Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wire Rope
Wire Rope
COOKES
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CONTENTS
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COOKES Product Range
WIRE ROPE: Conventional, Swaged, Dyform,
Dyswaged, Blue Strand, N. Z. manufacture up to
60 mm dia. Imported Casar and Korean
TESTING SERVICES: Proof loading of all
lifting equipment (Telarc Registered). 100 tonne
test bed, non-destructive testing, telemetry load
cells up to 100 tonnes.
BLOCKS: Electric/manual chain blocks, pulley,
crane and logging blocks,stainless steel pulleys.
ESCO EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT: Bucket
teeth and adaptors, Super V, ripper shanks and tips,
grader shanks and tips, end bits, cutting edges and
plow bolts to suit.
GRADER BLADES: Cutting edges, end bits and
plow bolts. Mouldboard liners.
CRUSHER PARTS: Jaws, mantles and hammers.
SCREENS: Both wire and polyurethane.
PENGO: Auger equipment, trencher teeth.
LUBRICANTS: Brilube wire rope dressing.
SLINGS: Wire and fibre rope, chain and web
slings.
LOG RIGGING EQUIPMENT: Marlin spikes,
cee hooks, chokers, ferrules, pulley blocks, log
grapples, rings, butt rigging.
EYE BOLTS: Certified, all sizes available,
threaded or blank. Stainless steel commercial
eyebolts.
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Product Range COOKES
AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT: Tractor
accessories and 3-point linkage parts.
HOISTS: Chain lever type, Supertil wire rope
hoists, travelling trolleys, plate lifting clamps.
HOOKS: Crane, eye and swivel hooks, marine
certified. Cee, choker, stainless steel, snap and
chain grab hooks.
CHAIN: Galvanised, all sizes, mooring chain, load
restraint, hi tensile, lifting chain, grade 80 & grade
100 chain, chain swivels, security chain and
stainless steel chain.
HYDRAULIC TOOLS: Enerpac hand and
powered pumps, cylinders. Extra high pressure
hose. Full range of product available.
TRANSMISSION: V-belts, timing belts,
transmission, conveyor, feeder, attachment and
agriculture chain. Saw chain and accessories.
Sprockets and pulleys, automotive V-belts, chain
breakers, motorcycle chain. “Aqua” corrosion
resistant chain.
WEBBING AND CARGO EQUIPMENT:
Manufacturers of webslings to NZS5227, truck
tiedown restraints, recovery straps, mini tiedown
restraints, curtainside webbing and fittings, boat
and motorcycle straps, roundslings.
HOSE AND COUPLINGS: Complete range
hydraulic hose and couplings. Automotive and
industrial hose.
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COOKES Product Range
HIGH TENSILE LIFTING CHAIN: Kuplex,
Weissenfels and Hercalloy chain.
Complete range of fittings to suit all applications.
LOADBINDERS: Lever and ratchet type chain
twitches.
MARINE PRODUCTS: Shackles, swivels, fibre
ropes, boat trailer winch ropes, thimbles,
turnbuckles, rigging screws, boat trailer winches,
stainless steel rigging hardware, stainless steel
chain, mooring and anchor chain.
FIBRE ROPES: Full range of natural and
synthetic fibre rope at wholesale prices.
SHACKLES: Commercial or certified, galvanised
or self colour, bow or dee. Hi-load alloy. Stainless
steel dee.
HEIGHT SAFETY EQUIPMENT: Full range of
harnesses, lanyards, fall arrest devices and
karabiners.
WEARALLOY: High impact and abrasion
resistant steel. All sizes available.
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This catalogue is designed to provide a non-techni-
cal guide to the selection of a suitable wire rope for
various applications. Technical information is re-
stricted to weights and breaking loads and a few for-
mulae. Constructions and sizes shown here are those
commonly available and used in New Zealand but
there are many others and enquiries for special ap-
plications should be directed to your nearest Cookes
branch.
Wire Rope is a machine of many working parts and
like most machines it must be made right, selected
right for the application and used correctly in that
application. Like many machines, there is a great
variety of types of wire rope, each with different prop-
erties to suit it’s intended use. The internal combus-
tion engine used to power a racing car is quite differ-
ent to the one powering a large truck although they
both may produce the same horsepower. Like many
machines it is impossible to combine the advantages
of each type into one single machine. The high horse-
power and low weight of a racing engine would be
great in a truck. The high fuel cost and short life would
not. The same with wire rope, the attributes that make
one construction eminently suitable for one applica-
tion could well be a total disaster in another.
