p e r - c r i t i c a l flow a n a l y s i s . . . . 39

S u b m e r g e d flow a n a l y s i s . . . . . . 43

ENERGY LOSSES IN MEASURING F L U M E S . 59

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . 65

S E L E C T G D BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . 68

APPENDIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Appendlx A . D a t a and C o m p u t a t i o n s . . . . . . . 71

Appendix B. S u b m e r g e d F l o w C o m p u t e r P r o g r a m a n d
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

iii
 LIST O F FIGURES

Figure
-
Page

1 Canal "B" tailwater--discharge c u r v e a t s i t e of

proposed t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g flume . , . . . 12

2 Initial prototype trapezoidal m e a s u r i n g flume design . 14

3 Initial model trapezoidal m e a s u r i n g flume design . . 20

Constructed m o d e l trapezoidal m e a s u r i n g flume

composed of sections 1 through 5 . . . . . . . 23

Model flume placed i n 5-foot by 5-foot flume . . . 23

Side view of Skction 3 showing stilling wells . . . . 23

Schematic view of laboratory facility , . . . . 24

Top view of flume looking u p s t r e a m . . . . . . 25

U p s t r e a m view of flume showing end of copper tubing

and point g a g e . . . . . . . . . .. . . 25

Tailgate used to adjust tailwater depth . . . . 25

Downstream view of f l u m e showing s e p a r a t i o n with

flow adhering to l e f t s i d e . .
. . . . . . . 30

Top view of flume looking downstream showing

. . .
s e p a r a t i o n with flow adhering t o right s i d e 30

Top view of flume exit a t design flow with s e v e r a l

vanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Top view of flume with t h r e e vanes a t end of t h r o a t . 30

Downstream view of f l u m e a t design flow (2.3 1 c f s )

with one row of t h r e e blocks .
. .. ,. . . 31

Downstream view of flume a t design flow with pne

row of four blocks . .
. . . . . . . 31
 LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure -
Page

17 Design flow with two rows of blocks placqd a t the

beginning of the exit . . . . . .
. . . 31

Design flow with two rows of blocks p l a c e d i n the

m i d d l e of the exit . . . . . . . . . .
U p s t r e a m view of design flow conditions with Section
I removed . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of 6 : 1 exit . . . . . . .
Top view of f l u m e with 6 : 1 d i v e r g i n g exit . . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of f l u m e a t d e s i g n flow with one
vane . . - . , . ., . . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of f l u m e a t d e s i g n flow using two
v a n e s and one column . . . . , . . . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of f l u m e a t d e s i g n flow using two
columns and one vane . . . , . . . . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of final model d e s i g n . . . .
U p s t r e a m view of f i n a l model d e s i g n . ~ . . .
U p s t r e a m view of flume at d e s i g n conditions . . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of f l u m e flowing a t 2. 31 cfs,fully
submerged . a a . - ., . . . . . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of flume with flow of 1 . 4 c i s . .
D o w n s t r e a m view of f l u m e d i s c h a r g i n g 1 . 4 c f s , fully
submerged . . , . . . . . . . . . .
F i n a l d e s i g n of m o d e l t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g flume .
F i n a l d e s i g n of m o d e l prototype m e a s u r i n g f l u m e .
 LIST O F FIGURES (continued)

Figure
-
Page

33 Development of r e l a t i o n s h i p between d i s c h a r g e
and u p s t r e a m depth . . . . . . . . . . 41

34 Calibration curve for critical-depth trapezoidal

m e a s u r i n g flume . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

35 E f f e c t of s u b m e r g e n c e on the d i s c h a r g e relationship . 45

36 Relationship between e n e r g y l o s s p a r a m e t e r and log

of s u b m e r g e n c e . . . . . . . . . . 48

37 Relationship between p i - t e r m s . . . . . . . . 49

38 G r a p h i c a l solution of m i n i m u m depth in t h r o a t . 51

39 Relationship between F r o u d e n u m b e r , m i n i m u m
depth in t h r o a t , and d i s c h a r g e . . . 52

40 Development of r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d i s c h a r g e ,
F r o u d e n u m b e r , and m i n i m u m depth in t h r o a t . 54

41 Development of r e l a t i o n s h i p between d i s c h a r g e ,
e n e r g y l o s s , and s u b m e r g e n c e . . . 56

42 Calibration curves for submerged trapezoidal

m e a s u r i n g flume . . . . . . . . . 57

43 Design of r e c t a n g u l a r m e a s u r i n g f l u m e . 61

44 Design of P a r s h a l l m e a s u r i n g flume . . . . . . 62
 NOMENCLATURE

Symb 01 Definition
L
A A r e a , it.
2
A r e a a t e n t r a n c e of f l u m e , ft.
2
A r e a a t t h r o a t of f l u m e , f t .
2
A r e a a t rectangular flume entrance, it.
2
A r e a a t r e c t a n g u l a r f l u m e t h r o a t , ft.
2
A r e a i n m o d e l , ft.
2
M i n i m u m a r e a , ft.
2
A r e a in prototype, ft.

R a t i o of A /A , d i m e n s i o n l e s s
P m
B o t t o m w i d t h , ft.

C o n s t a n t e q u a l t o 0 . 9 5 - 1. 0 but t a k e n , c o n s e r v a t i v e l y ,

a s 0.95, d i m e n s i o n l e s s

Coefficient u s e d t o obtain a c t u a l d i s c h a r g e , d i m e n s i o n l e s s
2
C o e f f i c i e n t d e f i n e d b y C / ~ ( A ~ /) A- 1, d i m e n s i o n l e s s
2
Coefficient defined b y h /(Fmax)', f t .
m
-
Any d e p t h , f t .

Minimum specific energy, ft

Goefflcient of s u r f a c e d r a g , a f u n c t l o n of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r

and r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s , d i m e n s i o n l e s s

F r o u d e n u m b e r , dimensionless

G r a v ~ t yf o r c e s , l b s

Vlll
 NOMENCLATURE ( c o n t i n u e d )

Symbol Definition

Inertia force, lbs.

F~
F Maximum Froude number in the flume, dimensionless
max
F R a t i o of p r o t o t y p e F r o u d e n u m b e r t o t h a t in m o d e l ,
r
dimensionless
2
A c c e l e r a t i o n d u e t o g r a v i t y , 3 2 . 2 ft./sec.

D i f f e r e n c e i n w a t e r l e v e l s a t t h e e n t r a n c e and t h r o a t of

r e c t a n g u l a r f l u m e , ft.

U p p e r head of P a r s h a l l f l u m e , ft.

Head l o s s , i t .

Depth of flow at e n t r a n c e , f t .

Depth of flow a t point in t h e t h r o a t , f t .

Depth of flow at e x i t , f t .

M i n i m u m d e p t h of flow in t h r o a t , f t .

Depth of flow a t e n t r a n c e of p r o t o t y p e , f t .

M i n i m u m d e p t h of flow in t h r o a t f o r p r o t o t y p e , f t .

Depth of flow a t exit of p r o t o t y p e , ft.

Depth of flow at e n t r a n c e of m o d e l , f t .

M i ~ n i m u md e p t h of flow i n t h r o a t f o r m o d e l , f t .

Depth of flow at e x i t of m o d e l , f t .

Any l e n g t h , i t ,
 NOMENCLATURE (continued)

Symbol Definition

L e n g t h i n m o d e l , it

Length in p r o t o t y p e , it.

R a t i o of L /L , d i m e n s i o n l e s s
D m

Actual d i s c h a r g e , c f s

Theoretical discharge, cfs

Discharge in model, cfs

Discharge in prototype, cfs

R a t i o of Q /Q,. dimensionless
P
Hydraulic m e a n depth, ft,

Slope, d i m e n s i o n l e s s

Water s u r f a c e width, f t .

M i n i m u m w a t e r s u r f a c e w i d t h , ft.

W a t e r s u r f a c e w i d t h of p r o t o t y p e , f t .

Average velocity, f p s

Average velocity a t entrance, fps

A v e r a g e v e l o c i t y a t point i n the t h r o a t , i p s

Velocity i n m o d e l , f p s

Velocity i n p r o t o t y p e , i p s
 NOMENCLATURE (con-cxnued)

Symbol Definition

vr Ratio of V / V , d i m e n s i o n l e s s
P m
W T h r o a t width of P a r s h a l l f l u m e , it.
2.5
Section f a c t o r dependent upon g e o m e t r y , ft.

E n e r g y coefficient which c o n s i d e r s non-uniform v e l o c i t y

d i s t r i b u t i o n , equals 1. 0 , d i m e n s i o n l e s s

Coefficient depending on s t r e a m tube c u r v a t u r e , a s s u m e d

equal 1. 0 , d i m e n s i o n l e s s
2 4
Density of fluid, l b s . - s e c . /ft.

Any angle, d i m e n s i o n l e s s
 SCOPE A N D P U R P O S E O F INVESTIGATION

T h e d i s c h w g e o c c u r r i n g i n a n open channel c a n b e m e a s u r e d by

p l a c i ~ ga c o n s t r i c t i o n in the channel. F l u m e s a r e commonly u.sed a s

c o n s t r i c t i o n s in open charmels, A flume i s a s p e c i a l l y designed and

c a l i b r a t e d s e c t i o n built into a channel, t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of

which allow t h e calculation of the d i s c h a r g e . T h e n a r r o w e s t section

of the f l u m e i s u s u a l l y called the t h r o a t . The velocity of flow through

the t h r o a t , f o r any given flow r a t e , i n c r e a s e s with a d e c r e a s e in the flow

deptlp. The ideal condition f o r m e a s u r e m e n t of d i s c h a r g e i s a t h r o a t

sufficiently c o n s t r i c t e d t o p r o d u c e c r i t i c a l - d e p t h in the t h r o a t . When-

e v e r the g e o m e t r y of a channel produces c r i t i c a l flow the relationship

between d i s c h a r g e and h e a d is independent of conditions d o w n s t r e a m ,

making d i s c h a r g e a function of only the u p s t r e a m depth. Thus, when

critical-depth o c c u r s i n the t h r o a t , the only m e a s u r e m e n t r e q u i r e d to

d e t e r m i n e t h e d i s c h a r g e through t h e f l u m e is the u p s t r e a m depth of

flow, thus m a k i n g the wide u s e of c r i t i c a l - d e p t h f l u m e s d e s i r a b l e f o r

measurement purposes. F l u m e s of v a r i o u s s h a p e s a r e used to obtain

a condition of critical-depth, the m o s t c o m m o n and well known being

the P a r s h a l l flume.

One p u r p o s e of thrs ~ n v e s t l g a t i o nh a s b e e n to study the tsapezordal

shaped f l u m e s which s e v e r a l r e s e a r c h e r s ( A c k e r s a n d H a r r r s o n , 1965,

L u d w ~ gand Ludwig, 1951, P a l m e r and Bowlus. 1936; Robinson and

C h a m b e r l a i n , i 9 6 2 ; awii Mi e l i s and Goiaas , 1943) have investigated.

