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d (Vcaps CB ) dCB
= Vcaps = −ANB (1)
dt dt
where Vcaps = πR2 L is the volume of liquid in the capsule, which we assume to be constant, A = πR2
is the cross area of the capsule and the porous material and NB is the molar flux of B through the
porous material. Assuming equimolar counterdiffusion, the molar flux of B through the porous media is
characterized by
ǫDAB
N B = JB = (CB − 0) (2)
τh
where the tortuosity, τ , will be estimated according to τ = ǫ−1/3 . Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1)
yields:
dCB ǫDAB
L =− CB (3)
dt τh
An analytical expression for the evolution of CB in time is therefore obtained by integration of the O.D.E.
(3):
CB ǫDAB
ln =− t (4)
CB,0 τ hL
b) At the final time, tend , when the downstream concentration is equal to CB,down (tend ) = 10−8 , the
molar flux of B through the porous media will be:
!
V̇
NB (tend ) = CB,down (tend ) (5)
A
Thus, at the depletion time tend the concentration of B in the capsule, CB,end , will be given by Eq. (2):
!
τh V̇
CB,end = CB,down (tend ) (6)
ǫDAB A
3
CB,end = 1.261 × 10−3 mol/m
and the depletion time is calculated using Eq. (4):
CB,0 τ hL
tend = ln (7)
CB,end ǫDAB
1
2- Falling film on the outer wall of a vertical tube
Note that parts (a), (b) and (c) could be solved in any order; here we are going to follow the most natural
lexicographical order.
a) Under the problem assumptions the Navier–Stokes equations for the flow of liquid within the falling
film reduce to,
r component:
∂p
=0 (8)
∂r
z component:
1 d dvz ∂p
µ r − + ρgz = 0 (9)
r dr dr ∂z
If we set the origin of the z–axis at the top of the tube we have gz = g, the acceleration of gravity. The
treatment for the pressure, p, is analogous to what we saw for the problem of a falling liquid film on an
inclined flat plate. That is, at the liquid/air interface we have p(R + δ, z) = patm , which together with
Eq. (8) implies ∂p/∂z = 0 everywhere in the film and Eq. (9) can be therefore further simplified into:
1 d dvz
µ r = −ρg (10)
r dr dr
The boundary conditions for the second order O.D.E. (10) are:
vz (R) = 0 (11)
dvz
(R + δ) = 0 (12)
dr
Equation (12) is the no–slip condition at the tube wall outer surface whereas Eq. (12) is the free surface
condition at the film/air interface, that is, any momentum exchange between the surrounding air and
the liquid is neglected. Let us integrate once Eq. (10):
dvz ρg
r =− r2 + C1 (13)
dr 2µ
dvz ρg C1
=− r+ (14)
dr 2µ r
Let us now use Eq. (12) with Eq.(13) to determine the integration constant C1 :
ρg 2 ρg
C1 = (R + δ) = a2 R 2 (15)
2µ 2µ
We determine the C2 integration constant by applying the B.C. (12) into Eq. (16):
ρg
C2 = R2 − C1 ln R (17)
4µ
ρgR2
r 2 ρg r
vz = 1− + a2 R2 ln (19)
4µ R 2µ R
2
ρgR2
r 2 r
vz = 1− + 2a2 ln (20)
4µ R R
b) To determine the mass flow rate of the liquid film we must evaluate the integral of the velocity
profile (20) along the cross–section area:
Z R+δ
Z
Ṁ = ρ vz dA = 2πρ vz rdr (21)
A
R
Let us combine Eqs. (20) and (21) while introducing the dimensionless variable x = r/R:
Za Za
ρgR4 πρ2 gR4
2 2
1 − x2 + 2a2 ln x xdx
Ṁ = 2πρ 1 − x + 2a ln x xdx = (22)
4µ 2µ
1 1
a2 a4 a4 1 1 a2 1
+ a4 ln a − 4a2 − 3a4 + 4a4 ln a − 1
I= − − + + = (24)
2 4 2 2 4 2 4
Finally we introduce Eq. (24) into Eq. (22) to obtain the expected result:
Za
πρ2 gR4 πρ2 gR4
2 2
4a2 − 3a4 + 4a4 ln a − 1
Ṁ = 1 − x + 2a ln x xdx = (25)
2µ 8µ
1
df (a) ′
= f (a) = 8a − 12a3 + 16a3 ln a + 4a3 = 8a − 8a3 + 16a3 ln a
(27)
da
2
d f (a) ′′
= f (a) = 8 − 24a2 + 48a2 ln a + 16a2 = 8 − 8a2 + 48a2 ln a
2
(28)
da
d3 f (a) ′′′
= f (a) = (−16a + 96a ln a + 48a) = (32a + 96a ln a) (29)
da3
′ ′′
Note that f (1) = f (1) = f (1) = 0. The leading term in the Taylor series expansion for f (a) around
a = 1 is therefore 32(a − 1)3/6 and it follows that in the a → 1 limit the mass flow rate of the liquid film
can be estimated as:
2 4 3
2πρ2 gR4 2πρ2 gRδ 3
πρ gR 16 δ
Ṁ ≈ (a − 1)3 = = (30)
8µ 3 3µ R 3µ