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WIRE ROPE DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
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The three attributes of a wire rope to consider are:
(1) Strength.
(2) Flexibility.
(3) Robustness.
In all dynamic rope applications (as opposed to static
applications such as guy wires etc.) the choice is in-
variably a compromise.
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TERMINOLOGY
Wire rope consists of a number of strands laid up
usually over a central core. Each strand is made
from a number of individual wires.
Wire
Strand
Rope
Core
CORES
Almost all wire rope is laid up over a core, Fibre
Core (natural or synthetic), Independent Wire Rope
Core or Wire Strand Core (FC, IWRC or WSC):
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STRAND CONSTRUCTIONS.
Strands are designed with various combinations of
wires and wire sizes to produce the desired resistance
to fatigue and abrasion. Generally, a small number
of large wires will be more abrasion resistant and
less fatigue resistant than a large number of small
wires.
The basic strand has wires
Single
of the same size wound
Size
around a centre.
Warrington
Seale
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LAY
Regular Lay
The most common
lay in which the
wires wind in one
direction and the
strands the opposite direction (right lay shown).
Less likely to kink and untwist, easier to handle,
more crush resistant than Lang lay.
Lang Lay
Wires in strands
and strands of rope
wind the same
direction (right lay
shown). Increased resistance to abrasion, greater
flexibility and fatigue resistance than regular lay,
will kink and untwist.
Right Lay
Strands wound to
the right around the
core (regular lay
shown). The most
common construction.
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LAY
Left Lay
Strands wound to
the left around the
core (regular lay
shown). Used in a
few special situations - cable tool drilling line, for
example.
Alternate Lay
Alternate strands of
right regular and
right Lang lay.
Combines the best
features of regular and Lang lay for boom hoist or
winch lines.
Wrong Right
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FINISH
Bright finish is suitable for most applications. Gal-
vanized finish is available for corrosive environments.
Plastic jacketing is also available on some construc-
tions.
WIRE GRADES
The most common steel wire grades are: 1420-1770
N/mm², and 1860N/mm². Stainless steels and other
special grades are provided for special applications.
Most wire ropes are made with round wires. Both
triangular and shaped wires are also used for special
constructions.
Generally, the higher the strength of the wire, the
lower it’s ductility will be.
ABRASION AND BENDING
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The “X Chart”
6 6x7
LE
ST
NUMBER OF OUTSIDE WIRES PER STRAND
AS
E
AT
9 6x19S
T
RE
Ü
RE
G
SI
10 6x21FW
NÞ
ST
O
AN
SI
RA
CE
12 Flattened Strand
AB
TO
BE
12 6x26FW
ND
IN
TO
12 6x31WS
FA
CE
TI
AN
G
UE
ST
14 6x36WS
SI
Þ
RE
G
RE
16 6x49FWS
Ü
AT
T
AS
6x64
E
LE
ST
18 SFWS
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EFFECT OF SHEAVE SIZE
Wire Ropes are Manufactured in a great variety of
constructions to meet the varying demands of wire
rope usage. Where abrasion is an important factor,
the rope must be made of a coarse construction con-
taining relatively large wires. In other cases, the great
amount of bending to which a rope is subjected is
more important. Here, a more flexible construction,
containing many relatively small wires, is required.
In either case, however, if the rope operates over in-
adequate size sheaves, the severe bending stresses
imposed will cause the wires to break from fatigue,
even though actual wear is slight. The smaller the
diameter of the sheave, the sooner these fatigue breaks
will occur and the shorter rope life becomes.
Another undesirable effect of small sheaves is accel-
erated wear of both rope and sheave groove. The pres-
sure per unit of rope on sheave for a given load is
inversely proportional to the size of the sheave. In
other words the smaller the sheave the greater the
rope pressure per unit area on the groove. Using the
proper diameter sheave for the size and construction
of rope can obviously prolong both sheave and rope
life.
Sheave diameter can also influence rope strength.
When a wire rope is bent around a sheave, there is a
loss of effective strength.
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This is due to the inability of the individual strands
and wires to adjust themselves entirely to their
changed position. Tests show that rope strength effi-
ciency decreases to a marked degree as the sheave
diameter is reduced with with respect to the diam-
eter of the rope.
Therefore, it is evident that a definite relationship
exists between rope service and sheave size. As a
guide to rope users, wire rope manufacturers have
established standards for sheave sizes to be used with
various rope constructions. To secure the most eco-
nomical service, it is important that the suggested
size of sheaves given on the following page be used.