However, t h e p r l r r ~ a r yp u r p o s e of t h i s investigation h a s been the desi-gn,

c a l i b r a t i o n , and evaluation, by m o d e l study, of a t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g

flume to be c o n s t r u c t e d i n the distribution s y s t e m of the D. M. A . D.

Company ( D e l t a , M e l v i l l e , A b r a h a m , and D e s e r e t I r r i g a t i o n C o m p a n i e s )

in Delta, Utah. The f l u m e l o b e c o n s t r u c t e d will be used to m e a s u r e

i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r s in a c a r ~ a l(Canal "B")
having a capacity of 3 0 0 c f s

(cubic f e e t p e r second) and located below the D. M . A . D. Dam.

The e s s e n t i a l objectives of the model study have been: (1)

investigation of s e v e r a l e n t r a n c e and exit conditions to obtain the m o s t

economical, efficient, and p r a c t i c a l d e s i g n , (2) c o r r e l a t i o n of the d a t a

f r o m this study with that of previous r e s e a r c h , and ( 3 ) c o m p a r i s o n of

head l o s s e s i n t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e s with t h o s e of r e c t a n g u l a r and

P a r shall flumes.

The t r a p e z o i d a l f l u r r ~ eh a s b e e n designed a s a c r i t i c a l - d e p t h

flume utilizing p r e s e n t t a i l w a t e r coriditions ( t h e p r e s e n t depth-.discharge

reltitionship f o r Canal "B" i s i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g u r e l ) , However, in-

c r e a s e d developments by the D. M. A. D. Company i n the channel down-

s t r e a r n f r o m t h e proposed flume m a y yield i a c r e a s e d depth. of flow f o r

ariy p a r t i c u l a r d i s c h a r g e , thereby increasirlg the d e g r e e of s u b m e r g e n c e .

%n c a s e the t a i l w a t e r depths s h ~ > o i d

r i s e m u c h above the p r e s e n t i e v e i . ~

l o r any p a r t i c u l a r d i s c h a r g e , sut:mer6ence of the f l u m e will un..

dojii-,tedly o c c u r a n d iheii two varii;bie$ will have to b e m e a s u r e d - -

both the u p s t r e a m and t a i l w a t e r depths. Consequently, t h e calibratlor?

of the t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e was extended t o s u b m e r g e d flow i n

this investigation.

After the prototype s t r u c t u r e h a s b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d , a field

c a l i b r a t i o n will b e conducted. This field c a l i b r a t i o q will b e c o m p a r e d

with the c a l i b r a t i o n f o r the prototype s t r u c t u r e a s p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e

model study. Neither the field calibration n o r t h e c o m p a r i s o n between

the field and m o d e l p r e d i c t i o n calibrations will b e i n c o r p o r a t e d into

this thesis.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Although t h e r e i s a g r e a t d e a l of information a v a i l a b l e concerning

c r i t i c a l - d e p t h f l u m e s , few studies have b e e n m a d e r e g a r d i n g t r a p e -

zoidal f l u m e s . The m o s t common and widely u s e d open c h a n ~ e w

l ater-

m e a s u r i n g device i s probably the P a r s h a l i m e a s u r i n g f l u m e , whlc'n is

of r e c t a n g u l a r s h a p e with a n i r r e g u l a r bottom. The ParshaS? flume

h a s been s o designed that d i s c h a r g e m e a s u r e m e n t of f r e e and sub-

m e r g e d flow c a n b e attained. The free-flow d i s c h a r g e i s a function

only of the u p s t r e a m depth. D i s c h a r g e f o r s u b m e r g e d flow through a

P a r s h a l l f l u m e i s a function of the u p s t r e a m depth and the r a t i o of the

u p s t r e a m to t h r o a t depth ( s u b m e r g e n c e ) ( P a r s h a l l , 1945, 1950, 1953).

The s u b m e r g e n c e c h a r t s provide a d i s c h a r g e c o r r e c t i o n which i s sub-

t r a c t e d f r o m t h e f r e e - f l o w d i s c h a r g e based on t h e u p s t r e a m depth

alone.

Development of t r a p e z o i d a l flumes f o r m e a s u r e m e n t of flows in

c i r c u l a r conduits w a s accomplished by P a l m e r and Bowlus (1936).

L a t e r , Wells and Gotaas (1948) c a l i b r a t e d a n u m b e r of trapezoidal

flumes f o r u s e in c i r c u l a r conduits.

An extensive study of t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e s f o r u s e in open channel

flow m e a s u r e m e n t h a s b e e n m a d e by Robinson and C h a m b e r l a i n (196%).

They conclyded thar a p p r o a c h condinons have only slight effects on

t h e d i s c h a r g e , and t h a t t r a p e z o i d a l flumes could o p e r a t e a t higher

d e g r e e s of sv.l,'mcrgence than rectangul.ar sections without the need

of a c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r . Robinsol? and Chamberlain i1962) found thz'c

trapezoidal f l u m e s could be used withoilt c o r r e c t r o n f o r sfibmergences

a s high a s 8 0 to 85 p e r c e n t . Wells and Gotaas (1948) d e i ~ n e dsub-

m e r g e n c e a s "the p e r c e n t r a t i o of tailwater depth -lo the u-pstrearn

depth of flow w h e r e the tailwater depth i s r e f e r r e d t o channel xnvert

a t the point of u p s t r e a m m e a s u r e m e n t . "

The justification and advantages for u s e of the trapezoidal flume

over the r e c t a n g u l a r f l q m e a s l i s t e d by Robinson and C h a m b e r l a m

(1960) a r e :

1. Approach conditions seemed to e x e r t a m i n o r effect

on the h e a d - d i s c h a r g e relationship. M a t e r i a l d e -
posited in the approach sectign did not change this
relationship t o any d e g r e e .

2. A l a r g e range of flow can be m e a s u r e d with a

relatively s m a l l change in depth thus minimizing
the amount of f r e e b o a r d needed on the c a n a l .

3. The trapezoidal shape f l t s the common c a n a l section

m o r e c l o s e l y than does the rectangular flume.

4. Trapezoidal f l u m e s operate under higher d e g r e e s of

submergence than will the rectangular f l u m e s with-
out c o r r e c t i o n s bcing n e c e s s a r y t o the s t a n d a r d
rating.

The b a s l c t h e o r y lnvolved in the deszgn of the flvrne i s that

minimum specific e n e r g y o c c u r s at critical-depth, Summal-ized frron?.

A c k e r s and H a r r i s o n (1963)

3
E = Bd 4- a: . - ~ r J 2 ~2 , . . . . . . . . . , 1
i n which

E = minimum specific energy, f t ~

V = a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y of flow, f t . / s e c .
2
g = a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o gravity, 3 2 . 2 f t . / s e c .

d = d e p t h of f l o w , i t .

a = e n e r g y c o e f f i c i e n t which c o n s i d e r s n o n - u n i f o r m velocity

distribution, equals 1, 0, dimensionless

B = c o e f f i c i e n t depending on m e a n s t r e a m t u b e c u r v a t u r e ,

a s s u m e d e q u a l to 1. 0, d i m e n s i o n l e s s

F r o m t h e equation of continuity

Q=AV . . ~ ~ . . . . .
i n which
2
A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of f l o w , f t .

A = d(b + m d ) f o r trapezoidal shape, ft.

2

b = t h r o a t width, feet

1 :m = flume side slope (vertical : horizontal)

With p r o p e r s u b s t i t u t i o n a n d s o l u t i o n of t h e s p e c i f i c e n e r g y and

continuity e q u a t i o n s i t c a n b e shown that

Chow (1959) a n a l y z e d t h e flKme g e o m e t r y a c c o r d i n g t o

in which

Z = s e c t i o n f a c t o r dependent upon g e o m e t r y

F o r a trapezoidal shape, Z r e l a t e s t h e bottom width to the

depth of flow and by u s e of F i g u r e 4 - 1 in Chow (1959) a check is

provided on t h e validity of Equation 3.

1 4
m ( v a r i e s in l o c a t i o n )

I
Profile

The a p p r o a c h used by Roblnson and C h a m b e r l a i n (1962) i s the

b a s i c p r i n c i p l e of e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n . T h e B e r n o u l l i equation c a n be

w r i t t e n between two s e c t i o n s (Sections 1 and 2 ) a s

i n which

V1 = a v e r a g e velocity of flow a t e n t r a n c e , f t , / s e c

= a v e r a g e velocity of flow a t a point in the t h r o a t , f t , / s e c .

V2
hl = depth of flow a t e n t r a n c e , ft.

= depth of flow a t a point in the t h r o a t , f t .

hZ
hL = l o s s of e n e r g y ( a s s u m e d negligible), f t

When combined with the equation of continuity

Q =AV

r e s u l t s in

To obtain t h e a c t u a l d i s c h a r g e , the t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c h a r g e m u s t b e

modified by a c o e f f i c i e n t , C .

Since the f i r s t r a d i c a l i s d i m e n s i o n l e s s and tends to r e f l e c t the g e o m e t r y

of the s t r u c t u r e , it c a n be i n c o r p o r a t e d into a new d i s c h a r g e coefficient,

C ' (Robinson and C h a m b e r l a i n , 1960) which yields

in which

A c k e r s and H a r r i s o n (1963) h a v e i n v e s t ~ g a t e denergy l o s s e s

through t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e s , Head l o s s i s c o n s i d e r e d Important 1 2 t h i s

study s i n c e a m a x i m u m l o s s of one foot i s t o be allowed f o r the

prototype s t r u c t u r e under investigation. Consequently, the r e s e a r c h

of A c k e r s and H a r r i s o n h a s b e e n utilized to p r e d i c t l o s s e s . The t o t a l

e n e r g y l o s s through the flume c o n s i d e r s , ( a ) the effect of c o n v e r g e n c e ,

( b ) the e f f e c t of n o n - p a r a l l e l flow a t the c o n t r o l section, ( c ) f r i c t l o n

l o s s e s through the t h r o a t , and ( d ) the effect of d i v e r g e n c e . The~w

r ork

shows the head l o s s due to f r i c t i o n through the t h r o a t to b e

in which

h = head Loss, f t .
f
L = length of t h r o a t , f t .

R = hydraulic m e a n depth in t h r o a t a n d i s A/P, ft.

f = d i m e n s i o n l e s s coefficient of s k i n d r a g , depending on

Reynolds n u m b e r and t h e r e l a t i v e roughness.

The head l o s s due to f r i c t i o n i s b a s e d on t h e following a s s u m p t i o n s

( A c k e r s and H a r r i s o n , 1963):
1. Critical-depth o c c u r s throughout the length of the t h r o a t .

2. The control s e c t i o n o c c u r s a t the d o w n s t r e a m end of t h e

throat.

