Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Problems

C06S0M.001: The net distance is

 3  3
1 3 1 2 3 3
v(t) dt = t − t − 2t =− −0=− .
0 3 2 0 2 2
Because v(t) < 0 for 0 < t < 2, the total distance is
 2  3    
10 3 10 31
− v(t) dt + v(t) dt = −0 + − + = ≈ 5.166667.
0 2 3 2 3 6

C06S0M.002: Because t2 − 4 < 0 for 1 < t < 2 but t2 − 4 > 0 for 2 < t < 4, whereas v(t)
0 for 1  t  4,
the net and total distance are both

 2  4  2  4
1 3 1 3 5 32 37
− (t − 4) dt +
2
(t − 4) dt = −
2
t − 4t + t − 4t = + = ≈ 12.333333.
1 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 3

1 1
C06S0M.003: Because v(t) < 0 for 0 < t < 2 but v(t) > 0 for 2 < t < 32 , the net distance is
 3/2    3/2
1
v(t) dt = − cos π(2t − 1) =1−0=1
0 2 0

and the total distance is

 1/2  3/2
− v(t) dt + v(t) dt = (1 − 0) + (1 − (−1)) = 3.
0 1/2

 1  1
1 4 1 1
C06S0M.004: The volume is 3
x dx = x = −0= .
0 4 0 4 4
 4  4
2 3/2 16 2 14
C06S0M.005: The volume is x1/2 dx = x = − = ≈ 4.666667.
1 3 1 3 3 3
 2  2
1 4 1 15
C06S0M.006: The volume is x3 dx = x =4− = = 3.75.
1 4 1 4 4
 1  1
1 3 1 5 2π
C06S0M.007: The volume is π(x2 − x4 ) dx = π x − x = ≈ 0.4188790205.
0 3 5 0 15
 1  1
1 101 2
C06S0M.008: The volume is x100 dx = x = ≈ 0.0198019802.
−1 101 −1 101

C06S0M.009: Between time t = 0 and time t = 12, the rainfall in inches is

 12  12
1 1 1 2
(t + 6) dt = t+ t = 12 − 0 = 12.
0 12 2 24 0

C06S0M.010: The curves meet at (0, 0) and at (1, 1), and the quadratic is higher than the cubic between
those points. A cross section of the solid perpendicular to the x-axis is a square of base length 2x − x2 − x3
and thus the cross section has area A(x) = (2x − x2 − x3 )2 . Hence the volume of the solid is

1
  1  1
4 3 3 1 1 22
V = A(x) dx = x − x4 − x5 + x6 + x7 = ≈ 0.2095238095.
0 3 5 3 7 0 105

C06S0M.011: The region R of Problem 10 is bounded above by the graph of f (x) = 2x − x2 and below
by the graph of g(x) = x3 for 0  x  1. A cross section of the solid S of Problem 11 perpendicular to the
x-axis at x is an annular region with outer radius f (x) and inner radius g(x), thus of cross-sectional area
2 2
A(x) = π [f (x) ] − π [g(x) ] . Therefore the volume of S is
 1  1
4 3 1 1 41
V = A(x) dx = π x − x4 + x5 − x7 = π − 0 ≈ 1.2267171314.
0 3 5 7 0 105

C06S0M.012: The region R of this problem is bounded above by the graph of f (x) = x2 + 1 and below
by the graph of g(x) = 2x4 for −1  x  1 and (important) is symmetric around the y-axis. If R is rotated
around the x-axis, the solid S that it generates has as cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis at x annular
2 2
regions with outer radius f (x) and inner radius g(x), thus of cross-sectional area A(x) = π [f (x) ] −π [g(x) ] .
Therefore the volume of S is
 1  1  
2 1 4 64π 64π 128π
V1 = A(x) dx = π x + x3 + x5 − x9 = − − = ≈ 8.9360857702.
−1 3 5 9 −1 45 45 45
If R is rotated around the y-axis to form the solid T , then (using the symmetry of R around the y-axis) the
method of cylindrical shells yields the volume of T as
 1  1
1 2 5π
V2 = 2πx [f (x) − g(x) ] dx = π x2 + x4 − x6 = ≈ 2.6179938780.
0 2 3 0 6

1
C06S0M.013: Each cross section perpendicular to the x-axis has area A(x) = 16 π, so the total mass of
the helix is
 20  20
17π 85π
m= (8.5) · A(x) dx = x = ≈ 33.3794219444 (grams).
0 32 0 8

C06S0M.014: Most of the natural ways to solve this problem involve algebraic difficulties. For example,
the side of the frustum should not be part of the graph of y = mx, even though this would seem to yield the
simplest choice. In each case, both the method of cross sections and the method of cylindrical shells lead
to difficulties. Here’s the simplest solution we’ve found. Write r for r1 and s for r2 . Sketch a trapezoid in
the first quadrant with vertices at (0, 0), (h, 0), (h, s), and (0, r). Then an equation of the top edge of the
trapezoid is
s−r
x. y=r+
h
The frustum is produced by rotating the trapezoidal region around the x-axis, and its volume is

  2  h  2 
h
s−r 2 2r(s − r) s−r
V = π r+ x dx = π r + x+ x2 dx
0 h 0 h h

  2 h  
r(s − r) 2 1 s−r 1
=π r x+ 2
x + 3
x = π r2 h + r(s − r)h + (s − r)2 h
h 3 h 3
0

1 πh 2
πh 2

= πh(3r2 + 3rs − 3r2 + s2 − 2rs + r2 ) = r + rs + s2 = r1 + r1 r2 + r22 .

3 3 3
2
C06S0M.015: Let z denote the distance from P to the origin. A horizontal cross-section of the elliptical
cone “at” z (thus at distance z from P ) is an ellipse with major axis and minor axis each proportional to z.
So the area A(z) of this cross section is proportional to z 2 : A(z) = kz 2 where k is a positive constant. But

A(h) = kh2 = πab

by the result of Problem 47 of Section 5.8, and hence k = πab/h2 . Therefore A(z) = πabz 2 /h2 . So the
volume of the elliptical cone is
 h  h
πab 2 πab 3 1
V = z dz = z = πabh,
0 h2 3h2 0 3

one-third the product of the area of the base and the height of the elliptical cone.
 2  r 2
a−h 2ah − h2 2
C06S0M.016: Because (a − h, r) lies on the ellipse, + = 1. Therefore r2 = b .
a b a2
And so
 a  a  
x2 b2 h2
V = 2
πy dx = πb 2
1− 2 dx = π (3a − h) .
a−h a−h a 3a2

b2 b2 r2
But r2 = h(2a − h), so h = . Therefore
a2 a2 2a − h
3a − h
V = 13 πr2 h .
2a − h

C06S0M.017: Because (a + h, r) lies on the hyperbola,

(a + h)2 r2
− = 1.
a2 b2
It follows that

b2 (2ah + h2 )
r2 = . (1)
a2
Moreover, the equation of the hyperbola may be written in the form

b2 2
y2 = (x − a2 ).
a2
Therefore the “segment of the hyperboloid” has volume

 a+h  a+h  a+h

πb2 πb2 1 3
V = πy 2 dx = (x2 − a2 ) dx = x − a2 x
a a2 a a2 3 a

 a+h
πb2 3 πb2 3

= 2
x − 3a2
x = 2
a + 3a2 h + 3ah2 + h3 − 3a3 − 3a2 h − a3 + 3a3
3a a 3a

1 b2 2
= π h (3a + h).
3 a2
a2 r2 1 h2 a2 r2 1 3a + h
But by Eq. (1), b2 = 2
. So V = π 2 (3a + h) = πr2 h .
2ah + h 3 a h(2a + h) 3 2a + h

3
  t  
1 π 1
, so V  (t) = π (f (t)) = 2 . Therefore f (x) = .
2 2
C06S0M.018: V (t) = π (f (x)) dx = π 1 −
1 t t x
 t
2 π 
C06S0M.019: V = π (f (x)) dx = (1 + 3t)2 − 16 . Thus
1 6
2 π
π (f (x)) = [(2)(1 + 3x)(3)] = π(1 + 3x).
6
√
Therefore f (x) = 1 + 3x .
  
t
3/2
C06S0M.020: V (t) = 2πxf (x) dx = 29 π 1 + 3t2 − 8 , so
1
   
V  (t) = 2πtf (t) = 29 π 3
2 1 + 3t3 (6t) = 2πt 1 + 3t2 .
√
Therefore f (x) = 1 + 3x2 .

