Name of the experiment: Study on Impact of a Jet on a Flat Plate and a Hemispherical Cup

INTRODUCTION:
Fluid in motion exerts forces on objects in contact with in natural and artificial systems.
To study these forces is a very important part in mechanics of fluid. Engineers have found many
ways to utilize this impact of jets on a surface diverting the flow. For instance, in hydraulic
machineries such as the impulse turbine, the water speed is increased by controlling the pressure
which then collide with the fan of the turbine in the form of jet, resulting in the rotation of the
fan which is gained by force collected from the momentum of the jet.

OBJECTIVES:
a) To determine the force generated by the impact of jet on a flat plate anda hemispherical
cup.
b) To plot the force against the nozzle exit velocity.
c) To compare the forces on flat plate and hemispherical cup.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
a) Impact of a flow meter,
b) Jet apparatus,
c) A flat plate and a hemispherical cup,
d) Set of calibrated weights.

THEORY:
If a jet of water impacts on a surface then the direction of the jet will be changed through
an angle, say θ. If the surface is considered to be frictionless then the velocity of the jet after
impact will be the same as the velocity of the incident. According to Newton’s Third Law of
motion, the force exerted on the surface by the jet will be equal in magnitude but opposite to the
force exerted by the surface on the jet which caused it to change the direction of the flow.
By Applying Newton’s Second Law of motion it can be derived for the direction of the incident
jet,
F x =ρQ V i (1−cosθ )

Now, for the normal plate, θ = 90° . So, cosθ = 0

Therefore, F x =ρQ V i

And, for the hemispherical plate, θ = 180° . So, cosθ=−1

Therefore, F x =2 ρQ V i

By measuring the flow rate and the nozzle exit area in the experiment the jet velocity can easily
be determined,
Q
V n=
A

Now, applying the Bernoulli’s equation between the plate of impact and the nozzle,
2 2
Pn V n P V
+ + Z n= i + i +Z i
γ 2g γ 2g
As the jet is open at the atmosphere,
P n Pi
− =0
γ γ

And, Z n−Z i=0

So, V 2i =V 2n−2 g h

WORKING PROCEDURE:
1. The flat plate was in the apparatus.
2. The no load position was noted of the weigh tray by aligning the pointer on top of
the apparatus to the weigh Pan.
3. The appropriate was added to the way tray until it turns to the no load position.
4. The flow rate and mass was recorded.
5. The water supply and repeat procedure (steps 4-5) was reduced for each flow rate.
6. For each flow rate the force was determined on the plate using the weight used.
7. The force on the flat plate was computed by the rate of delivery of momentum (
ρQV ) of the jet impact.
8. Plotted force on the flat plate against delivery of momentum jet. An equation for
force was derived for force on flat Plate by means of this graph.
9. The flat plate was replaced with a hemispherical cup and procedure was repeated.
DATA SHEET FOR IMPACT OF A JET:
Diameter of the nozzle=

Cross section al area of nozzle =

Height of impact above nozzle tips =

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
CONCLUSION

ERROR ANALYSIS: