Designation: A 751 - 01 Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for ;Documento \para INFORMAGAG! Chemical Analysis of Steel Products’ “tis nar syd ude he te design ASH; the per mest following the design ints te yee of Scrip epton (nda en Nan seein, year sein. Rabe psc iis yar of teapot A yg nc he leon or anya INTRODUCTION ‘This standard was prepared to answer the need fora single document that would include all aspects of obtaining and reporting the chemical analysis of stel, stainless stecl, and related alloys, Such Subjects #8 definitions of terms and product (check) analysis variations (tolerances) required Clarification. Requirements for sampling, meeting specified limits, and treatment of data usually were not cleatly established in product specifications. Ti ig amended that this standard will contain all roquirements for the determination of chemical composition of steel, stainless steel, oF related alloys so that produet specifications will nee contain only special modifications and exceptions. 1. Scope 1 This standard covers definitions, reference methods, practices, and guides relating (othe chemical analysis of steel, Ftainless ste, and related alloys, It includes both wet chemical and instrumental techniques. 1.2 Directions are provided for handling chemical require- rents, product analyses, residual elements, and reference Standards, and for the treatment and reporting of chemical analysis data 113 This standard applies only to those produet standards which include this standard or parts thereof as a requirement. Td In cases of conflict, the product specification require- iments shall take precedence over the requirements of this standard, 15 Attention is directed to Practice A #80 when there may be a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testing laboratories. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with ity use, It is the esponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- iy of regulatory limitations prior ta ws. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: ‘A 880 Practice for Criteria for Use in Evaluation of Testing ‘Laboratories and Organizations for the Examination and “Tan mst had, atc, emily a vd he erin of ‘nse tespoaiiy of Subcommilee AO1.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing eS aetsng tide of Set Prats nd Pres ‘recs coon arpoved St, 2K Published Nose 200, Oily putas A721 Last pe en ATS 96 Inspection of Stee, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys? 5.29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications? E30 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, Cast Iron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron" E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid. ‘erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials? E59. Practice for Sampling Stee! and Iron for Determination ‘of Chemical Composition” 60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related ‘Materials by Molecular Absorption Spectrometry® E212 Test Method for Spectrographic Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel by the Rod-to-Rod Technique” E293 Test Method for Spectrographic Determination of ‘Acid-Soluble Aluminum in Low-Alloy Steel By the Solu: tion Technique” 322 Method for X-Ray Emission Spectrometric Analysis ‘of Low-Alloy Steels and Cast Irons” £327 Test Method for Optical Emission Spectrometric ‘Analysis of Stainless Type 18-8 Stecls by the Pointto- Plane Technique E380 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel, Low-Alloy Stee, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and Wrought Iron E352 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Tool Steels gma Bok of ASTH Stands, Yl 01.03 Noma kof ASTM Stents, Nl 1402 1 Bind. See 1H dome ok of ASTM Suandids, W005. ma! Bk of 45TH Stars, Vl 03.05. $eames toieed by E1806. Se 1996 Arma Bonk of AST¥E Standard, W080. Setamied. Sc 198 Ana Bok of ASTM Surin, Yl 03.06 Bicones, Se 1908 dma! Bok of STH Suri, Nl, 03.06.Aly a 751 and Other Similar Medium- and High-Alloy Steels* F353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium. Nickel-Iron Alioys* E354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High: ‘Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys? E403 Test Method for Optical Emission Spectrometric Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steet by the Point-tox Plane Technique" E404 Test Method for Spectrographie Determination of Boron in Carbon and Low-Alloy Stee! by the Poin-to- Plane Technique* 41S Test Method for Optical Emission Vacuum Spectto- ‘metric Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel? E421 Test Method for Spectrographic Determination of Silicon and Aluminum in High-Purity Ion? E485 Test Method for Optical Emission Vacuum Spectro- metric Analysis of Blast Furnace Iron by the Point-to-Plane Technique® E548 Guide for General Crter Laboratory Competence’ E5972 Test Method for X-Ray Emission Spectrometric Analysis of Stainless Steel? 663 Practice for Flame Atomic Absorption Analysis? E743 Guide for Spectrochemical Laboratory Quality Ase ESI. Practice for Evaluation of Speetrochemical Labora- tories!” E 882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory* E 1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen and Oxygen in Steel and in Tron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys® 1024 Guide for Chemical Analysis of Metals and Metal Bearing Ores by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectropho- tometry> E 1063 Test Method for X-Ray Emission Spectrometric Determination of Cerium and Lanthanum in Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels! 1086 Test Method for Optical Emission Vacuum Spectro- ‘metric Analysis of Stainless Stee] by the Point-to-Plane Excitation Technique? E 1087 Practice for Sampling Molten Stee! from a Ladle Using An Immersion Sampler to Produce a Specimen for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis" 1097 Guide for Direct Current Plasma Emission Spec- trometry Analysis® E1184 Practice for Electrothermal (Graphite Fur ‘Atomic Absorption Analysis! E 1282 Guide for Specifying the Chemical Compositions and Selecting Sampling Practices and Quantitative Analy. sis Methods for Metals, Ores and Related Materials? Used for Evaluating ce) * isconinusd and tepiced by EID. Soo 1994 Arma Rook of ASTM Sura 036 Diamine See 1997 dma Bk of ASTM Sn. Wh 06, "Davos an replica by $9. Se 984 ma! Boo of AST Stondant A 08 E 1329 Practice for Verification and the Use of Control Chars in Spectrochemical Analysis! 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions 3.11 Pertaining to Analyses: 3.1.1.1 cast or heat (formerly ladle) analysis—applies to chemical analyses representative of a heat of steel as reported to the purchaser and determined by analyzing a test sample, preferably obtsined during the pouring of the steel, for the clements designated in @ speefieation 3.1.1.2 product, check or verification analysis—a chemical analysis ofthe semifinished or finished product, usualy forthe Purpose of determining conformance to the specification re- uirements. The range of the specified composition applicable to product analysis is normally greater than that applicable to heat analysis inorder to take into account deviations associated ‘with analytical reproducibility (Note 1) and the heterogeneity of the steel Nore {—All of the chemical analysis procedresrefereneed in this document inlade precision statements with reproducibly data with exception of Test Methods £30 3.1.1.3 product analysis tolerances (Note 2)—a permissible variation over the maximum imi or under the minimum limit of a specified element and applicable only to product analyses, not cast of heat analyses, Now 2~—The ter “analsis tolerance” often misunderstood oes not apply fo castor heat analyses determined 0 show coaformanee speciied chemical limits. 1 applies ony to product analysis and becomes ‘ening only when the het analysis fan element alls lose tone of the speci limits. For example, sifes tee UNS. 30400 Tt or hromium sre 1800 t0 20.00%. A heat thatthe producer repel 1801 % chromium may te found 1 show 17 80% chromium By ser Pesforming a produc nays If the product analysis olerance for such t ‘hromiun level 020%, the product anys of 17 80% ehrmuey would be acceptable. A product anaysie of 1779% would. ae seceptable 3.1.14 proprietary analytical method-a non-standard ana- 'ytical method, not published by ASTM, utilizing refeeence standards traceable t0 the National Institute of Standards and ‘Technology (NIST) (when available) or other sources rcler- enced in Section 10. 3.1.18 referee analysis performed using ASTM methods listed in 9.1.1 and NIST reference standards or methods and reference standards agreed upon between parties. The selection ‘of a laboratory to perform the referee analysis shall be a matter ‘of agreement between the supplier and the purchaser 3.1.1.6 conified reference material—a specimen of material specially prepared, analyzed, and certified for chemical content lunder the jurisdiction of a recognized standardizing agency or ‘Toup, such as the National Institute of Standards and Tech: ‘ology, for use by analytical laboratories as an accurate haste for comparison. Reference samples should bear sufficient resemblance to the material to be analyzed so that no signift- cant differences are required in procedures or corrections (for example, for interferences or inter-element effets. 3.1.17 working reference materials—reference materials used for routine analytical control and traceable to NIST standards and other recognized standards when appropriateAly A751 standards are available 3.12 Pertaining 10 Elements 3121 intentionally added unspecified element—an cle ment added in controlled amounts at the option of the producer to obtain desirable characteristics. 3.1.22 residual element—a specified or unspecified ele- ment, not intentionally added, originating in raw materials, reffactories, or at. 3.1.23 specified element-—an element controled toa speci- fied range, maximum or minimum, in accordance with the requirements of the product specification. i124 trace element-—a residual element that may oeeur in very low concentrations, generally less than 0.01 %. 4, Concerning the Specification of Chemical Composition Requirements 4.) Its recommended that Guide E 1282 be consulted as a guide for specifying the chemical compositions for stels “42 The recommended practice for specifying chemical ‘composition limits is to limit the number of significant figures foreach element so thatthe number of figures to the right ofthe decimal point conforms to the following Chemical cam ig Fes 2 Up 10.0010 % 02008 oF may be exprsssed a= per Upto = Shor Biaie 300% om 1433 For those cases in which the composition range spans either 0.10 % of 3.0% the number of figutes tothe right ofthe ccimal is to be determined by that indicated by the upper limi. "hel ‘Technical considerations may dictate the employment of tess than the number of Figures to the right of the decimal as previously recommended. ‘Nom 3-The recommendations should be employed 10 reduce the umber of signet igure, sich as from 18.00% 10 180%, but ‘lufcan gure should never be added unless thee technical reson for 30 doing 5. Cast or Heat Analysis 5.1 The producer shall perform analyses for those elements specified in the material specification. The results of such fnalyses shall conform to the requirements specified in the terial specification. S.L-1 For multiple heats, either individual heat or cast analysis or an average heat of cast analysis shal be reported. IF Siunificant variations in heat or east size are involved, @ Wweightod average heat or cast analysis, based on the relative ‘quantity of metal in each heat or east, shall be reported: ‘S12 For consumable electrode remelted material, a heat is fined as all the ingots remelted by the same process from & primary heat. The heat analysis shall be obtained from one Temelted ingot, or the produet of one remelted ingot, from each primary melt. If this heat analysis does not meet the heat Enalysis requirements of the specification, one sample from the product of cach remelted ingot shall be analyzed, and the Snalyses shall meet the heat analysis requirements 5. If the test samples taken for the heat analysis are lost, inadequate, or not representative ofthe hea, @ product analysis of the semifiished or finished produet may be used to establish the heat analysis. ‘3.11 If a product analysis is made to establish the heat analysis, the product analysis shall moet the specified limits for heat analysis and the product analysis tolerances deseribed in Seation 6 do not apply. 6. Product Analysis Requirements 6.1 For product analysis, the range of the specified chemical ‘composition is normally greater (designated product analysis folerances) than that applicable to heat analyses to take into faccount deviations associated with analytical reproducibility and the hoterogenety of the steel. If several determinations of fany element in the heat are made, they may not vary both above and below the speeified range ‘62 Produet analysis tolerances may not be used to deter- imine conformance to the specified heat or cast analysis unless permitted by the individual material specication. 16.3 Product analysis tolerances, where available, are given in the individual material specifications or in the general requirement specifications 7. Unspecified Elements (Note 4) 7.1 Reporting analyses of unspecified elements is permitted Non 4 All commercial metals contin small moun of various cloyunts tn adn to those wih are specie. Is nibes practical nor seer to pot lis for every unspecified clement tht might be resent, dente he fact tat he presence of many of these clement is Sten routinely determined bythe producer. 