Fluid Machinery

SEM – I
B. E. Mechanical
CHAPTER – 1

IMPACT OF JET

· What do you mean by impact of jet? And state force exerted on

plate. –

Introduction
A jet of fluid or liquid emerging out from a nozzle has some velocity and hence it possesses
some kinetic energy. If this jet strikes a plate (either fixed or moving) , it will exert force on
the plate. This impressed force is known as impact of jet and is referred to as Hydrodynamic
force. As per Newton’s second law of motion, this force is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of jet. This force exerted can be evaluated using impulse momentum equation.

Using impulse momentum equation (according to Newton’s second law of motion),

F=ma
Force = mass change in velocity

Force Exerted on

Flat plate Hinged plate Curved plate

Normal to jet Inclided at Symmetrical Unsymmetrical

an angle
θ to the jet

Stationary Moving Stationary Moving Stationary Moving Stationary Moving

 · Derive Expression for force exerted on fixed jet flat plate
normal to jet –
Force Exerted on Fixed Jet Flat Plate Normal to Jet –

Fig. 6.1

Let, d diameter of jet

v velocity of jet

Since the jet has velocity, it possesses kinetic energy. When it strikes the plate
(fixed), it exerts a force on it and levels the plate tangentially. Neglecting friction loss
between the jet and the plate surface, this force can be computed as given below:

(a) Component of velocity of the jet in the direction normal to plate after striking = v
(initial).
(b) Component of velocity of the jet in the direction normal to plate after striking = 0
(final).

Quantity of fluid striking the plate /sec,

Q= d v m3 /sec
where Q discharge

Mass of fluid issued by the jet/sec,

m = pQ (where p mass density = w/g)

m = av (where w specific weight)

By impulse momentum equation, force exerted by the plate,

- F = mass change in velocity
- F= (0 - v)

F=

Work done = F displacement = 0

· A jet of water of 5cm diameter is discharging under a constant
head at 70 meters. find the force exerted by the jet on a fixed
plate take coefficient of velocity as 0.9.

Solution: Diameter of jet = 5 cm = 0.05 m

Area of jet = 0.05 0.00196

Head of water, H = 70m

Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.9

Let, F = Cv 2gH

= 0.9 √2 9.81 70 m/sec

= 33.35 m/sec
. .
Now, using the relation, F =

. .
=
.

= 2179.95 N

= 2.18 kN

· A 2.5 cm diameter jet exerts a force of 9.8*104 kg in the direction

of normal to a flat plate, which is held inclined at an angle of 30o
with the axis of the stream. Find the rate of flow.

Solution: Diameter of jet = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m

Area of jet = 0.025
= 4.9 10-4 m2

Force in the direction of flow,

Fx = 9.8 104 k g

Angle at which the fixed plate is inclined with the jet, θ = 30o.

Let, Q = Rate of flow

Fx = w.a.v2 sin2 θ with usual notation

9.8 104 = 1000 4.9 4.9 10-4 sin2 θ/g

.
= . .
(sin 300 = 0.5)

. . .
Q2 = .
= 18843.1

Q = 137.26 litres /sec

· A jet of water of 5cm diameter and moving with a velocity of
20/m sec is impinging normally on a plate. Determine the
pressure on the plate, when
(a) The plate is fixed
(b) The plate is moving with a velocity of 7m/sec in the
direction of the jet. Also determine the work done per
second by the jet.

Solution: Diameter of the jet = 5 cm = 0.05 m

Area of the jet = 0.05 = 1.963 10-3 m2
Velocity of the jet, v = 20 m/sec
Velocity of the plate, n = 7 m/sec
Let, F = Pressure on the plate
When the plate is fixed, F = w . a. v2

= 1000 1.963 10-3 202 = 785.2 kg

When the plate is moving,
F = w. a (v - u)2
= 1000 1.963 10-3 (20 - 7)2
= 1000 1.963 10-3 169 = 331.747 kg
Work done by the jet,

Work done = Force distance

= 331.747 7
= 2322 kg/sec

CHAPTER – 2
Hydraulic Turbines –

· State & explain types of efficiencies of turbine –

In general, the term efficiency may be defined as the ratio of work done to the
energy supplied. An impulse turbine has the following three types of efficiencies:
1. Hydraulic efficiency ( H) ;
2. Mechanical efficiency ( mech) and
3. Overall efficiency ( o).