C06S0M.021: The graphs of f (x) = sin 12 πx and g(x) = x cross at (0, 0) and (1, 1), and g(x) < f (x) if
0 < x < 1. When the region they bound is rotated around the y-axis, the method of cylindrical shells yields
the volume of the solid thus generated to be
  
1 1
πx  
V = 2πx [f (x) − g(x) ] dx = 2π x sin − x2 dx.
0 0 2

πx 2u
Now let u = , so that x = . This substitution yields
2 π
 π/2    π/2  
2 4 2 2 8 16 2
V = 2π u sin u − 2 u · du = u sin u − 2 u du
0 π π π 0 π π
 π/2
8 16 3 8 16 π 3 8 2π
= (sin u − u cos u) − u = − 2· = − ≈ 0.4520839871.
π 3π 2 0 π 3π 8 π 3

C06S0M.022: If −1  x  2, then a thin vertical strip of the region above x is rotated in a circle of radius
x + 2. Therefore the volume generated is

 2  2
2 1
V = 2π(x + 2)(x + 2 − x2 ) dx = π 8x + 4x2 − x3 − x4
−1 3 2 −1
 
56π 23π 45π
= − − = ≈ 70.6858347058.
3 6 2

dy
C06S0M.023: = 12 x1/2 − 12 x−1/2 , so
dx
 2  2
dy
1+ = 12 x1/2 + 12 x−1/2 . (1)
dx

So the length of the curve is

 4    4
1 1/2 1 −1/2 1 14 4 10
L= x + x dx = x1/2 + x3/2 = − = .
1 2 2 3 1 3 3 3

C06S0M.024: We use the result in Eq. (1) in the solution of Problem 23: ds = 12 x−1/2 + 12 x1/2 dx. The
graph of f (x) = 13 x3/2 − x1/2 lies below the x-axis for 1  x  3 and above it for 3  x  4. Hence the
radius of the cirle of rotation is −f (x) in the former case and f (x) in the latter case. So the area of the
left-hand part of the surface is

 3  3  
1 1 1
AL = − 2πf (x) ds = 2π + x − x2 dx
1 1 2 3 6
 3  
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 16π
= 2π x + x2 − x = 2π + − − − + = .
2 6 18 1 2 2 2 2 6 18 9
The area of the right-hand part of the surface is

 3  4
1 3 1 2 1
AR = x − x − x
2πf (x) ds = 2π
1 18 6 2 3
 
32 8 3 3 3 7π
= 2π − −2− + + = .
9 3 2 2 2 9
Therefore the total area of the surface of revolution around the x-axis is

16π 7π 23π
AL + AR = + = ≈ 8.0285145592.
9 9 9

There is no such difficulty in part (b), in which the graph of f is rotated around the y-axis. The area
of the surface thereby generated is

 4  4  
1 1/2 1 3/2
A= 2πx ds = 2π x + x dx
1 1 2 2
 4  
1 3/2 1 5/2 8 32 1 1 256π
= 2π x + x = 2π + − − = ≈ 53.6165146213.
3 5 1 3 5 3 5 15

C06S0M.025: Let x = f (y) = 38 (y 4/3 − 2y 2/3 ). Then

 2
9 4 1/3 4 −1/3 1 2/3 1 1 −2/3 (1 + y 2/3 )2
1 + [f  (y) ] = 1 +
2
y − y = y + + y = ,
64 3 3 4 2 4 4y 2/3

and therefore ds = 12 (y 1/3 + y −1/3 ) dy. Hence the length of the graph of g from y = 1 to y = 8 is
 8  8  8
1 1/3 −1/3 3 4/3 3 2/3 9 63
L= 1 ds = (y +y ) dy = y + y =9− = = 7.875.
1 1 2 8 4 1 8 8

C06S0M.026: Let x = g(y) = 38 (y 4/3 − 2y 2/3 ), 1  y  8. As in the solution of Problem 25, we find that
ds = 12 (y 1/3 + y −1/3 ) dy. So the surface area generated by revolving the graph of g around the x-axis will be