2.2 Analysis limits shall be established for specific elements rather than groups of elements such as “all others,” “rare earths,” and “balance.” 8, Sampling. 8.1 Cast or Heat Analyses 8.1.1 Samples shall be taken, insofar as possible, during the ‘casting of a heat, at atime which, inthe producer's judgment, best represents the composition of the east ‘LZ In case the heat analysis samples or analyses are lost ot inadequate, or when itis evident thatthe sample does not truly represent the heat, representative samples may be taken fom the semifinished or finished product. in which case such samples may be analyzed to satisfy the specified requirements, ‘The analysis shall meet the specified limits for heat analysis. 82 Check, Product, or Verification Analyses—Unless ot cewise specified, the latest revision of Practice E 59 shall be used as a guide for sampling 9, Test Methods 9.1 This section lists some test methods that have been found acceptable for chemical analysis of steels. ‘1.1 The following ASTM wet chemical test methods have been found acceptable as referee test methods and as @ base for standardizing instrumental analysis techniques: Te acoder to Test ate E320 ough ESE E350 —_tvore wt cham procaaure fo tosly a 751 = wet tania proce fr sae sts = Wet hemes! rose fr hgh net! es Ghtasnaion eaten, nrogen ae, sy. ‘rognsoal anda ton, eka ad cob says, 9.1.2 The following ASTM instrumental test methods, prac- tices, and guides may be employed for chemical analysis of steels or may be useful as a guide in the calibration and standardization of instrumental equipment for routine sampling, and analysis of steels: Stand Gener! Overision E20" — apparatus. nage a ay E60 etomeri an spectophetometc work Eat Spectoorphe anasto sea (ods techie) Eas Specograhic anayes of edible stimu Fiza _ trnyrhorecnice seta E227 = eciomaine sas fas iets 403 Specromeric analy of sets E dot — —Specosraph etarmamion of sa boron pits Pare achnige E421 specrograpnsdeteminaion of sian and avnnu a atest ros 495 — ge emission vacuum spoctomari ray ast {anaes on ty te poste sane oem. ese ‘oy omssan specromet ana of ass sols Feat fame oom saepon ae aecnunaty ard guy conto Et0i9 etrminaon of cattn, sk trogen 2456, aly. ‘rogen slo! ond in fon, rihaBhdStesoye E1024 fame meen stnoon E1053 tay amazon spectometecitrinaon of coum an 100s — egea emsson vacuum space nays of ae les ste byte pontta plane encnionechigu tor = Somping Etoer Etter tame Seleing samolng paces an anal matods 1828 einen and uss cont chars 5.2 The following are some of the commonly accepted techniques employed for routine chemical analysis of steels ‘These routine analyses are the basis For the producers’ quality ccontroVassurance programs. Proprietary methods are permis- sible provided the results are equivalent to those obtained from standard methods when applicable. 9.2.1 Analysis of stainless steels using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). See Table 1 for normal elements and ranges for stainless stels, 9.22 Analysis of stainless steels using. spark emission spectroscopy (OES). See Table 2 for normal elements and. ranges for stainless steels, 9.2.3 Analysis of solu spectrophotometer. 9.24 Analysis of solutions using an induetively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. 9.2.5 Determination of carbon or sulfut, or both, by eom- 3 using an atomic absorption ‘TABLE 1 Normal Elements and Ranges fr Stainless Steets Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Tarai Ranges % Bement Ronan ww 05-163 @ ‘005-40 , on0r-0 "8 & Sons-a0 5 So0s-s0 v bate-20 & ‘ot-260 % bane-as x boraee & oo0s-40 a omnes Se on 020 os oa05-60 w 005-38 ‘TABLE 2 Normal Elements and Ranges for Stainless Steal Using Spark Emission Spectroscopy e ‘oabe-e@ v Omere 5 on0s-04 % onts28 Ny 0026-03 bo bone-a3 na Ots-t50 Se 01-230 e beats w ooveaa s Does-s0 Pe 802-005 ce ‘or-260 e cmcs-aos x Bor-aeo ce onaz c+ x comes to ‘001-001 to Bane-eo & 001-02 & 05-40 z Stora ce 0005-38, fs 005-05 soos te ono bustion (in oxygen) and measurement of CO, or $O,, of both, by thermal conductivity or infrared detectors Elmont Ranges irae Ranges cart) sooo ot 9.2.6 Determination of nitrogen and oxygen by fusion (in a hheliur atmosphere) and measurement of Ny by thermal con Guctivity and oxygen by measurement of CO by infrared oF thermal conductivity detectors, Elmont Ranges % ne "oon0s = “os © Gomes = eae 9.2.7 Analysis of solutions using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) or direct plasma emission spectroscopy (DCP), Normal elements and ranges for stainless steels are as follows: een Rangee coon > a5 foes > ton > Oa 9.3 There are additional common techniques often used for chemical analysis of standards for instrument analysis such as polarographic analysis, ion exchange separations, radionctiv tion, and mass spectrometry. 