One expression for H has already been obtained in article 6.7.

We also have:

1. H of Pelton turbine =
 =

and maximum hydraulic efficiency

= max H =

2. Mechanical efficiency:

3. Overall efficiency is the ratio of actual power produced by the turbine to the energy
actually supplied by the turbine i.e.

or =

· What do you mean by governing of a turbine? –

When load on generator changes according to the requirements, the load on

turbine changes correspondingly, because the turbine is directly coupled to the
generator. When load on a turbine change, its speed and the rate of flow change. To
keep the speed constant and to regulate the rate of flow (according to the changes in
load) , it is known as the governing of a turbine. This is necessary because, the normal
condition of working of a turbine requires that it should be run at constant speed,
irrespective of the changes in load.

Fig. 6.24: Governing of a Pelton wheel

· Define specific speed of a turbine and state its equation –

Specific speed of a Turbine –
The ordinary speed of a turbine is denoted by N r.p.m. A turbine whether impulse or
reaction, has another (imaginary) speed known as specific speed of a turbines and is
denoted by Ns. Specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed in revolution per
minute of a turbine geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that
 under corresponding conditions, it will develop 1 H.P. under a unit head. The specific
speed is computed for the condition when the turbine is giving maximum efficiency at
full-gate opening.
For a turbine,
√
Ns = /

where, N = Speed in r. p. m.

P = Power developed in H. P. or watts

H = Head in metres.

· State and explain different similarities related to model testing of

hydraulic turbines
Water turbines are usually large-sized units. They are manufactured for specific
conditions, therefore, it is not possible to product them on mass scale. If the turbines are
tested after the manufacture is complete, then the extensive tests on prototype machines
are very costly and take a long time to conduct them. The test results on prototype
machines may not tally with the design data, supplied to the manufacturers. To change
the dimensions and size of the turbine at this state will be very costly. Hence, due to
these reasons, it is essential to make a turbine model, which is geometrically similar for
carrying out the tests in order to predict the behaviour and working conditions of the full
sized turbine. The actual turbine and the model are identical in shape and all parts, viz.,
spiral casing, guide mechanism, runner and draft tube of the one are geometrically
similar to the corresponding parts of the other.
The principle of similarity is extended to predict the performance of a future design
from the rests on a geometrically similar model. Testing of model also helps in deciding
the best shape for blades and draft tubes.
1. Geometric similarity: Implies that the model must be similar to the prototype
turbine i.e., all liner dimensions of the two machines compared are proportional and
the angles between the corresponding elements are equal.
2. Kinematic similarity: Requires the similitude’s of flow fields in the passages of
model and prototype turbines. In hydraulic turbines, kinematic similitude expresses
the similarity of velocity triangles at corresponding points of flow.
3. Dynamic similarity: Demands the proportionality of forces acting on the
streamlined elements of turbine passage, e.g. proportionality of forces acting on the
blades of the two similar turbines, model and prototype.

· Draw neat sketch with indication of Governing of a pelt on wheel –

When load on generator changes according to the requirements, the load on turbine
changes correspondingly, because the turbine is directly coupled to the generator. When
load on a turbine changes, its speed and the rate of flow change. To keep the speed
constant and to regulate the rate of flow (according to the changes in load), it is known as
the governing of a turbine. This is necessary because, the normal condition of working of
a turbine requires that it should be run at constant speed, irrespective of the changes in
load.
 · Give detailed classification of water turbines –

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER TURBINE

According to According to direction According

Hydraulic Action of flow of water to water
on runner head

Impulse Reaction
turbine turbine tangential flow High Head
Ex – Pelton Ex – Franci’s turbine (Ex – Pelton wheel) turbine (above
wheel turbine, 300 mts.
Kaplan radial flow turbine Ex – pelton wheel)
turbine (Ex – Old Franci’s trubine) Medium Head
Propeller turbine (60 to
turbine 250 mts.
Axial flow turbine Ex - Modern
(Ex - Kaplan) Francis turbine)
Low head turbine

Mixed flow turbine below – 60 mts.