As a rope is run through a groove, both become
smaller. A used groove can be too small for a new
rope, thus accelerating rope wear. A compromise
between rope life and machining frequency must be
made.
Grooves should have an arc of contact with the wire
rope between 135 and 150 degrees. They should be
tapered to permit the rope to enter and leave the
groove smoothly. Field inspection groove gauges are
made to the nominal diameter of the rope plus 1/2 of
the allowable rope oversize tolerance. When the
gauge fits perfectly, the groove is
at the minimum permissible con-
tour
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PROPER SHEAVE AND DRUM SIZES
Suggested Minimum
Construction D/d* ratio D/d* ratio
6x7 72 42
19x7 or 18x7
Rotation resistant 51 34
6x19 Seale 51 34
8x19 Seale 41 27
6x42 Filler 21 14
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FLEET ANGLE
Excessive fleet angles can cause serious
damage to wire rope, sheaves and grooved drums.
Severe scuffing results when rope wears against
groove walls, grinding them down causing the rope
to become bruised and crushed.
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ALTERNATIVE METHOD
Rope length (m) = (A + B) x A x C x p x 106
d²
Where A, B & C are quoted in metres and d in mm
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MULTIPLE PULLEY SYSTEMS
Under static conditions the tension in each
part of a rope in a multi-reeved system will be the
total load to be lifted divided by the number of
parts supporting the load. When the load is raised it
is necessary to take into account forces required to
overcome friction in the sheave bearings and the
resistance to bending of the rope as it passes over
the sheave. These additional forces are cumulative
and vary with the type of bearing and the sheave
tread:rope diameter ratio.
Sheave:rope Plain Ball/Roller
dia ratio Bearing Bearing
t about 15:1 8%/sheave 5%/sheave
about 20:1 6%/sheave 4%/sheave
> 25:1 5%/sheave 3%/sheave
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SAFE WORKING LOADS
The safe working load (SWL) of a wire rope
or a sling made from it is calculated by dividing
the particular wire rope’s minimum breaking load
(MBL) by the safety factor to be used. This safety
factor depends on the application and may be
determined by legislation or other codes of prac-
tice. A common safety factor is 5:1 which means
the SWL of the rope is 1/5th of it’s MBL. Where
the load is evenly supported by more than one
length of rope the SWL can be increased as shown:
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Incorrect installation or handling prior to in-
stallation can damage a wire rope and cause failure
before it is even put to work. Care must be taken to
avoid putting a kink in the rope and thus permanently
damaging it. DO NOT lie the coil on it’s side or the
reel on it’s flange and lift the wraps off the top! The
following illustrations demonstrate correct methods:
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Wire Rope
Selection
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Engineering &
General Purpose Ropes
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6 x 31
12/6&6/6/1 Fibre Core IWRC
1770 N/mm²
6 x 36
14/7&7/7/1
1770 N/mm²
Galvanised
6 x 41
16/8&8/8/1
1770 N/mm²
Galvanised
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Logging Ropes
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Logging Ropes
6 x 19 IWRC
9/9/1
1770 N/mm²
Standard
6 x 31 IWRC
12/6&6/6/1
1770 N/mm²
Standard
6 x 26 IWRC
10/5&5/5/1
1770 N/mm²
Dyform
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Swaged
6 x 19 IWRC
9/9/1
6 x 26 IWRC
10/5&5/5/1
6 x 31 IWRC
12/6&6/6/1
1770 N/mm²
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Fishing Ropes
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Fishing Ropes
Standard Dyform
3 x 19F
12/6+6F/1
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised
3 x 26
10/5&5/5/1
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised
3 x 31
12/6&6/6/1
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Fibre Core
4 x 30
12/6+6/6/F
1420/1770 N/mm²
Galvanised
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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6 x 17
8/8/1
6 x 19
9/9/1 Fibre Core IWRC
6 x 21
10/5+5f/1
6 x 26
10/5&5/5/1
6 x 31
12/6&6/6/1
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised Specifications facing page
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* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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6 x 19
9/9/1
6 x 31
12/6&6/6/1
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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6 x 19
9/9/1
Fibre Core IWRC
6 x 26
10/5&5/5/1
6 x 31
12/6&6/6/1
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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6 x Decitex/9/f
6 x Decitex/15/9/f
Polyprop Core
IWRC
Galvanised
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Marine Ropes
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Marine Ropes
Stainless 316
1 x 19
12/6/1
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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7x7
6/1
7 x 19
12/6/1
or
9/9/1
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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6 x 19
(9/9/1)
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised
Note
The above ropes can be manufactured
with a P.V.C. covering
up to 32:00mm outside dia.
