Professional Documents
Culture Documents
k1
A B + C
k-1
v= k1 [A]
1st order reaction (rate dependent on concentration of 1 reactant)
v= k-1[B][C]
2nd order reaction (rate dependent on concentration of 2 reactants)
k1 k2
E+S ES E+P
k-1 k-2
Initial Velocities
Hold [E] constant
[E]<<<<<[S]
[P]
d[P]/dT = Vo1 mM
[S] = 1 mM
time
Initial Velocities
[P] [S] = 5 mM
d[P]/dT = Vo5 mM
d[P]/dT = Vo1 mM
[S] = 1 mM
time
Plot Vo vs. [S]
Vo 10 mM
Vo 5 mM
Vo 1 mM
Initial Velocity Assumption
1) Measurements made to measure initial velocity (vo). At
vo very little product formed. Therefore, the rate at
which E + P react to form ES is negligible and k-2 is 0.
Therefore
E + S E S E + P
k1 k2
E+S ES E+P
k-1 k-2
Steady State Assumption
Steady state Assumption = [ES] is constant. The rate of ES
formation equals the rate of ES breakdown
E + S E S E + P
k1 k2
E+S ES E+P
k-1
Data from a single experiment
performed with at a single [S].
(single point on Vo vs. [S] plot)
Rate of ES formation
E + S E S
k1
E+S ES
E S E + P
k2
ES E+P
E S E + S
k-1
ES E+S
Rate = (k2 [ES]) + (k-1[ES])
Rate = [ES](k2 + k-1)
If the rate of ES formation equals the rate of ES
breakdown
Michaelis-Menton Derivation
k1 k2
E+S ES E+P
k-1
Michaelis-Menton Derivation
Michaelis-Menton Derivation
ET[S]
10. Divide through by k1: [ES] = -----------------------
(k-1 + k2)/k1 + [S]
11. Defined Michaelis constant: KM = (k-1 + k2) / k1
12. Substitute KM into the equation in step 10.
13. Then substitute [ES] into v = k2 [ES] from step1
and replace Vmax with k2 ET to give:
Vmax[S]
vo = -----------
KM + [S]
Vmax = velocity where all of the
enzyme is bound to substrate
(enzyme is saturated with S)
Km = [S] at ½ Vmax
(units moles/L=M)
(1/2 of enzyme bound to S)
Understanding Vmax
Glucose Km = 8 X 10-6
Hexose Kinase Allose Km = 8 X 10-3
Glucose + ATP <-> Glucose-6-P + ADP Mannose Km = 5 X 10-6
Sample questions
• How does the Michaelis-Menten equation
explain why the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction reaches a maximum value at high
substrate?
k1 kcat
E+S ES E+P
k-1
The catalytic efficiency
What does kcat/Km mean?
• It measures how the enzyme
performs when S is low
0.1
8 0.214
B 10 0.23
B
0.05
Km
Km ~ 1.3 mM
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vmax ~ 0.25
[S]
Lineweaver-Burke Plots
(double reciprocal plots)
• (a)
• (b)
• (c) Km and Vmax can be determined from the intercepts in the Lineweaver-
Burke plot:
1/V max = 0.015 s/mM Vmax = 66 mM/s
-1/K m = -10 mM Km = 0.1 mM
E + S <-> ES -> E + P
E + I <-> EI
Ki = [E][I]/[EI]
• Competitive
• Uncompetitive
• Non-competitive
Classes of Reversible Inhibition
Two real, one hypothetical
• Competitive inhibition - inhibitor (I) competes with the
substrate for the active site of the enzyme
O O
PABA
Sulfanilamide
Non-competitive Inhibitor (NI)
E + A + B <-> E + P + Q
• Sequential Reactions
a) ordered
b) random
• Ping-pong Reactions
Sequential Reactions
Ordered A B P Q
E EA (EAB) (EPQ) EQ E
A B P Q
Random
EA EQ
E (EAB)(EPQ) E
EB EP
Q P
B A
Ordered Sequential
Ordered Random
Ping-Pong Reactions
A P B Q
1/Vo 1/Vo
1/[S] 1/[S]