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Chuong 8 PDF
Chuong 8 PDF
1
INFINITE SERIES
Table of contents
8.1. Sequences and their Limits
8.2. Introduction to Infinite Series and Geometric Series
8.3. The Integral Test and p_Series
8.4. Comparison Tests
8.5. The Ratio Test and the Root Test
8.6. Alternating Series, absolute and conditional Conver
8.7. Power Series
8.8. Taylor and Maclaurent Series
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
8.1. Sequences and their Limits
Sequences
A sequence is a succession of numbers that me listed
according to a given prescription or rule.
a1 , a2 ,..., an or an n Z
an is called the general term of the sequence
Z V R
8.1. Sequences and their Limits
Example 8.1.
Find the 1st, 2nd, and 15th terms of the sequence {an},
where the general term is
2 n 1
1
an
2
2, 4, 6,8,...
8.1. Sequences and their Limits
Limits of Sequences
The sequence {an} converges to
the number L, written
L lim an
n
and nlim an L
8.1. Sequences and their Limits
Example 8.4.
Find the limit of each of these sequences
2n 3 4n 9
1. 3
3n n 1
2. 1
n
3.
n 2 3n n 4.
n2 3
n
e
1
n
5. 1 2
n
8.1. Sequences and their Limits
Bounded, Monotonie Sequences
Tên Điều kiện Ví dụ
Increasing a1 a2 ... an 1,1,2,3,3,5,…
Strictly increasing a1 a2 ... an 1,2,3,4,5,…
Decreasing a1 a2 ... an 9,7,5,5,3,1,1,…
Stricly decreasing a1 a2 ... an 9,7,5,3,1,….
Bounded above an M , for all n.
1 1
an m,for all n. 0 1, , ,... 1
Bounded below
m an M 2 3
Bounded for all n.
for all n.
8.1. Sequences and their Limits
Theorem BMCT
A monotonic sequence {an} converges if it is bounded
and diverges if it is unbouned.
Example 8.5.
n ln n
1. lim 2. lim
n n 1 n
n
Remark lim r 0
n
r 1
n
8.2. Introduction to Infinite Series and
Geometric Series
Definition of Infinite Series
a
k 1
k lim Sn S
n
Example 8.6.
1
2 1
k
1. k 1
2.
k 1 k 1
1 k
3. 4 4. k
k 2 k 2 k 3
k 2
k 1 3
8.2. Introduction to Infinite Series and
Geometric Series
General Properties of Infinite Series
a b a b
k k k k
ar
k 0
k
a ar ar 2
... ar n
...
a 0 and r is a constant.
The geometric series diverges if r 1
k
ar and
k 0
a
converges if r 1 with sum ar k
k 0 1 r
Example 8.7.
4
k
k
5
1. k 1 2. 2k
k 0 3 k 1 3
8.2. Introduction to Infinite Series and
Geometric Series
Applications of Geometric Series
Example 8.9.
Suppose it is known that a certain pollutant is released
into the atmosphere at weekly intervals and is dissipated
at the rate of 2% per week. How much pollutant will
accumulate in the “long run”?
8.3. The Integral Test and p_Series
Divergence Test
If klim
ak 0 then the series a
k 1
k must diverge
Example 8.10.
k
k 1 2k 2 3k 7
8.3. The Integral Test and p_Series
The integral test
a k and f ( x)dx
1
either both converge or both diverge.
1
Example 8.11. 2
k 2 k ln k
8.3. The Integral Test and p_Series
p-Series Criterion
1
The p_series
k 1 k p
converge if p > 1 and diverge if
p ≤ 1.
1
Example 8.12. 1.
k 1 k53
1 3
2. k
k 2 4 2k
8.4. Comparison Tests
Direct Comparison Test
Suppose 0 ak ck for all k > N.
If c
k converges, then a k also converges.
Suppose 0 d k ak for all k > N.
If d k diverges, then a
k also diverges.
Example 8.13.
1 sin 2 k
1. 2. 2
k 1 k k k 1 k
8.4. Comparison Tests
Limit Comparison Test
Suppose if ak 0 and bk 0 for all sufficiently large k
ak
and that klim
b
L 0 L
k
Then a and b either both converge or diverge.
k k
Example 8.14.
1 1
1. k 2. k 1 cos 2
k 1 2 1 k 1 k
k e
k
3. 4. k
k 1
k 1 1 7 e k
e 2k
k 1
8.5.The Ratio Test and the Root Test
Ratio Test
ak 1
Given the series ak with ak 0 , klim
a
L
k
The ratio test states the following:
If L < 1, then a k converges.