Specifications facing page
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* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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7x7
6/1
1770 N/mm²
Galvanised
Note
The above ropes can be manufactured with
a P.V.C. covering
up to 32:00mm outside dia.
Specifications facing page
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* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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6 x 19 6 x 19 7 x 19 or
& Fibre 6 x 19 WSC
7 x 19
9/9/1
&
12/6/1
1770 N/mm²
Galvanised
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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6 x 12 Fibre Core
12/f
1420 N/mm²
6 x 24
15/9/f
6 x 24
12/12/f
1420/1770
N/mm²
Galvanised
Note
The above ropes can be manufactured with a braid
cover.
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Crane Ropes
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Crane Ropes
18 x 7
6/1
1770 N/mm²
Dyform 18
18 x 19
9/9/1
1960 N/mm²
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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EUROLIFT
Casar 40 x 7
6/1
1960 N/mm²
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Elevator Ropes
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Elevator Ropes
Natural
Fibre Core
8 x 19
9/9/1
1370/1770 N/mm²
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Stay Strand
& Clothes Line
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Stay Strand
& Clothes Line
1x7
Galvanised
+ Approximate Diameter
* kN x 0.10197 = tonne
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Services
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Hand Splice
Mechanical Splice
Mechanical Splice
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Associated Products
Lubricating
& protective
coatings, each specially fomulated for
particular wire rope applications
Turnbuckles &
Rigging Screws
Shackles
Rope Grips
Thimbles
Twitches/
Load Binders
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Chain
Chain
Blocks
&
Lever
Hoists
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Wire
Rope
Hoists
Wire
Rope
Safety
Fence
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Web
Slings
Load
Restraints
& Web-
bing
Hardware
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Height
Safety &
Fall
Arrest
Equip-
ment
Synthetic
& Natural
Fibre
Rope
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Whangarei
Auckland
Branches Tauranga
Rotorua
New Plymouth
Napier
Nelson Wellington
Christchurch
Ashburton
Timaru
Dunedin
Invercargill
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NOTES
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NOTES
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BRANCHES
Head Office & Factory Rotorua
6-10 Greenmount Dr Marguerita Street
East Tamaki P O Box 633
P O Box 14-422 Phone (07) 348-3043
Panmure Fax (07) 346-3283
AUCKLAND Email:
Phone (09) 274-4299 rotsales@cookes.co.nz
Fax (09) 274-7982
Email: Napier
salesadmin@cookes.co.nz 182A Hyderabad Rd
P O Box 12-003
Whangarei Ahuriri
Lower Port Road Phone (06) 834-0690
P O Box 708 Fax (06) 834-0872
Phone (09) 438-8964 napsales@cookes.co.nz
Fax (09) 438-9272 New Plymouth
Email: 75 Corbett Road
whgsales@cookes.co.nz Bell Block
Phone (06) 755-04513
Tauranga Fax (06) 755-0419
1 Marsh Street Email:
P O Box 14-204 nplysales@cookes.co.nz
Phone (07) 578-0605
Fax (07) 578-0604 Palmerston North
Email: Resident Representative
tausales @cookes.co.nz Phone (027) 445-3902
Fax/Tel: (06) 354-0644
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BRANCHES
Wellington Ashburton
2 Udy Street 120 Moore Street
P O Box 38-696, Petone P O Box 407
Phone (04) 568-4384 Phone (03) 308-9778
Fax (04) 568-4381 Fax (03) 308-3875
wtnsales@cookes.co.nz ashsales@cookes.co.nz
Timaru
Nelson 14 Bank Street
8 Akerston Street P O Box 918
P O Box 5030 Phone (03) 684-7494
Phone (03) 548-0719 Fax (03) 684-8476
Fax (03) 548-0105 timsales@cookes.co.nz
nelsales@cookes.co.nz Dunedin
2A Orari Street
P O Box 626
Christchurch Phone (03) 455-3966
124C Waterloo Road Fax (03) 455-3966
P O Box 16289 dunsales@cookes.co.nz
Hornby Invercargill
Phone (03) 349-30 137 Clyde Street
Fax (03) 349-300 P O Box 118
chcsales@cookes.co.nz Phone (03) 218-4682
Fax (03) 218-4187
invsales@cookes.co.nz
www.cookes.co.nz
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WIRE ROPE HANDBOOK