(Ex – Modern Francis (Ex – Kaplan and
turbine) propeller turbine)

According According to
to specific position of
speed of turbine shaft

Low specific Horizontal Vertical

turbine below shaft shaft
60 Ex – Pelton Ex – Pelton Ex - Francis
turbine Kaplan
Propeller
Medium specific turbine etc.
turbine (60 – 400
Ex – Francis

High specific turbine

above 400
(Ex – Kaplan propeller)
· Explain main components of a Pelton wheel –
The Pelton wheel is the most commonly used impulse turbine. It was
designed by L.A. Pelton in 1880. It works under a high head of water and requires
small quantity of water.

The main components of a Pelton wheel installation are described below:

1. Nozzle: It is a circular guide mechanism, which guides the water to flow at a
designed direction and to regulate the flow of water. The nozzle is provided with
a spear

Fig. 6.18: Pelton wheel nozzle

mechanism to control the quantity of water. The spear changes the opening in
the nozzle by moving in or out (Fig. 6.18). The movement of the spear is
regulated by hand or by automatic governing arrangement depending upon the
requirement. Sometimes, it is very essential to close the nozzle suddenly; this is
done with the help of spear, which may cause the pipe to burst due to sudden
increase of pressure. To avoid such a mishap, an additional nozzle known as by-
pass nozzle is provided through which the water can pass. The nozzle is kept
very close to the buckets, in order to minimise the losses due to windage (Fig.
6.19).

Fig. 6.19

2. Buckets and Runner: A Pelton wheel is fitted with buckets having the shape
of double-hemispherical cap. Each bucket is divided vertically into two parts by a splitter
 Fig. 6.20: Pelton wheel bucket

which is a sharp edge at the centre, the splitter helps the jet to be divided, without shock into
two parts moving side ways in opposite directions (Fig. 6.20). The surface of the buckets is
made very smooth. For low heads, the buckets are made of east iron, but for high heads, the
buckets are made of bronze, stainless steel or other alloys. The rear of the buckets is so
shaped that the water coming out of the bucket does not interfere with the jet striking the
following bucket. The angle of deflection being about 160o.

The advantage of double cup shaped bucket is that because of symmetry, the axial
thrust on the shaft is zero. The buckets are generally bolted to the runner disc, so that the
worn out buckets can be easily replaced.

3. Casing: The casing of a Pelton wheel does not perform any hydraulic function.
But it is necessary to safe-guard the runner against accident and also to prevent the splashing
of water and lead the water to the tail race. The casing is generally made of cast or fabricated
parts.

4. Deflector: When the load on the turbine decreases suddenly, the water supply
has to be cut off by closing the nozzle. The sudden closure of the nozzle may cause
excessive water hammer. To avoid water hammer, the nozzle is closed slowly and some of
the water coming out of the nozzle is deflected away from the bucket by a movable steel
plate known as deflector (Fig. 6.21).

5. Hydraulic brake: The runner goes on revolving for a considerable time, due to
inertia, even after the nozzle has been closed. The hydraulic brake is provided to bring the
runner to stand-still position in a short time. It consists of a small nozzle which directs a jet
on the back of the buckets in the opposite direction. This causes braking action on the wheel.

Fig. 6.21
· What is Kaplan turbine? Draw sketch of Francis turbine
runner and Kaplan turbine runner –

Kaplan Turbine –
The Kaplan turbine is purely axial flow reaction turbine in which the flow of
water is parallel to the shaft. The number of vanes greatly reduces about 4 to 8 with
the result that quantity of water handled for same diameter increases with lower
losses on friction. It, therefore, becomes more compact in construction and has
higher rotational speed. Because of these characteristics, this turbine is used at such
places where comparatively low head and large quantity of water is available.

