UNIVERSITY OF WEST BOHEMIA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
JET ENGINES
GAS TURBINESS
 GAS TURBINES
MAIN THEMES
● Introduction
● Main types of gas turbines
● Basic parameters of gas turbines
● Stage of gas turbine
● Stator of gas turbine
● Rotor of gas turbine
● Multistage gas turbine
● Stator cooling
● Conclusions
 INTRODUCTION
● In turbines is converted heat and pressure
energy to kinetic energy and mechanical work
with very high efficiency
● The conversion is provided in stator and rotor
canals
● In stator vanes is converted heat and pressure
energy to kinetic energy
● In rotor blades is converted heat and pressure
energy to kinetic energy and mechanical work
 INTRODUCTION
● Obtained performance on turbines is exploited
for compressor and assembly drive. In case of
turboshaft engines, performance is also used
for propeller or rotor drive.
● Ground power unit use converted energy for
drive of electric generators or compressors and
many types of equipments.
 INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS
● High performance
● High reliability
● High lifetime
● High efficiency
● Minimal weight and dimensions
● Simple construction and maintenance
● Low price
 GAS TURBINE TYPES
TYPES BY DIRECTION OF FLOW
● Radial
● Centrifugal
● Centripetal
● Axial
GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Centrifugal and centripetal gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Parts of centripetal gas turbine

 GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Engine with centrifugal compressor and centripetal turbine

 GAS TURBINE TYPES
TYPES BY INLET FLOW FIELD
● Turbines with homogeneous inlet flow field
● Turbines with non-homogeneous inlet flow field

Fig. Turbines with homogeneous and non-homogeneous

inlet flow field
 GAS TURBINE TYPES
TYPES BY NUMER OF STAGES
● Single stage
● Dual stage
● Triple stage
● Multi stage
TYPES BY NUMBER OF SPOOLS
● Single spool turbines
● Dual spool turbines
● Triple spool turbines
GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Single stage axial gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Dual stage axial gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Triple stage axial gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Multi (4) stage axial gas turbine

2 stages – for compressor drive
2 stages – for propeller drive
GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Multi (8) stage axial gas turbine

 GAS TURBINE TYPES
TYPES BY REACTION OF STAGE
● Impulse stage
● Impulse/Reaction (Reaction) stage
GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Impulse and reaction stage

 BASIC PARAMETERS
Flow rate
● Depends on construciton 0,5-300kg.s -1
Thermal gradient
● Max. 30kJ.kg-1on one stage
Temperature before turbine
● Non-cooled turbines max. 1000°C
● Cooled turbines 1200°C and more
 BASIC PARAMETERS

years

Fig. Evolution of temperature parameters

 BASIC PARAMETERS
RPM (Revolutions per minute)
● Depends on construction 5-90.103 min-1
Reliability
● Means reliability of blades. At present days in modern engines
its approximately 10000 hours.
Efficiency
● Single stage turbines 0,82-0,90
● Multi stage turbines 0,88-0,94
Cooling air
● Depend on intensity of cooling (approximately 5% from flow
rate)
 BASIC PARAMETERS

Fig. Dependence of efficiency on flow rate

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Elementary turbine stage

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Impulse turbine stage

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Reaction turbine stage

 TURBINE STAGE
Forces on rotor blade are created by:
● Aerodynamic forces created by fluid around
blades (impulse action of gases)
● Reaction action of gases in convergent rotor
blades canal where are gases accelerated
TURBINE STAGE
,
c c 3
3

−1
c 3≈150 m.s

c4= u4 w4

Fig. Reaction turbine stage

 TURBINE STAGE
● Work transferred to blades of elementary stage
from 1kg of gas
From Euler equation:
−1
W e , st =u ' 3 . c 3' u−u 4 . c 4u [ J.kg ]

since c 4u 0

−1
W e , st =u ' 3 . c 3' uu 4 . c 4u [ J.kg ]
 TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Velocity triangles on elementary turbine reaction stage

 TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Ideal and real expansion on turbine stage in T-s diagram

 TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Real expansion on turbine stage in p-V and T-s diagram

shows static and total parameters
 TURBINE STAGE
● Work on turbine stage
−1
W e , st =c p.  T 3t −T 4t  [ J.kg ]

W ad , st =c p.  T 3t −T 4t , ad  [ J.kg −1]