 8  8  8
3 7/3 3 5/3 2592π 36π 2556π
A= 2πy ds = π (y 4/3
+y 2/3
) dy = π y + y = − = ≈ 229.4260235022.
1 1 7 5 1 35 35 35
√
But the graph of x = g(y) crosses the y-axis where y = a = 2 2, so two integrals are required to find the
surface area generated by rotating the graph around the y-axis. They are

5
  a  a  a
3π 9 8/3 3 2 9 4/3 57π
A1 = − 2πg(y) ds = − (y 5/3
− y − 2y 1/3
) dy = −π y − y − y =
1 8 1 64 16 16 1 64
and

 8  8  8
3π 9 8/3 3 2 9 4/3 33π
A2 = 2πg(y) ds = (y 5/3 − y − 2y 1/3 ) dy = π y − y − y = .
a 8 a 64 16 16 a 2

1113π
Therefore the answer in part (b) is A1 + A2 = ≈ 54.63425974.
64

C06S0M.027: Let f (x) = 13 x3/2 − x1/2 , 1  x  4. Then

 2  2
 1 1/2 1 −1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 −1/2
= x + + x−1 =
2
1 + [f (x)] = 1 + x − x x + x .
2 2 4 2 4 2 2

Therefore ds = 12 x1/2 + x−1/2 dx. Therefore the area of the surface generated when the graph of f is
rotated around the vertical line x = 1 is

 4  4  4
−1/2 2 5/2
A= 2π(x − 1) ds = π (x 3/2
−x ) dx = π x − 2x1/2
1 1 5 1
 
44π 8π 52π
= − − = ≈ 32.6725635973.
5 5 5

 2
dy x dy r2
C06S0M.028: = −√ , so 1 + = 2 . Therefore
dx r2 − x2 dx r − x2
 b   b  b
r
A= 2π r2 − x2 √ dx = 2πr dx = 2πrx = 2πr(b − a) = 2πrh.
a r2 − x2 a a

C06S0M.029: This is merely a matter of substituting 2r for h in the area formula A = 2πrh derived in
Problem 28. Thus the area of a sphere of radius r is A = 2πr · 2r = 4πr2 .
√
C06S0M.030: Let f (x) = 2x3 and g(x) = 2 x. The region R bounded by the graphs of f and g lies in
the first quadrant and the two curves cross at the origin and at (1, 2). The graph of f is also the graph of
x = h(y) = (y/2)1/3 and the graph of g is also the graph of x = j(y) = (y/2)2 . The graph of g is above
the graph of f on the interval 0  x  1 and the graph of j is to the left of the graph of h on the interval
0  y  2.
Part (a): R is rotated around the x-axis, generating a solid of volume V1 . To find V1 by the method of cross
sections, we first simplify

2 2
[g(x)] − [f (x)] = 4x − 4x6 ,

and therefore
 1  1
4 10π
V1 = π (4x − 4x ) dx = π 2x − x7
6 2
= ≈ 4.4879895051.
0 7 0 7

To find V1 by the method of cylindrical shells, we evaluate

6
      2
2 2
1 3 3 · 22/3 7/3 1 4 10π
2πy [h(y) − j(y)] dy = π 2 2/3 4/3
y − y dy = π y − y = .
0 0 2 7 8 0 7

Part (b): R is rotated around the y-axis, generating a solid of volume V2 . To find V2 by the method of
cylindrical shells, we evaluate

 2  1  1
8 5/2 4 5 4π
V2 = 2πx [g(x) − f (x)] dx = π (4x 3/2
− 4x ) dx = π
4
x − x = ≈ 2.5132741229.
0 0 5 5 0 5

To find V2 by the method of cross sections, we first simplify

2 2 y 2/3 y4 1  
[h(y)] − [j(y)] = − = 8 · 2 1/3 2/3
y − y 4
.
22/3 16 16

Then
  2
2
1   π 4π
V2 = π· 8 · 21/3 y 2/3 − y 4 dy = 24 · 21/3 y 5/3 − y 5 = .
0 16 80 0 5

Part (c): R is rotated around the horizontal line y = −1, generating a solid of volume V3 . To find V3 by
the method of cross sections, we simplify

2 2
[g(x) + 1] − [f (x) + 1] = 4x1/2 + 4x − 4x3 − 4x6 .