(a) Francis turbine runner (b) Kaplan turbine runner

· State performance characteristic curve and its types –

The performance of particular turbine under varying conditions of operation is
represented by a group of graphs. These graphs, called characteristic curves, help to decide
the optimum conditions of working of the turbine. When a turbine is tested under constant
head and with fixed gate opening, the relations between speed, efficiency, output and
discharge are obtained and presented in graphs.

The characteristic curves are usually plotted in terms of unit quantities.

The characteristic curves of the following types are described:
1. Main characteristic curves.
2. Operating characteristic curves
3. Constant efficiency curves.

· Draw & explain layout of ‘Hydro-power station’ –

Such plants work under heads ranging from 25 to 2500 metres. Water is usually
stored up in lakes on high mountains during the rainy season or during the season when the
snow melts. The rate of flow should be such that water can last throughout the year. From
one end of the lake, tunnels are constructed which lead to the water into smaller reservoirs
known as fore bays. The fore bays distribute the water to penstocks through which it is lead
to the turbines. In cases where it is not possible to construct fore bays, surge tanks are built.
When the load on the turbines decreases, the excess quantity of water surges into the surge
tank preventing a sudden pressure rise. Surge tank occupies much less space than a fore bay.
Fig. 6.35 illustrates water flowing through the tunnel to the surge tank; situated near the
surge tank is a valve house. Valve house housing electrically driven sluice type valves meant
for the control of flow in the penstocks. The value also helps to close the penstock and, thus,
facilitates clearing, and repairing. The total distance from the water source to the turbine
inlet may, sometimes, be even 15 to 20 km. The water is discharged after passing through
the turbines into the tail race from where it can be taken for irrigation.

Fig. 6.35: Lay-out of hydro-power station

CHAPTER – 3
Centrifugal Pumps -

· State function & two main types of pumps –

Introduction –
Pump is a mechanical device to increase the pressure energy of a liquid. In
most of the cases, pump is used for raising fluids from a lawer to a higher level, i.e. it
receives mechanical energy and raises the potential energy of the fluid. There are two
main types of pumps, centrifugal and reciprocating type;

· Explain basic principle of centrifugal pump –

Definitions –
The centrifugal pump is a contrivance to raise liquids from a lower to a higher
level by creating the required pressure with the help of centrifugal action. The pump
may not be used to lift water at all, but to boost the pressure I n a pipe line. The
pressure increases with increase in radial distance due to centrifugal action. The
pump is driven by power from an external source, usually an electric motor. The
wheel of centrifugal pump on which the vanes are fitted is known as impeller. The
liquid enters the pump at the centre. The impeller gives a centrifugal head to the
liquid in the pump. The liquid leaves the impeller at the outer periphery with a high
pressure and velocity.
· Draw sketch of arrangement of the centrifugal pump –

Fig. 7.2: Centrifugal pump

· What do you mean by priming of centrifugal pump ?

To work a centrifugal pump, it must first be primed. Pump is said to have
been primed when all the air in the suction pipe, pump casing and small portion of
delivery pipe upto delivery valve is driven out and its place is occupied by the liquid
which is to be pumped. Priming is usually done by pouring liquid into the funnel
provided for this purpose. The air-vent valve provided in the pump casing is opened
when priming is done. The air escapes through the air-vent valve. The priming is
continued till all the air from the suction pipe, impeller ant he casing has been
removed.

· Define ‘Specific Speed’ of turbine –

As in the case of turbines, specific speed is a sound basis for a technical
classification of centrifugal pumps and for comparison of the performance of
different pumps. It is defined as the speed in revolutions per minute of a pump
geometrically similar to the actual pump and is represented as Ns.

Then specific speed, Ns =

where, N = actual speed of pump in r.p.m.