3. The velocity in the t h r o a t i s uniform.

 DESIGN O F PROTOTYPE TRAPEZOIDAL

MEASURING FLUME

The approach used f o r designing the prototype t r a p e z o i d a l

m e a s u r i n g f l u m e w a s t h a t given by A c k e r s and H a r r i s o n (1963) in

Equation 3. The d e s i g n w a s t h e n checked by the m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d

b y Chow (1959). To obtain t h e n e c e s s a r y d i m e n s i o n s , t h e r e s e a r c h b y

Robinson and C h a m b e r l a i n (1960), and A c k e r s and H a r r i s o n (1963) w a ?

consulted. The side s l o p e of the t r a p e z o i d a l s e c t i o n h a s b e e n found ta

be "unimportant provided i t s a t i s f i e s the n e c e s s a r y e n e r g y r e l -at 'ion-

ships" ( P a l m e r and Bowlus, 1936; Wells and G o t a a s , 1948). T h u s ,

the author decided upon a 1 : 1 s i d e slope.

The p r e s e n t o r e x i s t i n g d e p t h - d i s c h a r g e relationship in C a n a l

"B" ( a s shown i n F i g u r e 1 ) gives the tailwater depth f o r any d i s c h a r g e .

The velocity in the c a n a l i s v e r y low. T h e r e f o r e , the minimurn specific

e n e r g y w a s taken a s t h e depth of flow in the c a n a l and the velocity head

w a s neglected. H e n c e , b a s e d on the range of d i s c h a r g e s t o b e m e a -

s u r e d b y the f l u m e , which i s 2 0 to 300 cfs (with 300 c f s being used a s

the d e s i g n flow), the t h r o a t width w a s calculated to be six f e e t u s i n g

Equations 3. This s a m e value of s i x f e e t w a s calculated f r o m

Equation 4 and u s e d a s a c h e c k on the validity of Equation 3 .

In Equation 1 , an a n a l y s i s of the actual exit velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n

o c c u r r i n g in t h e m o d e l showed a = I . 0, and B w a s a s s u m e d equal t o

i,O. Calculations b a s e d on t h i s equation show tha: f r e e - f l o w wiLI occur

over the range of d i s c h a r g e u n d e r p r e s e n t t a i l w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s ,

No definite c r i t e r i a f o r the length of the t h r o a t c a n b e found in

the l i t e r a t u r e . A c k e r s a n d H a r r i s o n (1963) suggest a length of twice

the head. A length of two to f o u r t i m e s the t h r o a t width i s suggested by

Robinson and C h a m b e r l a i n (1960). The a u t h o r ' s opinion, a f t e r con-

s i d e r a t i o n of t h e i r r e s e a r c h , i s that a t h r o a t length of f i f t e e n f e e t ,

which i s two and one-half t i m e s t h e t h r o a t width, would b e sufficient.

F r o m A c k e r s and H a r r i s o n (1963) the calculated f r i c t i o n a l l o s s e s

i n the t h r o a t w e r e found to b e about one-tenth of the t o t a l l o s s . Since

t h e f r i c t i o n a l l o s s e s through t h e t h r o a t + r e only a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e of

the total e n e r g y l o s s , t h e a u t h o r felt that s e v e r a l e n t r a n c e and exit

conditions should be investigated. The b a s i c c r i t e r i a f o r u s e of a

s h o r t e r o r l o n g e r e n t r a n c e o r exit t r a n s i t i o n slope depend on the l o s s

of energy, a c c u r a c y of flow m e a s u r e m e n t r e q u i r e d of t h e installation,

and possible e r o s i o n d o w n s t r e a m f r o m the flume. Evidence shows that

the "exit t r a n s i t ~ o nh a s n o effect on the a c c u r a c y of m e a s u r e m e n t and ,

. . i s d e s i r a b l e only to c o n s e r v e energy" (Wells and G o t a a s , 1948).

T h i s s t a t e m e n t i s t o b e modified f o r e a r t h c h a n n e l s , w h e r e high exit

velocities m a y c a u s e e r o s i o n .

The w o r k s of s e v e r a l a u t h o r s ( A c k e r s and Harkison, 1963; Ludwig

and Ludwig, 1951; P a l m e r and Bowlus, 1936; Robinson and C h a m b e r l a i n ,

1960; Wells and G o t a a s , 1948) w e r e investigated to d e t e r m i n e the

d e s i r a b l e e n t r a n c e and exit t r a n s i t i o n slope. b c k e r s and H a r r i s o n

 " 2 a ~ n 8 j dur umoys s: arunlj Bur.Inseaur -(eproz

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u e 'axn?eAaajl ay3 jo Lpnqs e uo pas-eg .(L~1exa3el: i(l-(eurpnq~Zuol)

: g JQ a 3 u a Z ~ a n j p.IO a 3 u a 8 ~ a n u o surnurrxerrr e papuaruruo3ax ( £ 9 6 1 )

 DESIGN O F M O D E L TRAPEZOIDAL MEASURING F L U M E

T h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e s of the m o d e l s t u d y of t h e p r o p o s e d

p r o t o t y p e f l u m e t o b e u s e d b y the D.M.A. D. C o m p a n y w e r e : (1) the

i n v e s t i g a t i o n of e n t r a n c e and exit conditions t o f i n d , if p o s s i b l e , a

m o r e e c o n o m i c a l d e s i g n t h a n t h a t which w a s f i r s t p r o p o s e d , (2)

c a l i b r a t i o n a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of t h e d e s i g n t o t h e D. M. A . D.

C o m p a n y , a n d ( 3 ) c o r r e l a t i o n of the d a t a f r o m t h i s s t u d y w i t h t h o s e of

previous investigations.

The t e a c h i n g l a b o r a t o r y a t Utah S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i s equipped w i t h

a five-foot-wide f l u m e , which i s o n e - s e v e n t h t h e w i d t h of t h e 35-foot-

w i d e c a n a l into which t h e p r o t o t y p e f l u m e i s t o b e p l a c e d . The l a b o r a t o r y

f l u m e is of r e c t a n g u l a r s h a p e , w h e r e a s C a n a l "B" i s U - s h a p e d . To

s i m u l a t e t h e g e o m e t r i c s h a p e of Canal "B" i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y , it would

b e n e c e s s a r y t o f i l l i n t h e c o r n e r s of t h e f l u m e . Robinson and

C h a m b e r l a i n (1960) h a v e found t h a t a p p r o a c h c o n d i t i o n s h a v e a m i n o r

e f f e c t on t h e h e a d - d i s c h a r g e r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d a r e t h e r e f o r e not s i g n i f i c a ~ t

C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c o r n e r s of the f l u m e w e r e not f i l l e d . After consider;

a t i o n of the a v a i l a b l e l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s , a d e c i s i o n w a s m a d e t o u s e

a Length r a t i o of 1 : 7 (model : prototype).

In the open c h a n n e l flow p r o b l e m b e i n g s t u d i e d , l a m i n a r flow

w i l l not o c c u r a n d s u r f a c e t e n s i o n w i l l h a v e n o s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t ( A c k e r s

and H a r r i s o n , 1963). The p r e d o m i n a n t f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e flow w i l l

b e t h o s e of gravi'cy a n d i n e r t i a . T h e g r a v i t y f o r c e s a r e pronounced
when the flow i s s u b c r i t i c a l and the i n e r t i a f o r c e s a r e pronoti.nced wtien

the flow i s s u p e r c r i t i c a l . Both f o r c e s a r e e x e r t e d on the m o d e l and

prototype. The r a t i o of i n e r t i a f o r c e s to g r a v i t y f o r c e s i s the F r o u d e

number. The i n e r t i a f o r c e s a r e given by

in which

FI = i n e r t i a f o r c e s , l b .

p = density of fluid, 1b.-see. /ft. 4

L = length, f t .

V = a v e r a g e velocity of flow, ft. / s e c .

The g r a v i t y f o r c e s a r e given by

in which

F = gravity f o r c e s , lb.
g
2
g = a c c e l e r a t i o n due to g r a v i t y , 3 2 , 2 f t . / s e c .

The F r o u d e n u m b e r , F, 1s defined by

Normally, the s q u a r e r o o t of the r a t i o of t h e i n e r t i a f o r c e s to the

g r a v i t y f o r c e s i s used a s the F r o u d e n u m b e r , thu.s

T h e length, L, i n the F r o u d e n u m b e r m a y be any lengch, bub m open

channel flow, L i s u s u a l l y t a k e n t o be the depth of flow. T h e hydrautac

depth i s t a k e n a s the cross-sectional a r e a , A , of the w a t e r divided by

the s u r f a c e width, T ( A / T ) (Chow, 1959). F o r r e c t a n g u l a r c h a n n e l s

A / T would b e the depth of f l o w , but f o r t r a p e z o i d a l channels would b e

s o m e constant t i m e s the depth. Hence, the F r o u d e n u m b e r s t o be

evaluated i n this study will u s e the hydraulrc depth @ I T ) f o r t h e iengch

measurement. The F r o u d e n u m b e r will v a r y a t each c r o s s s e c t i o n i n

t h e f l u m e b e c a u s e the flow depth and m e a n velocity change f r o m c r o s s

s e c t i o n to c r o s s section.

Model m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e converted to corresponding prototype

m e a s u r e m e n t s by the l a w s of similitude. The s u b s c r i p t "p" will b e

u s e d to denote prototype p r o p e r t i e s , "m" to denote m o d e l p r o p e r t i e s ,

and " r " to denote the r a t i o of t h e prototype p r o p e r t i e s t o t h e m o d e l

properties.

The fundamental r e q u i r e m e n t f o r the design of a F r o u d e model

i s t h a t the F r o u d e n u m b e r b e t h e s a m e in the m o d e l and in the prototype

(Murphy, 1950), thus F ( r a t i o of prototype F r o u d e n u m b e r , F to

r P'
model Froude number, F ) i s equal to one.
rn
A s mentioned b e f o r e , the length r a t i o i s equal to s e v e n .
 s e uaTJ:xmax aq L e n

'JJ ' M O ~ J JO eaxe IeuoqJas- s s o x ~ = v

Z
'sas/ '75 %$ex MOTJ = 0
E
YJlYM U!.

AV = 0

i(q;nu;$uo3 jo uo;qenba ayL

. . . . . . . n d
A59'Z= A

I .
I
s 9 . z =LJ = 3=
A

x .I
'1 = B pue 1 = J asuIs 'pue
 In the prototype s t r u c t u r e , pipes will b e extended into the flow,

both u p s t r e a m and d o w n s t r e a m f r o m the flume, to m e a s u r e the depths

of flow a t t h e s e l o c a t i o n s . T h e s e pipes will l e a d to stilling wells p l a c e d

along s i d e the f l u m e , in which f l o a t s and a r e c o r d b r will b e located.

To duplicate t h i s condition in t h e m o d e l f l u m e , tubing w a s used to

m e a s u r e the u p s t r e a m and d o w n s t r e a m flow depth. The u p s t r e a m a n d

d o w n s t r e a m depth m e a s u r e m e n t s , a s r e a d in the m o d e l stilling w e l l s ,

w e r e c o r r e l a t e d with the d i s c h a r g e r a t e s through the f l u m e to yleld the

n e c e s s a r y calibration.