Then

 1
π  1 65π
V3 = π(4x1/2 + 4x − 4x3 − 4x6 ) dx = 56x3/2 + 42x2 − 21x4 − 12x7 = ≈ 9.7239772611.
0 21 0 21

To find V3 by the method of cylindrical shells, we first simplify the integrand:

 
1 1 1
2π(y + 1) [h(y) − j(y)] = π(y + 1)(2 · 22/3 y 1/3 − y 2 ) = π 22/3 y 1/3 + 22/3 y 4/3 − y 2 − y 3 .
2 2 2

Then

 2  
1 1
V3 = π 2 2/3 1/3
y +2 2/3 4/3
y − y2 − y3 dy
0 2 2

 2
3 · 22/3 4/3 3 · 22/3 7/3 1 3 1 4 65π
=π y + y − y − y = .
4 7 6 8 0 21

Part (d): Finally, R is rotated around the vertical line x = 2, thereby generating a solid of volume V4 . To
evaluate V4 by the method of cross sections, we first simplify

2 2 y 2/3 y4
[2 − j(y)] − [2 − h(y)] = 25/3 y 1/3 − − y 2
+ .
22/3 16

Then

7
  2  
y 2/3 y4
V4 = π 25/3 y 1/3 − 2/3
− y2 + dy
0 2 16

 2
3 · 22/3 4/3 3 · 21/3 5/3 1 3 1 5 38π
=π y − y − y + y = ≈ 7.9587013891.
2 10 3 80 0 15
To evaluate V4 by the method of cylindrical shells, we first simplify

(2 − x) [g(x) − f (x)] = 4x1/2 − 2x3/2 − 4x3 + 2x4 .

Then
 1    1
8 3/2 4 5/2 2 38π
V4 = 2π 4x 1/2
− 2x 3/2
− 4x + 2x
3 4
dx = 2π x − x − x4 + x5 = .
0 3 5 5 0 15

C06S0M.031: Denote the spring constant by K. The information given in the problem yields
 5  3
K(x − L) dx = 5 K(x − L) dx;
2 2
 5  3
(x − L) dx = 5 (x − L) dx;
2 2
 5  3
1 1
(x − L)2 =5 (x − L)2 ;
2 2 2 2

(5 − L)2 − (2 − L)2 = 5(3 − L)2 − 5(2 − L)2 ;

25 − 10L + L2 − 4 + 4L − L2 = 45 − 30L + 5L2 − 20 + 20L − 5L2 ;

4L = 4.

Therefore the natural length of the spring is L = 1 (ft).

C06S0M.032: Set up a coordinate system in which y = 50 is the position of the windlass and the lowest
point P of the cable is initially at y = 0. When P is at location y (0  y  50), the length of the cable is
50 − y, so the total weight on the windlass is 1000 + 5 · (50 − y) (lb). Therefore the work to wind in 25 feet
of the cable is
 25  25
5
W = (1000 + 250 − 5y) dy = 1250y − y 2 = 29687.5 (ft·lb).
0 2 0

C06S0M.033: Set up a coordinate system in which the center of the tank is at the origin and the y-
is vertical. A horizontal cross section of the oil at positive y (−R  y  R) is circular with radius
axis 
x = R2 − y 2 , so its area is π(R2 − y 2 ). Hence the work to pump the oil to its final position y = 3R is

 R  R
W = (3R − y)πρ(R2 − y 2 ) dy = πρ (y 3 − 3Ry 2 − R2 y + 3R3 ) dy
−R −R
 R  
1 4 1 7 4 9 4
= πρ y − Ry 3 − R2 y 2 + 3R3 y = πρ R + R = 4πρR4 .
4 2 −R 4 4

8
C06S0M.034: Set up a coordinate system with the axis of the cone lying on the y-axis and with a diameter
of the base of the cone lying on the x-axis. Now a horizontal slice of the cone at height y has radius given
by x = 12 (1 − y); the units here are in feet. Therefore the work done in building the anthill is
 1  1
1 π 75 4 25
W = (150y)π(1 − y)2 dy = y − 100y 3 + 75y 2 = π ≈ 9.82 (ft·lb).
0 4 4 2 0 8