Q = quantity flowing in m3 / sec.
H = delivery head (total or monomeric) in m

· Explain with figure ‘Types of Impellers’ in centrifugal pump –

1. Impeller: The wheel fitted with a series of backward curved vanes is known
as an impeller. The impeller is mounted on a shaft. The shaft is usually coupled to
an electric motor.
Impeller may have vanes having shrouds on both sides as in case of radially
inward flow reaction turbine. Such an impeller is known as closed impeller or
shrouded impeller and is used for the pumping of liquids which are pure and
 comparatively free from foreign matter or debris. When the vanes have only base
plate and no crown plate, the impeller is known as semi-open impeller and it is
useful for pumping the liquids charged with debris to some extent. When the vanes
have neither the crown plate nor the base plate, the impeller is known as open
impeller. This type of impeller is used when the liquid contains a large amount of
debris.

(a) Shrouded or closed (b) Semi-open impeller (c) Open impeller

impeller
Fig. 7.4
2. Casting: The casing of a centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of a reaction
turbine. It is an air – tight chamber covering the impeller.

· Water is to be pumped out of deep well under a total head of 95

meters. A number of identical pumps of design speed 1000 rpm and
specific speed 900 rpm with a rated capacity of 150 liters /sec are
available. How many pumps will be needed and how should they be
connected?

Solution: Given data: H = 95 mts, N = 1000 rpm, Ns = 900 rpm.

Q = 150 liters /sec
Ns =

900 =

Hm = 32.5 mts

Number of pumps =
· Differentiate between Centrifugal pump and Reciprocating
pump. –
Following Table 8.1 gives the comparison of a centrifugal pump and a reciprocating
pump.
Table 8.1
Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump
1. Simple in construction, because of 1. Complicated in construction, because
less number of parts. of more number of parts.
2. Total weight of the pump is less for a 2. Total weight of the pump is more for
given discharge. a given discharge.
3. Suitable for large discharge and 3. Suitable for less discharge and higher
smaller heads. heads.
4. Requires less floor area and simple 4. Requires more floor area and
foundation. comparatively heavy foundation.
5. Since it has rotating element, there is 5. Since it has reciprocating element,
less wear and tear. there is more wear and tear.
6. Maintenance cost is less 6. Maintenance cost is more.
7. Can handle dirty water. 7. Cannot handle dirty water.
8. Can run at higher speeds. 8. Cannot run at higher speeds.
9. Its delivery is continuous 9. Its delivery is pulsating.
10. No air vessels are required 10. Air vessels are required.
11. Thrust on the crank shaft is uniform. 11. Thrust on the crank shaft is not
uniform.
12. Operation is quite simple. 12. Much care is required on operation.
13. It has less efficiency. 13. It has more efficiency.
14. Starting torque is more. 14. Starting torque is less.
15. Suction and delivery valves are not 15. Suction and delivery valves are
necessary. necessary.
16. Balancing is proper. 16. Balancing is not proper.

· Explain with ‘Figure Double acting pump’ –

Double-acting pump: In a double acting pump, there are two suction and delivery
pipes and one delivery pipe on each side. In a double-acting pump, the suction and delivery
strokes occur simultaneously (Fig. 8.2)
When the crank rotates from one inner dead centre in the clockwise direction, a vacuum
is created on the left side of the piston and the liquid is sucked through the suction valve S1.
At the same time, the liquid on the right side of the piston is pressed and a high pressure
causes the delivery value D2 to open and the liquid flows into the delivery pipe 2. This
process continues till the crank reaches the outer dead centre.
As the crank now rotates from the outer dead centre towards the inner dead centre, the
liquid is sucked through the suction pipe 2 and delivered through the delivery pipe 1. When
the crank reaches the inner dead centre, the piston is in extreme dead centre, the piston is in
the extreme left position. Thus, one cycle is completed. As the crank rotates, the cycles are
repeated.
It may be noted that in a single-acting pump, a plunger may be used, but in a double-
acting pump, a plunger cannot be used. A piston is necessary in the double-acting pump as
water acts on both the sides.
 Fig. 8.2: Double-acting reciprocating pump