The prototype f l u m e will b e c o n s t r u c t e d of c o n c r e t e . The a v e r a g e

r o u g h n e s s height f o r a c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e v a r i e s f r o m 0. 001 to 0. 01 feet

(King, 1954). To obtain a n equivalent r o u g h n e s s in the model it would

b e n e c e s s a r y t o have a roughness height s o m e w h e r e between 0.0001 to

0. 001 f e e t . T o obtain this roughness height, t h e m o d e l flume w a s

c o n s t r u c t e d of plywood with a sanded-painted s u r f a c e . The e s t i m a t e d

r o u g h n e s s height w a s about 0 , 0 0 1 f e e t .

The initial d e s i g n used f o r the m o d e l t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g

f l u m e i s shown i n F i g u r e 3 .
 E X P E R I M E N T A L FACILITIES

A f t e r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e m o d e l t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e

was completed ( F i g u r e 4 ), i t w a s p r o p e r l y placed in t h e f i v e - f o o t

by f i v e - f o o t f l u m e ( F i g u r e 5 ), l o c a t e d i n t h e f l u i d m e c h a n i c s

laboratory.

T w o p u m p s w e r e u s e d , o p e r a t i n g t o g e t h e r and c a p a b l e of

delivering over 3 cfs. T h e flow r a t e w a s r e g u l a t e d by m e a n s of a

v a l v e l o c a t e d on t h e l i n e a s i t e n t e r s the l a b o r a t o r y . When s m a l l e r

f l o w s w e r e d e s i r e d i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o u s e only one p u m p . The water

w a s p u m p e d t h r o u g h a 1 2 - i n c h - d i a m e t e r pipeline which f e e d s into t h e

f i v e - f o o t b y five-foot f l u m e . A t t h e beginning of t h i s f l u m e is a s c r e e n

w h i c h p r o v i d e s a n e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n of the flow. T h e flow p a s s e d t h r o u g h

the f l u m e and discharged into weighing tanks. T h e flow r a t e w a s

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e weight of w a t e r c a u g h t i n the t a n k s d u r i n g a

particular time period. T h e w a t e r w a s w a s t e d f r o m the weighing t a n k s

into the s u m p , w h e r e i t w a s r e c i r c u l a t e d ( F i g u f e 7 ) .

When the flow w a s p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e , m e a s u r e -

m e n t s w e r e m a d e of ( 1 ) u p s t r e a m d e p t h , ( 2 ) m i n i m u m d e p t h in t h e t h r o a t

a n d i t s l o c a t i o n , ( 3 ) c r i t i c a l - d e p t h a n d i t s l o c a t i o n , and ( 4 ) d o w n s t r e a m

depth. A l l d e p t h m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e b y the u s e of a point g a g e , and

r e a d i n g s w e r e m a d e t o t h e n e a r e s t 0 . 0 0 1 foot. C o p p e r tubing ( F i g u r e s

8 a n d 9 ) r u n n i n g f r o m u p s t r e a m and d o w n s t r e a m ends of the t r a p e z o i d a l fluEe

 ' 5 @noJzl? T
suoq:,aS jo pasoduxo:,
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1 e p r o z a d e ~ Taporu
?
pa?snz?suoD .* a~n8y
'y3dap x a p ~ ~ l sr nef p~e 07
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M a y u r e a q s d n .6 a x n % ? j
into stilling w e l l s , located n e a r the m i d d l e of the flume ( F i g u r e 6),

provided f o r m e a s u r e m e n t of the u p s t r e a m and d o w n s t r e a m depths. A

c r o s s b a r a c r o s s the flume w a s u s e d to s u p p o r t a point gate to m e a s u r e

the m i n i m u m and critical-depths o c c u r r i n g in t h e t h r o a t ( F i g u r e s

8 and 9 ) .

A t a i l g a t e w a s placed d o w n s t r e a m f r o m the dlume exit in o r d e r

to r e g u l a t e the tailwater depth c o r r e s p o n d i n g to that to be encountered

ln t h e field ( F i g u r e 1 0 ) .
 DESIGN CI-IANGES RESULTING PROM MODEL STUDY

The m o s t s e v e r e conditon which the trapezoidal m e a s u r i n g f l u m e

m u s t undergo f r o m t h e standpoint of d o w n s t r e a m e r o s i o n and total

e n e r g y l o s s i s the d e s i g n flow of 300 c f s , whlch c o r r e s p o n d s to 2 . 3 1

c i s in the model. Consequently, t h e effect of design c h a n g e s was

evaluated i n t h e m o d e l a t 2 31 c f s .

A f t e r design flow w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n the model, the t a i l w a t e r w a s

a d j u s t e d t o the height which gave the existing t a i l w a t e r d e p t h t o

be encountered in the f i e l d , which f o r the model a t d e s i g n flow w a s

0. 57 feet.

With the w a t e r flowing a t d e s i g n conditions, o r a t any o t h e r flow,

s e p a r a t i o n of flow o c c u r r e d a t the end of the throat. The s k i n f r i c t i o n

of the f l u m e w a s n ' t g r e a t enough to c a u s e the flow to d e c e l e r a t e rapidly

enough to exit uniformly, b e c a u s e the divergence of the exit s e c t i o n w a s

too g r e a t . This s e p a r a t i o n c a u s e d t h e flow to a d h e r e to one s i d e o r the

o t h e r of the diverging wall. (See F i g u r e s 11 and 12.3 A r e c i r c u l a t i o n

o c c u r r e d d o w n s t r e a m allowing p a r t of the flow to c o m e back t o the exit

on the opposite s i d e of the f l u m e f r o m which it was leaving. The m a i n

r e a s o n f o r the s e p a r a t i o n i s t h e inability of the flow to d i v e r g e a t t h e

a n g l e t h a t the f l u m e w a s c o n s t r u c t e d , which w a s t h r e e t o one. The

0
included angle of this d i v e r g e n c e i s 3 6 . 9 . F r o m Chqw (1959, p. 3141,

the length of a t r a n s i t i o n should b e d e t e r m i n e d s o that "a s t r a i g h t line

joining the flow 1lne a t the two ends of the t r a n s i t ~ o nwill m a k e a n angle

of about 1 2 . 5' with the a x i s of t h e s t r u c t u r e . " Similar c r i t e r i a a r e

given by Hinds (1928) c o n c e r n i n g the m a x i m u m d i v e r g e n c e angle.

T h i s condition would r e q u i r e a divergence of about 9 : 1 i n s t e a d of 3 : 1 .

To e l i m i n a t e s e p a r a t i o n of flow and to b r e a k up the jet leaving

the t h r o a t , s e v e r a l m e t h o d s w e r e explored. Vanes c o n s t r u c t e d of s t e e l

w e r e placed on the t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e bottom in the exit s e c t i o n s i n

an a t t e m p t t o d i s t r i b u t e the flow evenly. T h e s e v a n e s w e r e placed in

v a r i o u s p a t t e r n s , with s o m e t r i a l s extending v a n e s up into the f l u m e

throat. The v a n e s w e r e m a d e of varying heights and s i z e s . T h e r e was

n o noticeable effect of the v a n e s upon the m a i n flow conditions. Critical-

depth always o c c u r r e d in t h e t h r o a t and a t t h e s a m e l o c a t i o n f o r the.

d e s i g n flow, The head l o s s a l s o r e m a i n e d about the s a m e , The

p r o b l e m of s e p a r a t i o n w a s s t i l l p r e s e n t . (See F i g u r e s 1 3 and 14. )

Next, wooden blocks w e r e placed in the Plume bottom. Various

p a t t e r n s and a r r a n g e m e n t s w e r e used.lSee F i g u r e 15, 16, 1 7 , and 18,)

T h e s e blocks w e r e always placed with the idea i n mind t h a t t h e y w o u l d

not t r a p p a s s i n g s e d i m e n t but allow it to p a s s through the blocks.

Double r o w s of blocks w e r e t r i e d . ( F i g u r e s 1 7 and 18) with the

second row s t a g g e r e d behind the f i r s t a s well a s the second row being

placed a t v a r y i n g d i s t a n c e s behind t h e f i r s t . Using the b l o c k s , the flow

of w a t e r w a s d i f f e r e n t depending on the p a t t e r n u s e d . The c l o s e r t o the

t h r o a t the blocks w e r e placed, the g r e a t e r t h e d e g r e e of s u b m e r g e n c e

that o c c u r r e d i n the t h r o a t .

Although the blocks b r o k e up the jet and p a r t i a l l y prevented

s e p a r a t i o n , and although s o m e a r r a n g e m e n t s ( t h o s e placed f u r t h e r

f r o m the t h r o a t ) evenly distributed the flow a c r o s s the exit, the m a i n

objection t o t h e i r u s e w a s t h e c r e a t i o n of a h y d r a u l i c jump ( F i g u r e

16) d i r e c t l y behind the b l o c k s , yielding a w o r s e condition f o r e r o s i o n

a t the end of t h e f l u m e . Another f e a t u r e which d i s c o u r a g e d the u s e of

the blocks w a s t h e s u b m e r g e d flow t h e r e b y c r e a t e d i n the t h r o a t , which

prevented o p e r a t i o n a s a c r i t i c a l - d e p t h f l u m e .

A f t e r m a n y t r i a l s , it w a s concluded that t h e exiting section would

have to b e c o n s t r u c t e d with a divergence m u c h l e s s than the one being

used. F r o m o t h e r s t u d i e s , t h e i d e a l d i v e r g e n c e should b e 9 ; 1, bnt

in view of economic f a c t o r s i t w a s decided t o d i v e r g e a t 6 : 1.

B e f o r e a new exit section (Section 6 ) w a s c o n s t r u c t e d , the f i r s t

converging s e c t i o n (Section 1) was r e m o v e d , a s it s e e m e d f r o m o h s e r -

vation of the e n t e r i n g flow that t h i s s e c t i o n m i g h t possibly be eliminated.

With Section 1 r e m o v e d , t h e f l u m e w a s t e s t e d u n d e r design conditions

 ':eo.zya aya 30 pua ae
? J Ma m T J
saued* a a q q ~
30 ma:/\ do& 3x118;J
 . s y 3 0 ~ qx n o j
3-e MOJ a u o y ? ; ~MOTS
u K r s a p 1-e a u r n 1 j j o Ma;A
and v e r y l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e w a s observed in t h e e n t e r i n g flow conditions

o r in the m e a s u r e m e n t s . C r i t i c a l - d e p t h o c c u r r e d a t the s a m e location

in the t h r o a t . The flow e n t e r e d the flume smoothly ( F i g u r e 19) and

with a slight c o n t r a c t i o n a t the two s i d e s . The amount of h e a d l o s s

through t h e f l u m e , with Section 1 r e m o v e d , w a s r e d u c e d by 0 . 0 0 5 f e e t .

Economically then, i t w a s f e a s i b l e to r e m o v e the f i r s t section s i n c e

d e s i r a b l e e n t r a n c e conditions could b e maintained.