C06S0M.035: Set up a coordinate system in which the center of the earth is at the origin and the hole
extends upward along the vertical y-axis, with its top where y = R, the radius of the earth in feet. A 1-pound
weight at position y (0  y  R) weighs y/R pounds, so the total work to lift the weight from y = 0 to
y = R is
  R
R
y y2 R 3960 · 5280
W = dy = = = = 10454400 (ft·lb).
0 R 2R 0 2 2

The assumption of constant density of the earth is required to draw the conclusion that the gravitational
force is proportional to the distance from the center of the earth.

C06S0M.036: Set up a coordinate system in which the center of the earth is at the origin and the hole
extends along the nonnegative y-axis from y = 0 to y = R = 3960 · 5280, the radius of the earth in feet.
Imagine a thin cylindrical horizontal slab of dirt (or basalt, or whatever) in the hole at distance y from the
center of the earth. As it moves from its initial position y to its final position R, its weight varies: If it is at
position u, y  u  R, then its weight will be
u
(350π) · du
R
where du denotes its thickness. The total work required to lift this slab from its initial position (u = y) to
the surface (u = R) is then
  2 R
R
u u 350π 2

350π du = 350π = R − y2 .
y R 2R y 2R

Therefore the total work required to lift all the dirt (or basalt, or whatever) from the hole to the surface of
the earth is

  R
R
350π 2
350π 1 3 350πR2
W = R − y dy =
2
R y− y
2
= ≈ 1.6023407560 × 1017 (ft·lb).
0 2R 2R 3 0 3
It is intriguing to note that the answer may be written in the form
 R  R 
u
W = 350π du dy.
0 y R

C06S0M.037: If the coordinate system is chosen with the origin at the midpoint of the bottom of the dam
and with the x-axis horizontal, then the equation of the slanted edge of the dam is y = 2x − 200 (with units
in feet). Therefore the width of the dam at level y is 2x = y + 200. Let ρ = 62.4 be the density of water in
pounds per cubic foot. Then the total force on the dam is

 100  100
1 3500000ρ
F = ρ(100 − y)(y + 200) dy = ρ 20000y − 50y 2 − y 3 = = 72800000 (lb).
0 3 0 3

9
C06S0M.038: The answer √ may be obtained from the answer to Problem 37 by multiplying the latter by
sec 30◦ : The force is 2/ 3 times as great, or approximately 8.4062199194 × 107 pounds. The analytical
approach here is to introduce the additional factor sec(π/6) into the integral in the solution of Problem 37,
but because this factor is a constant, one may as well simply multiply the answer by the same factor.

C06S0M.039: The volume of the solid is

 c    c  
1 2√ 4π 2 5/2 2 1 3/2 1 −1/2
V = 2π y + y dy = · y + y 3/2 = 8π c + c .
0 c c c 5 3c 0 5 3

It is clear that there is no maximum volume, because V → √ +∞ as c → 0+ . But V → +∞ as c → +∞ as

well, so there is a minimum volume; V  (c) = 0 when c = 13 5, so this value of c minimizes V .

C06S0M.040: Here we have

 2  2
dy 1
1+ = x4 + .
dx 4x4

Therefore

 2  
4 1 3011
L = x + 4 dx = ,
1 4x 480
 2  
1 339
My = x5 + dx = , and
1 4x3 32
 2      2 9 
1 5 1 1 x x x 1
Mx = x + · x + 4 dx =
4
+ + + dx
1 5 12x3 4x 1 5 20 12 48x7
 2
x10 x2 x2 1 1057967
= + + − = = 20.66341796875.
50 40 24 288x6 1 51200
Therefore

My 5085 Mx 3173901
x = = ≈ 1.68880770508 and y = = ≈ 3.294 − 6862388.
L 3011 L 963520

C06S0M.041: Here,

 2
1 3 33
L = (y + y −3 ) dy = ,
1 2 16
 2  
1 1 4 1 −2 1179
My = · y + y · (y 3 + y −3 ) dy = , and
1 2 8 4 512
 2
1 4 67
Mx = (y + y −2 ) dy = .
1 2 20
Therefore