If L > 1 or if L is infinite, then a
k diverges.
If L = 1, then the lest is inconclusive.
k k
3 k
Example 8.15. 1. 2.
k 1 k ! k 1 2 k !
8.5.The Ratio Test and the Root Test
Root Test
Given the series k
a with ak 0 , lim
k
k a L
k
k
8.6. Alternating Series, absolute and
conditional Convergence
Alternating Series
1) Odd-indexed terms are negative
1 ak a1 a2 a3 .....
k
k 1
1
k 1
ak a1 a2 a3 .....
k 1
1
k 1
Example 8.17.
1. alternating harmonic series
k 1 k
1
ln k
1 1
k 1 k k 1
2. e 3.
k 1 k 1 k
8.6. Alternating Series, absolute and
conditional Convergence
Error Estimates for Alternating Series
1 1
k k 1
ak or ak
k 1 k 1
sin k
Example 8.19.
n 1 k
2
8.6. Alternating Series, absolute and
conditional Convergence
The generalized ratio test
ak 1
Consider ak with ak 0 for n 1 and klim
a
L
k
The ratio test states the following:
If L < 1, then ak converges absolutely.
If L > 1 or if L is infinite, then a k diverges.
If L = 1, then the lest is inconclusive.
1 k
k
Example 8.20. 2
k 1 2k !
8.6. Alternating Series, absolute and
conditional Convergence
Rearrangement of Terms in an Convergent Series
1
k 1
Example 8.21.
k 1 k
8.7. Power Series
Power Series
A power series in (x – c) has the form
a x c a0 a1 x c a2 x c ....
k 2
k
k 0
a x
k 0
k
k
a0 a1 x a2 x ....
2
8.7. Power Series
R: radius of convergence
xk x2k
1. 2. k ! x k
3.
k 0 k ! k 0 k 0 k
1
k
k
x
4. k 2k 1 x 3
k
5.
k 0 3 k k 0
8.7. Power Series
Term-by-Term Differentiation and integration of
Power Series
A power series with radius of convergence R > 0 and if
f ( x) ak x k for x R
k 0
then for |x| < R we have
'
1) f '( x) ak x k ak x k kak x k 1
'
k 0 k 0 k 0
ak k 1
2) f ( x)dx ak x dx
k
x C
k 0 k 0 k 1
8.7. Power Series
Example 8.23.
Let f(x) be a function defined by the power series
k
x
f ( x)
k 0 k !
Example 8.24.
x k 1
Show that ln 1 x for 1 x 1
k 0 k 1
8.7. Power Series
Example 8.25.
Find
1. S ( x) 2 x 4 x 6 x ... (1) 2n x
3 5 n 2 n 1
....
x x 2 x3 xn
2. S ( x) 1 ... ....
2 3 4 n 1
8.8. Taylor and Maclaurent Series
Taylor’s Theorem
If f(x) and all its derivatives exist in an open interval I
containing c, then for each x in I
''
' f (c) 2
f (x ) f (c) f (c) x - c x -c
2!
(n )
f (c) n
x -c Rn (x )
n!
(n 1)
f (zn ) n 1
where the remainder function Rn (x ) x c
(n 1)!
for some zn that depends on x and lies between c and x.
8.8. Taylor and Maclaurent Series
Taylor and Maclaurin Series
f(x) is represented by its Taylor series in I if and only if
lim Rn (x ) 0 for all x in I
n
Taylor Series
' f '' (c) 2 f (n )(c) n
f (c) f (c) x c x c x c ....
2! n!
Maclaurin Series
Example 8.26.
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x ) e3 x
Example 8.27.
Example 8.28.
1 x
Find the Taylor series for f ( x) at x = 1
1 x
Example 8.29.
Example 8.30.
Example 8.31.
k
Find the sum
k 1 2 k
8.8. Taylor and Maclaurent Series
Remark
1. The Taylor series of f may converges to f on the
interval of absolute convergence, -R < x – c < R.
2. The Taylor series of f may converges only at x = c,
in which case it certainly does not represent f on any
interval containing c.
3. The Taylor series of f may have positive radius
(even R = ∞) but it may converge to a function g that
does not equal f on the interval -R < x – c < R.
8.8. Taylor and Maclaurent Series
Example 8.32.
x12
e , x 0
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x)
0, x0