● Efficiency of turbine stage

W e , st T 3t −T 4t
st = [1] st = [1]
W ad , st T 3t −T 4t , ad

st =0.83−0.89
 TURBINE STAGE
● Efficiency of multistage turbines is higher than
efficiency of every single stage (in compressor
that's NOT true)
● Efficiency of multistage turbines is 0.88-094
● Efficiency increasing by number of turbine
stages – WHY?
 TURBINE STAGE
● Efficiency of multistage turbines is higher than
efficiency of every single stage (in compressor
that's NOT true)
● Efficiency of multistage turbines is 0.88-094
● Efficiency increasing by number of turbine
stages – WHY?
● Lower velocity of gases as in single stage
● Losses from stage before are exploited in the next
one
 TURBINE STAGE
Reaction of elementary stage
● Is ratio of adiabatic static work of rotor and
adiabatic static work of elementary stage

hR
= [1]
H
0≤≤1
 TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Impulse and reaction turbine in T-s diagrams

 LOSSES IN GAS TURBINE
Profile losses
● in stator and rotor as well
● These losses are generated as soon as gas
fluid around vanes/blades.
● Friction losses (boundary layer)
● Shock phenomenas
● Wakes (high angle of atack)
● Profile losses are higher in rotor
 LOSSES IN GAS TURBINE
Secondary losses
● Generated by pair-wakes (induced drag)
● Losses in redial spaces between rotor blade
and turbine case
Other losses
● Losses in bearings
● Friction of disks
LOSSES IN GAS TURBINE

Fig. Losses in rotor blade

 BLADE GEOMETRY
● Characteristic shape of rotor blade is the longitudinal
shape
● In elementary stage is determined in the middle diameter
( by flow equation )
● The real flow is spatial. The peripheral speed is increase
from rotor root to rotor tip. Absolute velocity and pressure
changed as well. All of these parameters are connected
● The real flow is – spatial, compressible, viscous and
non-stationary
● GEOMETRY of blade must accepted these facts
 BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Geometric solution of rotor blade construction

 BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Reaction rotor blade construction

BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Creating rotor back with lemniscate

BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Creating a impulse rotor blade

 MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE
● Created by compiling of turbine stages in a row
● Modern engines used 6 and more stage
turbines because:
● There are high thermal gradients
● Higher efficiency
● Better collaboration with compressor ( bigger
diameter – lower RPM )
● Smooth shape of engine
MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Shape of overflow canal

 MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Parameters through the multistage impulse turbine

 MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Thermal gradient distribution on multistage turbine

TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC

Fig. Gas turbine characteristic

TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC

Fig. Gas turbine characteristic

STATOR VANES

Fig. Tubular stator vanes

STATOR VANES

Fig. Stator vanes

ROTOR BLADES

Fig. Turbine rotor blades

ROTOR BLADES

Fig. Turbine double-rotor blades

 ROTOR BLADES

Fig. Turbine double-floor rotor blades

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Double-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Scheme of double-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Double-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. 'Free' gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Triple-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Four-stage gas turbine

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Thermal and mechanical load blades

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Rotor blade damaged by thermal load

 GAS TURBINE COOLING

Thermal damage of pressure side

of stator blade

Cracks on cooled
stator blade

Fig. Stator vanes damaged by thermal load

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Evolution of temperature increasing

in depends on used material
 GAS TURBINE COOLING
Sources of cooling
● Air from fan
● Air from low pressure compressor
● Air from secondary flow on CC
● Air from secondary flow ( turbofan engines )
GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Turbine cooling

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Multi-stage turbine cooling

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Distribution of cooling air in turbine stage

 BLADES COOLING
Methods of blade cooling
● Convective ( Internal cooling )
● Film cooling
● Transpiration cooling
 BLADES COOLING
Convective cooling
● Hot air flows around
blades
● Blades are cooled
with air, which flows
through cooling holes
inside blade
 BLADES COOLING
Film cooling
● Cooling is provided
with cooling air, which
is delivered through
the holes on the blade
surface.
● Cooling with air film is
more efficient as
convective cooling
 BLADES COOLING
● Transpiration cooling
● Transpiration cooling is similar technique of
cooling as cooling with air film.
● In this case is generated a homogeneous
surface of cooling air on surface of blade
● Transpirationally cooled blades have no holes.
Air flow through the porous surface of blade.
BLADES LOAD

Fig. Turbine rotor blades load

 REFERENCES
● Otis, Vosbury: Aircraft gas turbine powerplants
– Jeppesen: 2002
● Rolls royce – The jet engine, 1996
● Hanus D., Maršálek J, : Studijní modul 15,
Turbínový motor, CERM, s.r.o. Brno 2004
● Kadrnožka J.: Tepelné turbíny a
turbokompresory, CERM, s.r.o. Brno 2004
DISCUSSION...

...QUESTIONS