393 268
x = ≈ 1.116477 and y = ≈ 1.624242.
352 165

C06S0M.042: First,

10
  2  2
dy 1 1/2 1 −1/2
1+ = x + x .
dx 2 2

Therefore

 4
1 1/2 10
L = (x + x−1/2 ) dx = ,
1 2 3
 4
1 3/2 128
My = (x + x1/2 ) dx = , and
1 2 15
 4  
1 1 3/2 1
Mx = · x −x 1/2
· (x1/2 + x−1/2 ) dx = − .
1 2 3 2
Therefore

128 3 64 1 3 3
x= · = and y=− · =− .
15 10 25 2 10 20

C06S0M.043: To begin with,

 2  2
dx 1 1/3 1 −1/3
1+ = y + y ;
dy 2 2

63
it follows that the length of the curve is L = . Next,
8
 8
3 1 999
My = · · (y 4/3 − 2y 2/3 ) · (y 1/3 + y −1/3 ) dy = = 7.8046875 and
1 8 2 128
 8
1 4/3 1278
Mx = (y + y 2/3 ) dy = ≈ 36.51428571.
1 2 35
Therefore

111 1136
x = ≈ 0.991071427 and y = ≈ 4.636734694.
112 245

C06S0M.044: The two curves meet at (0, 0) and at (1, 1). So

 1
5
A = (2x − x2 − x3 ) dx = ,
0 12
 1
13
My = (2x2 − x3 − x4 ) dx = , and
0 60
 1
1 41
Mx = (2x − x2 − x3 )2 dx = .
0 2 210
Therefore

13 82
x = = 0.52 and y = ≈ 0.4685714286.
25 175

11
C06S0M.045: The curves meet at (2, 1), at (0, 0), and at (2, −1). It follows that y = 0 by symmetry and
that we may compute x by using only the upper half of the figure. In that case we have
 1
14
A = (y 2 + 1 − 2y 4 ) dy = and
0 15
 1
1 2  32
My = (y + 1)2 − (2y 4 )2 dy = .
0 2 45
16
Therefore x = ≈ 0.7619047619.
21
C06S0M.046: Given a triangle in the plane, set up a coordinate system in such a way that the lowest
vertex of the triangle is at the origin, there is a vertex in the first quadrant at (a, b), and a vertex in the
second quadrant at (−a, c). Thus the y-axis passes through the midpoint of the side opposite the vertex at
the origin, and hence a median of the triangle lies on the y-axis. We will show that the y-coordinate of the
centroid also lies on the y-axis. Then, by rotating the triangle to plane the other two vertices at the origin
in a similar way, we may conclude that y lies on all three medians. Then interchange the roles of x and y to
conclude that x lies on the intersection of the medians as well.
The left side of the triangle has equation y = h(x) = −cx/a, the right side has equation y = g(x) = bx/a,
and the top side has equation

b−c
y = f (x) = b + (x − a).
2a
Hence the moment of the triangle with respect to the y-axis is Mx = ML + MR where ML denotes its
moment to the left of the y-axis and MR its moment to the right. Now
  
a
b−c 2 b−c b
MR = bx + x − x − x2 dx
0 2a 2 a
 a
1 2 b−c 3 b−c 2 b 3 1 2 b−c 2 b−c 2 b 2
= bx + x − x − x = ba + a − a − a
2 6a 4 3a 0 2 6 4 3
6b + 2b − 2c − 3b + 3c − 4b 2 b+c 2
= a = a .
12 12
Moreover,
  
0
b−c 2 b−c c b+c 2
ML = − bx + x − x + x2 dx = · · · = a
−a 2a 2 a 12
by extremely similar computations. Thus the triangle balances on the y-axis, and therefore y = 0. In light
of the opening remarks, this completes the proof.