The 6 : 1 d i v e r g e n c e section w a s c o n s t r u c t e d inside of the

d i s c a r d e d 3 : 1 exit ( F i g u r e s 2 0 and 21). The construction and

flnish w a s done in the s a m e m a n n e r a s the 3 : 1 e x i t s e c t i o n had b e e n .

With the w a t e r flowing a t design conditions, s e p a r a t i o n of flow

still o c c u r r e d . The p r o b l e m w a s again approached u s i n g v a n e s

(Flgure 22) and b l o c k s , and with the s a m e r e s u l t s a s previously

attained.

A d e s i g n w a s then t r i e d using wooden blocks ( e s s e n t i a l l y c o l u m n s )

high enough to p r o t r u d e above the w a t e r s u r f a c e a t t h e m a x i m u m flow.

In the beginning t h e s e columns w e r e used in conjunction with the s t e e l

vanes ( F i g u r e s 2 3 and 2 4 ) . Some idea of the p a t t e r n s t r i e d can be

s e e n in t h e s e f i g u r e s , T h e r e w a s s o m e l i m i t e d s u c c e s s in the u s e of

two columns ( F i g u r e 24) m distributing t h e flow a l i t t l e m o r e

evenly. The next s t e p , then, w a s to t r y v a r i o u s p a t t e r n s of columns.

The columns w e r e u s e d in one and two rows and with v a r i e d spacing

b e f o r e the b e s t p o s s i b l e combination was s e l e c t e d . F i g u r e s 2 5 and 2 6

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qe aurnIf ay? MOTS 0s pue 6 7 s a ~ n K : j . p a S ~ a u q n sL11nj 2nq MOT$ u'3isap ?e

a u n T j aq3 s ~ o y 8s 2 a ~ n 3 r j ' ( 2 s PUP T C s a ~ n 4 : j )9 pue 's ' z s u o g 3 a s jo

p a s o d u o 2 seM ' p a j e ~ q q e sL1-[njaxe3 seM q > : y ~ 'u8rsap leu!$ ayL

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a s sr azayL Z.suol:?rpuo:,uZrsap

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 ANALYSIS O F DATA FROM FINAL DESIGN

Super-critical flow a n a l y s i s

The m o s t d e s i r a b l e condition f o r predicting the d i s c h a r g e i n a

f l u m e i s t o have t h e t h r o a t sufficiently c o n s t r i c t e d t o p r o d u c e c r i t i c a l -

depth, When c r i t i c a l - d e p t h o c c u r s in the t h r o a t , the only m e a s u r e m e n t

r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d i s c h a r g e , through t h e f l u m e , i s the u p s t r e a m

depth.

T h e proposed prototype d e s i g n w a s c a l i b r a t e d a s a c r i t i c a l - d e p t h

f l u m e by m e a n s of a m o d e l , The flow and depth w e r e m e a s u r e d a s

previously s t a t e d . A s long a s the flow p a s s e d through c r i t i c a l - d e p t h

in the t h r o a t , the flow w a s independent of the d o w n s t r e a m depth even

though the u p s t r e a m depth v a r i e d with d i s c h a r g e .

A f t e r the d a t a were r e c o r d e d , the flow w a s plotted a s t h e o r d i n a t e

and the depth a s the a b s c i s s a . A conversion was made t o corresponding

prototype m e a s u r e m e n t s and the data w e r e plotted on both c a r t e s i a n and

log-log p a p e r . On log-log p a p e r , the points plotted a s a s t r a i g h t l i n e

( F i g u r e 33 ) which shows tha$ a n exponential r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s

between flow and depth. The equation of a s t r a i g h t l i n e on l o g - l o g p a p e r

c a n be w r i t t e n a s

l o g y = s (log x) + log C o r y = Cx
S
in which

y = the function plotted a s the ordinate

x = the function plotted on the a b s c i s s a

s = the slope of the line

C = constant equal to the value of y when x = 1. 0

thus

log Q = s l o g (h 3 + log C
P 1P
or

From F i g u r e 33

s = 1,78

C = 18.0

therefore

The corresponding equation relating depth and flow in the model,

which w a s obtained i n the s a m e way, i s

Equation 16 allows the calculation of any flow passing through the

prototype flume provided the u p s t r e a m depth i s m e a s u r e d and c r i t i c a l -

depth h a s o c c u r r e d in the t h r o a t .
S u b m e r g e d flow a n a l y s i s

If a n y flow p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e f l u m e f a i l s t o p a s s t h r o u g h c r i t i c a l -

d e p t h , the flow is s a i d t o b e s u b m e r g e d . S u b m e r g e n c e , a s defined b y

Wells a n d G o t a a s ( 1 9 4 8 ) , i s ' I t he p e r c e n t r a t i o of t a i l w a t e r d e p t h t o t h e

u p s t r e a m d e p t h of flow w h e r e the t a i l w a t e r d e p t h i s r e f e r r e d t o t h e

channel i n v e r t a t t h e point of u p s t r e a m m e a s u r e m e n t . "

Many a s p e c t s of s u b m e r g e n c e r e s e a r c h h a v e not yet b e e n s t u d i e d .

One a p p r o a c h t o t h e s i t u a t i o n i s t h a t m a d e b y R o b i n s o n (1964) w h e r e

( h / h ) is p l o t t e d a g a i n s t Q / Q , i n which
4 1 0

Q = observed discharge

Q = t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c h a r g e obtained f r o m E q u a t i o n 7
0

Robinson (1964) found t h a t the flow did not r e q u i r e c o r r e c t i o n

until the s u b m e r g e n c e r e a c h e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80 p e r c e n t . Then, f o r

s u b m e r g e n c e g r e a t e r t h a n 80 p e r c e n t , the plot of s u b m e r g e n c e v e r s u s

Q/Q
0
can b e utilized to obtain Q / Q
0
. The theoretical discharge,
Qo,
c a n b e obtained f r o m t h e u p s t r e a m d e p t h , and thus the discharge
hl,
Q, can b e computed.

T h e d a t a f r o m t h i s r e s e a r c h effort h a v e b e e n p l o t t e d i n , t h e s a m e

m a n n e r a s u s e d b y R o b i n s o n ( F i g u r e 35). This r e s e a r c h effort also

found t h a t n o c o r r e c t i o n f o r flow w a s n e e d e d u n t i l a s u b m e r g e n c e of

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80 p e r c e n t w a s r e a c h e d a n d the plot of ( Q / Q ) v e r s u s
0

jh4/hl) w a s identical in shape to those produced b y Rdbinson (1964).

 F r o m F i g u r e 35, i t c a n b e s e e n that c o n s i d e r a b l e s c a t t e r e x i s t s

in the d a t a . The u s e of F i g u r e 35 f o r s u b m e r g e d flow conditions would

r e s u l t in c o n s i d e r a b l e e r r o r in d e t e r m i n i n g the d i s c h a r g e , Consequently,

it w a s f e l t that a n i m p r o v e d method of analyzing s u b m e r g e d flow in a

trapezoidal flume was n e c e s s a r y .

C o n s i d e r a b l e thought w a s given to a n a p p r o a c h f o r analyzing

s u b m e r g e d flow conditions. The submergence, h 4 / h l , was considered

to be an a p p r o p r i a t e p a r a m e t e r . The proper c r i t e r i a for super-critical

o r s u b c r i t i c a l flow in t h e t h r o a t i s the F r o u d e n u m b e r . Consequently,

the F r o u d e n u m b e r w a s evaluated a t the c r o s s s e c t i o n of the t h r o a t

w h e r e m i n i m u m depth o c c u r r e d . This F r o u d e number, Fmax,

i s actually t h e m a x i m u m F r o u d e n u m b e r o c c u r r i n g in the f l u m e . The

o t h e r p a r a m e t e r , which will b e r e f e r r e d to a s t h e e n e r g y . l o s s

p a r a m e t e r , i s defined a s (h - h ) / h . The energy l o s s parameter

1 4 -
m
w a s s e l e c t e d a s a m e a n s of using the energy . l o s s , h - h as a
1 4'
significant p a r a m e t e r m a d e d i m e n s i o n l e s s by division of the minimum

depth of flow in t h e t h r o a t , h The u s e of m i n i m u m depth, h

m
, also
m
- -
had the advantage of utilizing the conditions a t t h e t h r e e i m p o r t a n t

c r o s s sections.

The p a r a m e t e r s involved in s u b m e r g e d flow i n t r a p e z o i d a l

m e a s u r i n g f l u m e s c a n b e obtained f r o m d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s i s , a s

follows :
With five independent quantities and two d i m e n s i o n s , t h r e e p i - t e r m s

a r e derived,

Equatxon 19 c a n be modified by replacing V with Q / A and h with

-
m -
m
A /T .
-
m -m

Q
TI = = F
1 max
T
- -
Am ' g A m / -
m

in which

Q = flow r a t e , cfs
2
A m = m i n i m u m a r e a , equals ( b t hm ) b, f t .

b = f l u m e t h r o a t bottom width, f t

h = m i n i m u m depth of flow in the t h r o a t , f t .

m
-
T = m i n i m u m w a t e r s u r f a c e width of flow in the t h r o a t , i t
m
2
g = a c c e l e r a t i o n due to g r a v i t y , 32. 2 f t . / s e c .
 T h e relationship between s u b m e r g e n c e and the e n e r g y l o s s

p a r a m e t e r w a s developed by plotting the log of s u b m e r g e n c e a s the

o r d i n a t e and the energy l o s s p a r a m e t e r a s the a b s c i s s a . The r e l a t i o n -

s h i p w a s e s s e n t i a l l y a s t r a i g h t l i n e ( F i g u r e 36) which can b e w r i t t e n a s

a n equation

o r simplifying
0.99 . . . 23
Submergence = h / h =
4 1
0.34

10

A log-log plot w a s p r e p a r e d between the energy l o s s p a r a m e t e r

and t h e m a x i m u m F r o u d e n u m b e r , F ( F i g u r e 37). The energy

max'
l o s s p a r a m e t e r w a s plotted a s the ordinate and F w a s plotted a s
max
the a b s c i s s a . The relationship w a s e s s e n t i a l l y a s t r a i g h t l i n e and

r e s u l t e d in the equation

To show the relationship between the t h r e e p i - t e r m s F

max'

h 4 / h l , and (h
1
- h 4 ) / h m a n additional plot w a s m a d e between s u b -
-
m e r g e n c e and the e n e r g y l o s s p a r a m e t e r . The e n e r g y l o s s p a r a m e t e r

w a s plotted on the log s c a l e a s t h e ordinate and to the s a m e s c a l e a s in

F i g u r e 37. Submergence w a s plotted a s the a b s c i s s a on a c a r t e s i a n

scale. T h i s plot ( F i g u r e 37) yields a p r a c t i c a l graphical solution of

 ~
-mu
30 801 pue ;raqaurexed s s o i(8;raua uaamqaq drysuoqe1a\6 .9g a ; r n 8 1 ~
F when the s u b m e r g e n c e i s known a s well a s showing the r e l a t i o n -
max
ship between the t h r e e p a r a m e t e r s o r p i - t e r m s ,

With the r e l a t i o n s h i p between s u b m e r g e n c e and F r o u d e n u m b e r

known, i t w a s d e s i r e d to r e l a t e t h e s e two p a r a m e t e r s to d i s c h a r g e .