· Draw sketch of Air vessel and Define Negative slip of the pump
–
Negative slip of the pump –
The difference between the theoretical discharge and the actual discharge of a
pump is known as slip of the pump.
Sometimes the actual discharge of a reciprocating pump is more than the
theoretical discharge. In such cases, the coefficient of discharge will be more than
unity and the corresponding slip is known as negative slip of the pump.
This happens when the suction pipe is long and delivery pipe is short and the
pump is running at high speed. This causes the delivery valve to open before
completion of the suction stroke and some water is pushed into the delivery pipe,
before the piston commences its delivery stroke.

CHAPTER – 4
Hydraulic Systems –

· Differentiate between Hydraulic system and Pneumatic system

–

Hydraulic System Pneumatic System

1. Uses oil or liquid. 1. Uses compressed air.
2. Since oil is used, the system is self 2. Lubricating oil is to be added to
lubricated. compressed air for lubrication of
sliding parts.
3. Complicated and higher cost. 3. Simple and low cost.
4. Fire hazardous and causes accidents 4. No spark hazard or shock hazard.
due to sliding on spillage on floor.
5. Actuators move smoothly with 5. Actuators move suddenly without
precise control and without any jerk any control on the movement with
or shocks. jerk and shocks.
6. Close control over the speed can be 6. Close control over the speeds cannot
efficiently obtained. Hence used in be obtained because air is
precision and highly sophisticated compressible. Hence used in rough
machines. and robust machines.
 · Give classification of Hydraulic pumps –
The chart shows the classification of hydraulic pumps.

Pumps

Positive displacement pumps Roto dynamic pumps

Reciprocating + ve Rotary Working Direction Specific

displacement pumps displacement pumps head of flow speed

Type of No. of entrances

Gear Vave casing to impellers
type type
External Sliding
Internal type
Screw
Lobe Swinging
type

Single action reciprocating Double acting Axial type Radial type

pumps reciprocating piston pumps piston pumps
pumps

· Explain ‘Gear Type Pump’ –

A gear-type pump is a power-driven unit having two or more intersecting gears
enclosed in a suitably shaped housing (Fig. 9.3). The two gears are fit closely inside a
housing meshing each other with little clearance. When the pump is first started, rotation of
gears forces air out of the casing and into the discharge pipe. This removal of air from the
pump casing produces a partial vacuum on the section side of pump. Fluid from external
reservoir is forced by atmospheric pressure into the pump inlet. The fluid is trapped in the air
pockets formed between the teeth of upper and lower gears and pump casing continued
rotation of the gears forces the fluid out of the pump outlet. Gear – type pumps are available
in a wide range pressure ratings.

· Explain elements of a Hydraulic fluid system –

1. Pump: This is a device which increases pressure of the fluid in hydraulic
circuits. The pump may be a constant discharge pump or a variable discharge pump driven
by electric motor or I.C. engine.
2. Directional control value: This valve releases or changes the direction of
flow of liquid through the pipe system.
3. Pressure relief value: The valve releases if the pressure of the fluid increases
beyond the limit or overheads and prevent damage to the system.
4. Flow control valve: The valve controls discharge to the hydraulic system.
5. Pilot controlled check valve: This valve is used to hold the pilot, ram or any
sliding part of the machine tool in various positions.
6. Single acting or double acting cylinder: With the help of hydraulic energy,
the piston in the cylinder imparts reciprocating motion in the hydraulic system.
 7. A set of pipe lines: Leak proof connections for transmitting hydraulic energy
to the machine tool is obtained by copper tubes.
8. Reservoir or sump: This is a container in which the fluid for use in hydraulic
circuit is used and stored for recirculation.

