Vacancy-Related Problems

Problem 01 (Callister Example 4.1)

Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at 1000oC. The energy for
vacancy formation is 0.9 eV/atom; the atomic weight and density (at 1000 oC) for copper are 63.5
g/mol and 8.4 g/cm3, respectively.

Nv = 2.2 x 1025 vacancies/m3

Problem 02-04 (Askeland Example 4.1-4.4)

Problem 05 (Askeland Problem 4-2)

• Calculate the number of vacancies per cm3 expected in copper at 1080C (just below the melting
temperature). The activation energy for vacancy formation is 20,000 cal/mol. ( ao for copper=
3.6151 10 )

4.97 x 10 vacancies/

Problem 06 (Askeland Problem 4-3)

• The fraction of lattice points occupied by vacancies in solid aluminium at 660 oC is 10-3. What is the
energy required to create vacancies in aluminium?

Q = 12,800 cal/mol

Problem 07 (Askeland Problem 4-4)

The density of a sample of FCC palladium is 11.98 g/cm3 and its lattice
parameter is 3.8902 Å. Atomic weight of Pd is 106.4 gm/mol.
• Calculate (a) the fraction of the lattice points that contain vacancies and
• (b) the total number of vacancies in a cubic centimetre of Pd.
Fraction of the vacant sites = (4-3.9905)/4 = 0.002375
n = 1.61 x 10 20 vacancies/

Problem 8 (Askeland Problem 4-5)

The density of a sample of HCP beryllium is 1.844 g/cm3, atomic weight 9.01
gm/mol and the lattice parameters are a0=0.22858 nm and c0=0.35842 nm.
• Calculate (a) the fraction of the lattice points that contain vacancies
• and (b) the total number of vacancies in a cubic centimetre.

Fraction of the vacant sites = (2-1.9984)/2 = .0008

n = .986 x 10 20 vacancies/

Problem 09 (Askeland Problem 4-6)