F i r s t , a log-log t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l plot of h
-
m' (hl - h4), and

(hl - h4)/hm was prepared. The energy l o s s p a r a m e t e r w a s plotted

-
a s the o r d i n a t e , h a s t h e a b s c i s s a , and h a s t h e variable,
m
- 1 - h4
For the f a m i l y of c u r v e s s e e F i g u r e 38. Since h and h 4 a r e
1
m e a s u r e d , the value of the e n e r g y l o s s p a r a m e t e r c a n b e obtained f r o m

F i g u r e 37, t h e r e b y allowing t h e determination of h f r o m F i g u r e 38.

m
-
Next, a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l log-log plot w a s m a d e of h , F
-
m max'
and d i s c h a r g e , Q. Here h w a s plotted a s the o r d i n a t e , F as
m
- max
the a b s c i s s a , and d i s c h a r g e a s the p a r a m e t e r f o r t h e f a m i l y of c u r v e s

( F i g u s e 39. ) The solution f o r any d i s c h a r g e , given the u p s t r e a m

and d o w n s t r e a m d e p t h s , would entail the u s e of F i g u r e 38 to obtain a

value of h ; the u s e of F i g u r e 37 to obtain the F r o u d e n u m b e r ; and

-
m
then f r o m F i g u r e 39 a value of d i s c h a r g e could b e i n t e r p o l a t e d .

However, a n equation f o r evaluating the d i s c h a r g e f r o m F i g u r e

39 can b e obtained b y w r i t i n g the equation of e a c h of t h e l i n e s ,

S
h = C F
m
- 5 max

The coefficient, i s the value of h f o r F = 1. 0. Consequently,

C5' -
m
a value of C i s obtained f o r each line of constant d i s c h a r g e ( s e e the
5
t a b l e included in F i g u r e 39). A log-log plot was t h e n p r e p a r e d between
 .a8sey3srp pue ' j e o x y ~u!
yJdap urnru!urur 'xaqrunu apnoL3 uaam3aq d : y s u o ~ ~ e ~' a6 ~a
~x n 8 l s
the p a r a m e t e r C and d i s c h a r g e ( F i g u r e 40). The straight-line
5
r e l a t i o n s h i p between d i s c h a r g e , Q, and C can be expressed b y
5
1.74
Q = 34.7 C
5
. . . , . . . . . . . . 25

F r o m F i g u r e 39, h and F a r e related to C as

-
m max 5

-0.57
h = C F
m
- 5 max

0.57
C
5
=h F
m max
. . . . . . . . . .
-
Combining Equations 25 and 26

1.74
Q = 34.7 F h . . . . . . . . . . 27
max m -
To obtain the r e l a t i o n s h i p between Q and h / h Equations 27
4 1'
and 24 a r e combined t o yield

which, when combined with Equation 23 and s i m p l i f i e d , yields

1.74
-13.83 ( h - h )
1 4
Q= . . . . ? . . .
-h4 1.32
(log- t 0. 0044)
1

Although Equation 28 i s only valid f o r the t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g

f l u m e s t u d i e d , i t d o e s show t h a t only the u p s t r e a m and d o w n s t r e a m

depths need t o b e m e a s u r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d i s c h a r g e under sub-

m e r g e d flow conditions in any t r a p e z o ~ d a fl l u m e .

 'Jeo.zy7 ur y ~ d a purnurIuIur pue 'xaqurnu apno.zA
'a2.z.ey3sjp uaamJaq dyysrtoq~1a.x30 p a u t d o ~ a ~ a a
.op a.zn8rj
 In o r d e r to p e r f o r m t h e a r i t h m e t i c operations of the equations f o r

the submerged trapezoidal flume, a computer program was written.

T h i s p r o g r a m , including input and output d a t a , i s l i s t e d in Appendix B.

The computations show t h e a c c u r a c y of Equations 23, 24, and 28.

The a c c u r a c y obtained i n calculating d i s c h a r g e a s a function of s u b -

m e r g e n c e only i s of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . The computer p r o g r a m output

showed that the d i s c h a r g e a s computed f r o m Equation 28 h a s a p e r c e n t -

a g e of e r r o r ( b a s e d on m e a s u r e d v a l u e s ) of 0 . 5 0 p e r c e n t f o r s u b -

m e r g e n c e values g r e a t e r than 90 p e r c e n t ; 1,78 p e r c e n t f o r s u b m e r g e n c e

v a l u e s between 85 to 9 0 p e r c e n t ; and 3 . 8 2 p e r c e n t f o r s u b m e r g e n c e

v a l u e s f r o m 85 p e r c e n t to c r i t i c a l flow. The a v e r a g e e r r o r f o r all

m e a s u r e d values of s u b m e r g e n c e w a s 1 . 4 1 p e r c e n t . Hence, the

r e l a t i o n s h i p obtained between d i s c h a r g e and s u b m e r g e n c e i s m o r e

a c c u r a t e f o r the higher s u b m e r g e n c e v a l u e s .

T h e relationships thus a r r i v e d a t in t h e preceding equations a r e

valid and the d e g r e e of i n a c c u r a c y i s p r i m a r i l y due to e x p e r i m e n t a l

procedures. The amount of e r r o r i s s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r m o s t f i e l d flow

m e a s u r e m e n t stations.

One of the p r i m a r y p u r p o s e s of t h i s investigation h a s b e e n t h e

d e s i g n and c a l i b r a t i o n of a prototype t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e which

could b e c o n s t r u c t e d in Canal "B" of the distribution s y s t e m of t h e

33,M . A . D . Company. P r i m a r i l y , t h e f l u m e will o p e r a t e with c r i t i c a l -

d e p t h o c c u r r i n g in the t h r o a t and consequently, only the u p s t r e a m depth,

 .asuaE!;cartrqhs pu-e ' s s o ~AE!.zaua
'a8;c-eyssrp uaamJaq d?ysuor~eljax30 $ u a u r d o ~ a n a a . I * a z n 8 1 ~
LEI
 will have to b e m e a s u r e d t o d e t e r m i n e the d i s c h a r g e . If the t a i l -
hl,
w a t e r depths in Canal "B" should i n c r e a s e in the f u t u r e , t h e f l u m e m a y

become submerged. T h e r e f o r e , c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s f o r s u b m e r g e d flow

have been p r e p a r e d .

In o r d e r to p r e p a r e c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s f o r s u b m e r g e d flow, a

t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l log-log plot w a s p r e p a r e d of Q, h - h and

1 4'
h4/hl. The d i s c h a r g e , Q, w a s plotted a s the ordinate, e n e r g y l o s s ,

h - h a s the a b s c i s s a , and s u b m e r g e n c e , h4/hl, a s the variable.

1 4'
For the f a m i l y of c u r v e s s e e F i g u r e 41. A s e r i e s of p a r a l l e l l i n e s of

v a r y i n g s u b m e r g e n c e w e r e then d r a w n f o r s u b m e r g e n c e s b e t w e e n 80

p e r c e n t and 96 percent.(See F i g u r e 41.3 In t h e field then, f o r a m e a -

s u r e d u p s t r e a m and d o w n s t r e a m depth, the energy l o s s , h

1
- h4 ' and

the submergence, h 4 / h l , c a n b e computed, thus allowing a d e t e r -

m i n a t i o n of the d i s c h a r g e f r o m F i g u r e 42 f o r the prototype t r a p e z o i d a l

measuring flume.
 E N E R G Y LOSSES I N MEASURING F L U M E S

A c o m p a r i s o n of the e n e r g y l o s s e s in t h r e e t y p e s of v e n t u r i

f l u m e s ( P a r s h a l l , r e c t a n g u l a r , a n d t r a p e z o i d a l ) is t o b e m a d e . These

flumes a r e all v e n t u r i f l u m e s w h i c h c o n s i s t of a g r a d u a l l y c o n v e r g i n g

portion (the e n t r a n c e ) , a constricted portion (the t h r o a t ) , and a gradually

diverging portion (the exit). T h e c o m p a r i s o n of t h e f l u m e s w i l l be b a s e d

upon d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s f o r C a n a l "B"w h e r e the h e a d l o s s t h r o u g h e a c h

t y p e f l u m e m u s t b e l e s s t h a n one foot and the m a x i m u m d i s c h a r g e i s

300 c f s .

Under d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s , m o d e l m e a s u r e m e n t s c o n v e r t e d t o

p r o t o t y p e m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r t h e t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e gave a n u p s t r e a m

d e p t h e q u a l t o 4. 865 f e e t w i t h a d o w n s t r e a m d e p t h of 3 , 9 5 5 f e e t .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e h e a d l o s s t h r o u g h the f l u m e i s 0 . 9 1 f e e t .

A prototype r e c t a n g u l a r m e a s u r i n g flume w a s designed according

t o t h e c r i t e r i a of Kinfg (1954),

Q = c M a 2 4h . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

i n which

c = constant equal to 0.95 - 1. 0 and t a k e n , c o n s e r v a t i v e l y , a s

0.95.
2
a = a r e a a t throat, ft.
2
h = d i f f e r e n c e i n w a t e r l e v e l s a t the e n t r a n c e a n d t h r o a t , f t .
 Q = f l o w r a t e , cfs.
2
a = a r e a at entrance, ft.
1
F o r a flow r a t e of 300 c f s , and using c = 0 . 9 5 , the t h r o a t width of

10 f e e t gives the s a m e total e n e r g y (4. 75) a s computed f o r the t r a p e -

zoidal f l u m e . F o r the prototype r e c t a n g u l a r f l u m e design s e e F i g u r e

43.

A prototype P a r s h a l l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e w a s designed a c c o r d i n g to

the c r i t e r i a of the U . S. B u r e a u of R e c l a m a t i o n (1953) in which

in which

Q = discharge, cis.

W = width of t h r o a t , f t .

H = upper h e a d , f t .
a
The value of H w a s obtained f r o m I s r a e l s e n (1953) in which the
a
m i n i m u m head l o s s f o r f r e e flow equals 0.4 x H , and the m i n i m u m
a
head loss w a s t a k e n a s 1 . 0 f e e t f o r a c o m p a r i s o n with the t r a p e z o i d a l

flume. The d e s i g n w a s then completed a c c o r d i n g t o t h e U. S . B u r e a u

of Reclamation (1953) and F i g u r e 44 shows t h e d e t a i l s of the design.