· State & explain elements of a pneumatic system –

1. Compressor: This is a basic unit of any pneumatic system used to compress
air. This compressed air is stored in the receiver and used to push, pull, rotate or to do some
work and develop power.
2. Receiver: This is a vessel, fabricated, rolled and steel sheet capable of storing
compressed air.
3. Service unit: This unit comprises of air filter, pressure regulator and
lubricator. This unit removes dust and moisture from compressed air and regulates pressure
of compressed air.
4. Actuators: These are elements in pneumatic circuits which convert fluid
energy into mechanical energy.
5. Directional control valve: This valve is used to obtain the particular
direction to the fluid flow or to step it to reciprocate it.

· Draw meter-in Hydraulic circuit –

Fig. 11.3 shows the meter-in hydraulic circuit. The flow control valve with integral
check valve is connected between D. C. valve and the cylinder to meter the fluid as it enters
into the blind end of the cylinder. The direction of arrow indicates the direction of feed.
When spool of D. C. valve is manually shifted to right side against valve spring, the
fluid from pump passes though the compensated flow control valve as it enters into blind end
of the cylinder and the exhaust fluid is directed freely to the reservoir.
When the force on spool of D. C. valve is released, it permits the spool to return due
to valve spring and the pump flow is directed to the rod end of the cylinder. The fluid from
blind end of the cylinder will pass through the integral check valve in the flow control
mechanism and the piston can be retracted rapidly to its initial position.
This method is highly accurate and is used where the load on the actuator resists the
stroke at all times. Metering the fluid into the blank end of cylinder is necessary because of
the ratio between the piston diameter and piston rod diameter. If this ratio is large, the force
developed on the piston towards the rod end is higher which restricts the flow from rod end
as the back pressure is more.
 Feed direction

3 4

1 2

P R

Fig. 11.3: Meter-in hydraulic circuit

This is suitable only on circuits with one basic cylinder function. If both the actuator
strokes are to be controlled, then the flow control valve may be installed between the pump
and D. C. valve.

· Draw meter-out speed control hydraulic circuit –

Fig. 11.4 shows the meter-out speed control hydraulic circuit in which a flow control
valve is located between the D. C. valve and the actuator such that the fluid is metered as it
leaves the actuator. The direction of arrow indicates the direction of feed of the actuator.
This method is highly accurate and has a precise control of fluid on the discharge
side of the cylinder. This method is used where a free falling load or overhauling load tends
to get out of control.
 Feed direction

Fig. 11.4: Meter-out speed control hydraulic circuit

· Draw hydraulic circuit for operation of shaper –

Fig. 11.14: Hydraulic circuit for operation of shaper

· Draw Hydraulic circuit for milling machine –

Fig. 11.13: Hydraulic circuit for milling machine

CHAPTER – 5
Industrial Pneumatics

· Draw various layers in a hose –

Outer layer Second layer Additional

(synthetic rubber) (wire or cloth braid) braided layer

Inner layer
(material compatible
with hydraulic fluid)

Fig. 12.7: Various Layers in a Hose

· Draw straight, elbow fittings –

Fig. 12.8: Permanently attached end fittings for flexible hose

· Draw ‘Pneumatic Power Unit’ circuit –

G

To the system
F
R L

C M

G – Pressure gauge, R – Regulator, F – Filter, M – Electric motor, RV = Pressure

relief value, C – Air Compressor

Fig. 12.1 Pneumatic power unit

· Draw common types of pipe fittings –

Fig. 12.3: Common types of pipe fittings

· What do you mean by flare less tube fittings and state its type –
To avoid the need of flaring and to simplify the construction of fitting, the flare
less fittings are used. The tubbing is not flared for flare less type. Here the nut and ferrule are
placed on the tube, then the tube end is inserted into the fitting body. When the nut is
tightened, the lower end of the ferrule bites into the tube wall while the top of the ferrule
clamps the tube. The bite prevents separation under pressure and the clamp supports the tube
and resists vibration. Minimum wall thickness is the limitation in flare less fitting. A tube too
thin will not be strong enough to resist forming the bite.