10, Reference Materials 10.1 For referee analyses, reference standards of a recog: nized standardizing agency shall be employed with preference siven to NIST standard reference materials when applicable (NIST dloes not produce reference standards suitable for all clements or all alloys."2) 10.1.1. When standard reference materials for certain alloys fare ot available from NIST, reference materials may be produced by employing ASTM standard procedures and NIST standard reference materials to the exten that such procedures tnd reference standards are available. Several independent laboratories should be used for certification ofthese standards and their results statistically reviewed and merged 10.1.2 Methods not published by ASTM such as a definitive ‘analytical method may be used when the method is validated We sures Of rfc mati ae Und ASTM Date Ser Pubic No DS. 196Ay as hormality, and mass spectrometry 10.2. Working reference materials may be used for routine analytical control 11, Significant Numbers V1.1 Laboratories shall report each element to the same number of significant numbers as used in the pertinent material specifications 112. When a chemical determination yields « greater num- ber of significant numbers than is specified for an element, the result shall be rounded in accordance with Seetion 12. 12, Rounding Procedure 12.1 To determine conformance with the specification re- quirements, an observed value of calculated value shall be ‘rounded in accordance with Practice E 29 tothe nearest unit in the last right-hand place of values listed in the table of chemical requirements, 12.2 In the special ease of rounding the number “S” when no additional numbers other than "O” follow the “5, rounding, ‘hall be dane in the direction ofthe specification analysis ints if following Practice E 29 would cause rejection of material 13. Records. 13.1 In addition to the test data requested, the test records shail contain the following information as appropriate: 13.1.1 Description of the material tested, for example, heat raumber, grade of material, product specification 13.1.2 Test method(s) or unambiguous description of the nonstandard method{s) used. 14, Keywords 14.1 east analysis; chemical analysis; heat analysis; product analysis; reference materials APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) XI. QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR VALIDITY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS, X11 The requirements embodied in Guide E548 and Practices A'880 and E 851, provide generic requirements for production of valid chemical-analysis results X12 Additional pertinent standards for improving the competency of ehemical analysis Inboratories are included in Guides E743 and E 882. X13 Keys to improving validity of chemical analytical results are as Follows: [AST interaoal kes no pin respecting ha ak of ayer ae X13. Replication of sampling and testing to improve the precision of results: X13.2 Use of reference materials is crucial to accurate results; X13.3 Instrumentation that is appropriate and properly ‘maintained; and X1.3.4 Personnel who are properly trained, ethical chemists cor technicians and who work with properly documented, current standards, sendin comectan wth ay tm merdoned ee rr ie eres aoeaed ta Stemineton 2 te vast of ay suc pte sand he ok ‘SB ef such gh are etal Oa on responsi ns tana subi rovon at any tne by teresa eenica commie ard must be evewed vey fe yeas a aC i anh ou! eanmart are tet er br revise Mo dao for atonal onde eee retinal Heauava Your eames wi eve cr carsireon at a acing oe wera tchnca commie, wh you may aor. you ‘eee ews Ano i the ASTI Comma on Sandor, ese yrarcommonts ave nt ecetd 9 fa hearing ys SPU ‘is standards cpyrotied by AST Iemston, 10 Ba Haro’ Dv, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken. PA 15428-2058 Ln Sate aun repr (agi mute copies) of hs Siufte ar ae stoea2. 0008 (prone) 61832-0598 (ae, oF ‘eon "anda maybe ctaed y cotcing ASTM atthe a2OWe Jerneagerinor femal). or tough the ASTM wetsie