The c o m p a r i s o n of the s t r u c t u r e s , a l l of which w i l l a c c o m p l i s h the

s a m e o p e r a t i o n with the s a m e head l o s s , shows that 46. 5 cubic y a r d s

of c o n c r e t e a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r construction of t h e t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e ,

45 cubic y a r d s f o r the r e c t a n g u l a r , and 3 3 . 5 cubic y a r d s of c o n c r e t e

a r e needed to e r e c t t h e P a r s h a l l f l u m e .
F i g u r e 43.
END
Design of r e c t a n g u l a r m e a s u r i n g flu*----------------
VIEW
F i g u r e 44. Design of Parshall m e a s u r i n g f l u m e .
 E v e n though the P a r s h a l l flume r e q u i r e s a s m a l l e r volume of

c o n c r e t e it h a s two m a i n disadvantages b e c a u s e of t h e n e c e s s i t y to s e t

the f l o o r of the s t r u c t u r e a t a n elevation which wlll sirtisfy the n o r m a l

headwater conditions. T h e s e disadvantages are: ( 1) s i l t depositing

u p s t r e a m , and ( 2 ) i n c r e a s e d depth u p s t r e a m , c a u s i n g additional s e e p -

age l o s s e s . Canal "B" i s v e r y s i m i l a r to C a n a l "A". In Canal "A",

m e a s u r e m e n t s showed t h a t a n i n c r e a s e i n flow depth of 2 . 3 f e e t caused

an additional s e e p a g e l o s s of m o r e than 20 c f s . At 20 c f s , the prototype

t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e h a s an u p s t r e a m d e p t h of 1 . 2 7 feet. The

P a r s h a l l f l u m e with t h e s a m e flow r a t e h a s a n u p s t r e a m depth of 3. 02

feet. Thus, t h e s e e p a g e l o s s e s would definitely i n c r e a s e with u s e of

the P a r s h a l l flume.

Under s u p e r - c r i t i c a l flow conditions, t h e t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e and

the r e c t a n g u l a r f l u m e a r e v e r y c o m p a r a b l e with l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e in the

operation of e i t h e r .

The m o d e l study of the t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e h a s shown

that such a f l u m e designed f o r submerged flow conditions c a n b e used

a s a measuring device. A s u b m e r g e d flume h a s s e v e r a l advantages in

f a v o r of i t s u s e : (1) l e s s head l o s s through the s t r u c t u r e , (2) l e s s

e r o s i o n d o w n s t r e a m f r o m the s t r u c t u r e , ( 3 ) u s e of a s h o r t e r s t r u c t u r e

b e c a u s e of a f a s t e r exit d i v e r g e n c e . The difficulty in c o m p a r i n g

different types of v e n t u r i f l u m e s under s u b m e r g e d flow conditions i s

the v e r y m e a g e r amount of i n f o r m a t i o n which e x i s t s . Some of the

f o r m u l a s that have been cited a r e i n c o n s i d e r a b l e e r r o r and a r e e n t i r e l y

inadequate a s a b a s i s f o r designing a flow m e a s u r e m e n t s t r u c t u r e .

Both the r e c t a n g u l a r and t r a p e z o i d a l flat-bottomed flumes would b e

v e r y advantageous under s u b m e r g e d flow conditions. It i s f e l t ,

h o w e v e r , that the t r a p e z o i d a l f l u m e , b e c a u s e of i t s g e o m e t r y , h a s a

slight advantage over the r e c t a n g u l a r f l u m e .

 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In o r d e r to provide an e c o n o m i c a l flow m e a s u r i n g s t r u c t u r e f o r

t h e D. M. A. D. Company, and t o c o r r e l a t e this study with p r e v i o u s

r e s e a r c h , a model study w a s conducted of a trapezoidal m e a s u r i n g

flume. T h e object of t h i s study w a s to provide the d e s i g n f o r a

prototype s t r u c t u r e c a p a b l e of c a r r y i n g 300 c f s and to c a l i b r a t e the

s t r u c t u r e f o r both s u p e r - c r i t i c a l and submerged flow conditions,

Utilizing r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s of o t h e r s , and the known field con-

d i t i o n s , a n initial d e s i g n f o r a prototype s t r u c t u r e w a s p r o p o s e d a n d

then a m o d e l study w a s m a d e of t h i s proposed design. The r a t i o of

prototype to m o d e l w a s taken a s 7 : 1 in view of l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s .

The initial design p r o p o s e d w a s not s u c c e s s f u l due to t h e

o c c u r r e n c e of s e p a r a t i o n , which w a s c a u s e d by too g r e a t a d i v e r g e n c e

i n t h e exit section, T o r e c t i f y t h i s p r o b l e m , s e v e r a l p a t t e r n s of b l o c k s ,

s t e e l v a n e s , and columns w e r e u s e d to eliminate t h e s e p a r a t i o n and to

evenly d i s t r i b u t e the flow. . T h i s proved i m p r a c t i c a l o n the i n i t i a l

3 : 1 diverging s e c t i o n , b u t on t h e next selection of a 6 : 1 diver-

g e n c e , a p a t t e r n of t h r e e c o l u m n s placed a t the beginning of the exit

and of height g r e a t e r than t h e m a x i m u m flow, fulfilled the r e q u i r e -

ments. E x p e r i m e n t a t i o n a l s o showed that elimination of a p o r t i o n of

t h e e n t r a n c e section w a s justifiable.
 The modified m o d e l w a s then c a l i b r a t e d and t h u s provided the

design of a prototype s t r u c t u r e f o r field u s e . A r a t i n g c u r v e and

equation w e r e then developed f o r s u p e r - c r i t i c a l flow through the

prototype s t r u c t u r e . By u s e of this c u r v e , the D . M , A , D. Company can

c o n s t r u c t and u s e t h i s t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e .

Should s u b m e r g e d flow develop i n the f i e l d , but p r i m a r i l y a s a

point of p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t , the prototype s t r u c t u r e w a s c a l i b r a t e d f o r

s u b m e r g e d flow by r e l a t i n g the m a x i m u m F r o u d e n u m b e r and sub-

m e r g e n c e conditions to a new p a r a m e t e r , called t h e e n e r g y l o s s

parameter. T h i s p a r a m e t e r i s actually the e n e r g y l o s s divided by the

m i n i m u m depth of flow in the t h r o a t . T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p yielded a r a t i n g

c u r v e and an equation f o r s u b m e r g e d flow conditions. T o show the

a c c u r a c y of the r e l a t i o n s h i p a computer p r o g r a m w a s w r i t t e n . The

computer p r o g r a m showed the a v e r a g e e r r o r f o r a l l m e a s u r e d values

of s u b m e r g e n c e to b e 1 . 4 4 p e r c e n t .

A c o m p a r i s o n w a s then m a d e of t h r e e v e n t u r i f l u m e s : (1)

trapezoidal, ( 2 ) r e c t a n g u l a r , and ( 3 ) P a r s h a l l . These t h r e e flumes

w e r e s o designed that e a c h had one foot head l o s s through the s t r u c t u r e

f o r a d i s c h a r g e of 300 c f s . The c o m p a r i s o n m a d e is the volume of

c o n c r e t e n e c e s s a r y to c o n s t r u c t each s t r u c t u r e . The r e c t a n g u l a r and

t r a p e z o i d a l a r e e s s e n t i a l l y the s a m e but the P a r s h a l l r e q u i r e s l e s s

concrete. However, it should be noted h e r e that s i l t i n g u p s t r e a m and

additional s e e p a g e l o s s e s d e c r e a s e d the d e s i r a b i l i t y of the P a r s h a l l

flume.

This investigation has provided a n adequate method f o r the

c a l i b r a t i o n of open channel s u b m e r g e d m e a s u r i n g f l u m e s . The

p a r a m e t e r s n e c e s s a r y to c a l i b r a t e a t r a p e z o i d a l m e a s u r i n g f l u m e w e r e

developed. Subsequent t e s t i n g by Skogerboe, W a l k e r , and Roblnson

(1965) h a s indicated that the s a m e p a r a m e t e r s a r e a l s o valid f o r

rectangular flumes. The development of t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s will provide

the b a s i s f o r a m o r e w i d e s p r e a d u s e of s u b m e r g e d f l u m e s i n t h e f u t u r e .
 S E L E C T E D BIBLIOGRAPHY

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17. S k o g e r b o e , G. V . , a n d V. E . H a n s e n . 1964. C a l i b r a t i o n of
irrigation headgates by model analysis. Engineering Experiment
S t a t i o n . U t a h S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . L o g a n , Utah. M a r c h . p. 11-15.

18. S k o g e r b o e , G . V . , a n d W. R. W a l k e r , and L . R . R o b i n s o n . 1965.

D e s i g n , o p e r a t i o n , a n d c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e C a n a l "A" s u b m e r g e d
r e c t a n g u l a r m e a s u r i n g f l u m e . R e p o r t P R - W G 2 4 - 3 , Utah W a t e r
R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y , Utah State University. M a r c h .

19. U. S. B u r e a u of R e c l a m a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of t h e I n t e r i o r . 1953.
W a t e r m e a s u r e m e n t m a n u a l . U. S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office.
p. 2 9 - 7 0 , 189-206.

20. W e l l s , E . A . , a n d H . B . G o t a a s . 1948. D e s i g n of v e n t u r i f l u m e s
i n c i r c u l a r c o n d u i t s . P r o c . A S C E , J . S a n . E n g . Div. 863312-400.
P a p e r N o . 938.
T a b l e 1. B a s i c m e a s u r e m e n t s .
-
Run am (hl)m (h4)m
(h )
m m
Type
0f. QP (h )
No. (hl)p (h4)p m P
Flow

30 2. 31 0 . 693 0.562 0.452 super. 300. 0 4.851 3.934 3. 164

31 2. 31 0. 6 9 3 0.521 0.437 super. 300. 0 4.851 3.647 3.059

32 2. 31 0. 6 9 4 0.599 0.490 crit. 300. 0 4.858 4. 1 9 3 3.430
33 2. 31 0.708 0.626 0. 568 sub. 300.0 4.956 4.382 3.976
34 2. 31 0.733 0.678 0. 637 sub. 300.0 5.131 4 . 746 4.459
35 2. 31 0. 784 0.744 0. 722 sub. 300.0 5.488 5.208 5. 054

36 2.31 0.847 0.821 0.815 sub. 300.0 5.929 5. 747 5. 705

37 2.75 0. 764 0.653 0.540 super. 357.1 5.348 4.571 3. 780
38 2.75 0. 762 0.637 0.516 super. 357.1 5.334 4.459 3.612
39 2.75 0. 764 0.665 0.549 crit. 357.1 5.348 4.655 3. 8 4 3
40 2.75 0. 780 0, 694 0. 628 sub. 357.1 5.460 4.858 4 . 396

41 2.75 0. 817 0.757 0. 721 sub. 357.1 5 . 719 5.299 5.047

42 2.75 0.843 0. 796 0.768 sub. 357.1 5.901 5.572 5.376
43 2.02 0. 649 0.522 0.422 super. 262. 3 4.543 3.654 2.954
44 2.02 0. 649 0.483 0.412 super. 262.3 4.543 3.381 2. 896
45 2.02 0.650 0.554 0.456 crit. 262.3 4.550 3.878 3. 192

46 2.02 0.665 0.584 0.528 sub. 262. 3 4.655 4.088 3. 696

47 2.02 0.691 0.633 0.597 sub. 262. 3 4.837 4.431 4. 179
48 2. 02 0. 732 0. 692 0. 670 sub. 262.3 5.124 4.844 4. 690
49 1. 78 0.603 0.480 0 . 389 super. 231.1 4.221 3.360 2. 723
50 1. 78 0.603 0.438 0.380 super. 231.1 4.221 3.066 2. 660
-4
J
r.
T a b l e 1. Continued
-
Run Type Q
Qm (hl'm (h4'rn ( hm )m of
(h )
No. P (hl$ (h4)p m P
Flow

crit.
sub.
sub.
sub.
super.

super.
crit.
sub.
sub.
sub.

super.
super.
crit.
sub.
sub.