πab 4 4b
C06S0M.047: 2πy · = πab2 , and it follows that y = .
2 3 3π
C06S0M.048: Note that x = y. The area of the quarter ring is

1 π
A = (πb2 − πa2 ) = (b2 − a2 ),
4 4
and the volume generated by rotating it around the x-axis is

2 3 2 3
V = πb − πa .
3 3

12
 2 π
Therefore V = π(b3 − a3 ) = (2πy) · · (b2 − a2 ).
3 4
Part (a): Consequently

3 π(b − a )
2 3 3
4(b2 + ab + a2 )
y = = = x.
2 π (b − a )
1 2 2 2 3π(b + a)

12a2 2a
Part (b): lim x = = = lim y.
b→a (3π)(2a) π b→a

C06S0M.049: (a) The area A of the triangle T can be computed in several ways; we chose the most direct
which, elementary, is easy to do by hand. Let O denote the vertex of the triangle at (0, 0), C = C(c, 0),
A = A(a, 0), B = B(a, b), and D = D(c, d). Then A is the area of triangle OCD plus the area of trapezoid
CABD minus the area of triangle OAB:

cd (a − c)(b + d) ab
A = + −
2 2 2
cd ab ad bc cd ab ad − bc
= + + − − − = .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) In Problem 46 we saw that the centroid of a triangle lies on the intersection of its medians. From
plane geometry we also know that the point of intersection is two-thirds of the way from any vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side. The midpoint of L has y-coordinate (b + d)/2, and hence

2 b+d b+d
y = · = .
3 2 3
b + d ad − bc 1
(c) V = 2πyA = 2π · · = π(b + d)(ad − bc).
3 2 3
1 ad − bc ad − bc
(d) pw = A = , so p = .
2 2 w
b+d
(e) S = 2π · · w = πw(b + d).
2
b+d 1 b+d 1
(f) V = 2πyA = 2π · · pw = πpw · = pS.
3 2 3 3
C06S0M.050: Let n = 2k. Inscribe the 2k-gon with opposite vertices on the x-axis. Let T be one of the
triangles formed by a side of the polygon and two radii of the circle. The perpendicular from the origin to
the midpoint of the side of the polygon has length (in the notation of Problem 49)
π
p = r cos .
k
By part (f) of Problem 49,

1 π
V = r cos S.
3 k
Now let k → +∞ and replace S with 4πr2 to obtain Archimedes’ result

4 3
V = πr .
3

C06S0M.051: A Mathematica solution: First let f (x) = xm and g(x) = xn where m and n are positive
integers and n > m.

13
 a = Integrate[ f[x] - g[x], { x, 0, 1 } ]
1 1
−
m+1 n+1

area = a /. m → 1
1 1
−
2 n+1

Formulas (11) and (12) in the text give the moments

my = Integrate[ x∗(f[x] - g[x]), { x, 0, 1 } ];

mx = Integrate[ (1/2)*((f[x])∧2 - (g[x])∧2), { x, 0, 1 } ];
My = my /. m → 1
n−1
3(n + 2)

Mx = mx /. m → 1
1 1
−
3 2n + 1
2
Hence the centroid has coordinates

{ xc, yc } = { My/area, Mx/area } // Simplify

(n + 1) 2(n + 1)
{ , }
3(n + 2) 3(2n + 1)

Limit[ { xc, yc }, n → Infinity ]

2 1
{ , }
3 3

Obviously this is the centroid of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1)—which the area of the
region bounded by the graphs of f and g “exhausts” as n → +∞.

C06S0M.052: By Example 1 in Section 6.6, the semicircular disk has area and centroid

a1 = 9∗Pi/2;
c1 = { 0, 4/Pi };

Hence its moment with respect to the x-axis is

mx1 = a1∗c1[[2]]
18

(Recall that the Mathematica command list[[n]] extracts the nth entry from the k-dimensional array
list = { a1, a2, a3, . . . , ak }.)

The square are area and centroid

a2 = 4;

14
 c2 = { 0, −1 };

so its moment with respect to the x-axis is

mx2 = a2∗c2[[2]]
−4

Therefore the region R has area and x-moment

a = a1 + a2
9π
4+
2
mx = mx1 + mx2
14

So the y-coordinate of its centroid is

yc - mx/a // Simplify
28
8 + 9π

A numerical approximation to this result is

N[yc]
0.771896

The radius of revolution around the line y = −4 is

r = 4 + yc // Together
12(5 + 3π)
8 + 9π

So the volume of revolution is

v = 2∗Pi∗r∗a // Simplify
12π(3π + 5)

15