66 1 . 40 0.613 0.584 0 . 562 sub. 181.8 4.291 4.088 3.934

67 1.40 0.800 0. 790 0. 775 sub. 181.8 5. 600 5.530 5.425
68 1.20 0.485 0.364 0. 302 super. 155.8 3.395 2 . 506 2.114
69 1.20 0.485 0.318 0.297 super. 155.8 3.395 2.226 2.079
70 1.20 0.486 0.385 0.342 crit. 155.8 3.402 2.695 2.394
T a b l e 1. Continued

Run Q Type Q (h )
No. m (h1)m (h4)m (hm)m of P (hl)p (h4'p m P
Flow

sub.
sub.
sub.
sub.
super.

super.
crit.
sub.
sub.
sub.

sub.
super.
super.
super.
super.

sub.
sub.
sub.
super.
T a b l e 1. C o n t i n u e d
-
Run Q Type Q
m (h 1)m (h4)m (hm)m of P (hl'p (h4lp ( hm ) P
No.
Flow

91 0.580 0.321 0.205 0.212 super. 75.3 2.247 1.435 1.484

92 0.580 0.322 0.235 0.221 super. 75.3 2.254 1.645 1.547
93 0.580 0.324 0.250 0.227 super. 75.3 2.268 1. 750 1. 589
94 0.580 0. 327 0.263 0.239 sub. 75.3 2.289 1.841 1.673
95 0.580 0.344 0.308 0.283 sub. 75.3 2.408 2.156 1.981

96 0.580 0.589 0.588 0.581 sub. 75.3 4. 1 2 3 4.116 4 . 067

97 0.407 0.266 0. 1 9 5 0. 1 7 3 super. 52.9 1, 862 1.365 1.211
98 0.407 0.266 0.168 0.167 super. 52.9 1. 862 1.176 1. 169
99 0.407 0.266 0.202 0. 1 7 8 crit. 52.9 1.862 1.414 1.246
100 0.407 0.267 0.217 0. 1 9 3 sub. 52.9 1.869 1.519 1 . 351

101 0.407 0.283 0.251 0.228 sub. 52.9 1.981 1.757 1. 596
102 0.407 0.678 0.678 0.678 sub. 52.9 4 . 746 4.746 4. 746
103 0.215 0.181 0. 128 0. 119 super. 27.9 1.267 0,896 0.833
104 0.215 0. 1 8 1 0.118 0. 1 1 8 super. 27.9 1.267 0.826 0 . 826
105 0.215 0.181 0. 1 3 4 0.120 super. 27,9 1.267 0.938 0.840

106 0.215 0.183 0. 1 4 3 0.122 super. 27. 9 1.281 1.001 0.854

107 0.215 0.183 0. 146 0. 1 2 6 super. 27. 9 1.281 1.022 0.882
108 0.215 0. 189 0. 166 0.146 sub. 27.9 1.323 1. 162 1.022
109 0.215 0.215 0.204 0.187 sub. 27. 9 1.505 1.428 1. 309
110 0.215 0.270 0.266 0.262 sub. 27. 9 1.890 1.862 1.834

111 0.215 0.407 0.407 0.408 sub. 27. 9 2.849 2.849 2.856
4
Ln
T a b l e 2. C o m p u t a t i o n o f p a r a m e t e r s .
-
Run Q C C' F F h4'hl (hl- h 4 ) p (h ) b l - h4)
No. P 1 max E P h
- m
Run Q C C' F h4'hl (hl-h4)p (h ) (h1-h4)
No. P 1 max m P
- -
 F
1 max
Run Q C C' F (hl-h4)p (h ) (hl-h*)
No. P 1 max h4'hl mP -
h
-
m
e q e a pue r u e x 8 o . I ~~ a ~ n d u r o 3
MoIJ pafj~awqns

g x:puaddy
The computer p r o g r a m a s listed below gives the solution to:

PRAM m e a s u r e d value of e n e r g y l o s s p a r a m e t e r .

PRAME value of energy l o s s p a r a m e t e r a s computed f r o m

Equation 24.

SUB m e a s u r e d value of s u b m e r g e n c e .

SUBE value of submergence a s computed f r o m Equation 2 3 .

QESUB value of d i s c h a r g e a s computed f r o m Equation 28.

DIF S B difference in m e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e and value

computed f r o m Equation 28.

QEFR value of d i s c h a r g e a s computed f r o m Equation 2 7

DIFFR difference in m e a s u r e d d i s c h a r g e and value

computed f r o m Equation 2 7 .
 COMPUTATION O F PARAMETERS

C CALCULATION O F F L O W R A T E USING S U B M E R G E N C E F O R A T R A P E Z O I D A L F L U M E
C DIMENSION H ( 4 ) , B ( 2 ) , A ( 2 ) , T ( 2 ) , F ( 2 )
C H R E P R E S E N T S W A T E R D E P T H , B = F L U M E B O T T O M WIDTH, A = A R E A , T = W A T E R
C S U R F A C E WIDTH
C F = F R O U D E N U M B E R , Q = F L O W R A T E , P O I N T 1 = E N T R A N C E , 2 = P O I N T O F MIN.
C DEPTH, 4 = EXIT
C S L O P E O F F L U M E SIDE WAS A ONE T O ONE
1 READ 100, B ( l ) , B ( 2 )
100 F O R M A T ( 2 F 6 . 2 )
P U N C H 200
200 F O R M A T (1X5HDIFFR3X4HQEFR5X1HQ5X5HQESUB4X5HDIFSB4X3HSUB4X4HSUBE4X
14HPRAM4X5HPRAMEl/ )
2 READ 101, Q , H(1), H(Z), H(4)
101 F O R M A T ( F 6 . 2 , 3 F 8 . 5 )
G = 32.2
A (1) = (B(1) t H(l))*H(l)
A ( 2 ) = ( B ( 2 ) t H(2))':'H(2)
Z = SQR ( A ( I ) / A ( Z ) * A ( l ) / A ( 2 )- 1. 0 )
3 Q T = A(l)::'SQR(G*(H(l) - H ( 2 ) ) ) l Z
C Q T IS T H E T H E O R E T I C A L F L O W R A T E
C = Q/QT
C C IS A DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER AND A F O R M O F A F R O U D E NUMBER
cc = c / z
T ( 1 ) = B ( 1 ) t 2.0>%H(1)
T ( 2 ) = B ( 2 ) t 2. O*H(Z)
4 F(1) = Q/(A(l)::'SQR(G*A(l)/T(l)))
5 F ( 2 ) = Q/(A(2)::'SQR(G::'A(2)/T(2)))
6 SUB = H ( 4 ) / H ( 1 )
 COMPUTATION O F P A R A M E T E R S ( c o n t i n u e d )

C SUB IS T H E D E G R E E T H E F L O W IS S U B M E R G E D
PRAM = (H(1) - H ( 4 ) ) / H ( 2 )
C S T A T E M E N T S 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 13 A R E E M P I R I C A L L Y D E R I V E D EQUATIONS
10 S U B E = 0 . 9 9 1 10. 0::O. 34*PRAM
1 1 P R A M E = 0. 300:?F(2):%*:2.38
12 Q E F R = 34. 7:KF(2)*H(2):?:%1.74
1 3 QESUB = - 13. 83"(H(1) - H(4))*;*1. 7 4 / ( L O G ( H ( 4 ) / . 99::H(1))2;.43429):%:::1. 32
20 D I F F R = Q - Q E F R
2 1 DIFSB = Q - QESUB
P U N C H 2 0 1 , D I F F R , Q E F R , Q , QESUB, D I F S B , S U B , S U B E , P R A M , P R A M E
201 F O R M A T ( F 6 . 3 , 3 F 8 . 2 , F 8 . 3 , 4 F 8 . 4 )
IF (SENSE SWITCH 9 ) 3 0 , 2
30 P A U S E
END
16. 0 6. 0
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298 ' I 068 'I 6 'LZ0
8ZP.1 505 ' 1 6 'LZ0
Z91 ' 1 £ZE ' 1 6 'LZ0
9PL ' P L%L ' P 6 'Z50
L5L ' I 186'1 6 '250
615 ' 1 698 ' 1 6 '250
911 ' P FZ1 '=P £ '5L0
951 ' Z 80P ' Z £ '5L0
IP8.1 682 ' Z £ '5L0
£96 'P 7786 '-6 9 'Z01
6£9 ' Z 506 ' Z 9 'ZOI
962 ' Z L£L ' 2 9 'Z01
I0Z ' 5 9£Z ' 5 z'1f1
825 '£ 9 6 9 ~£ Z'1E1
286 ' Z F8Z 'E Z'IET
L65 ' Z 621 ' £ Z '1£1
ZL5 ' 5 1Z9 ' 5 8 '551
LZ6 'E 560 ' P 8 '551
9 0 2 .£ LL5 ' £ 8 '551
0P6 ' Z ZLP 'E 8 '551
025 ' 5 009 ' 5 8'181
680 'P 16Z '.6 8 '187
PPP "2 P98 'E 8 '181
b 6 0 'E 5PL * £ 8 '181
L55 '77 9.6L ' P 8 'LOZ
P6L 'E 002 'P 8 'LOZ
6££ '£ 8 1 0 '.6 8 'LOZ
68£ ' P £89 'P 1 .1£Z
906 '£ 96s '* 1 'T£Z
865 '£ S9Z ' P 7 '1SZ
PP8 '.6 .6ZT .5 E 'Z9Z
I£=P.P LC8 ' P £ 'Z9Z
RRO ' P 5 5 9 .P £ 'Z9Z
ZLE ' 5 1 0 6 .5 1 'L5£
66Z ' 5 61L ' 5 1 'L5S
6 5 s ';b 09P ' 5 I 'L5F
LPL ' 5 6Z6 ' 5 0 '00s
80Z ' 5 88P ' 5 0 '00£
9PL ' P 1E1 .5 0 '00£
Z8£ ' P 956 ' 9 0 'OOE
Table 4. Continued.

%ERROR
DIFFR QEFR Q DIFSB QESUB SUB SUBE PRAM PRAME
(DIFSBIQ)