SEMINAR REPORT

ON

Under water wireless communication

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted By

AJAY KUMAR SINGH

(15192000008)

Under the Guidance of

(Dr.DINESH KUMAR SINGH)

(Assistant Professor)

Deptt. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Plot no. 2, Knowledge Park III, Gr. Noida
Session: 2017-18
 Deptt. of Electronics & Communication Engineering
G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
[Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India & Affiliated to Dr. A.K.T.U (formally U.P.T.U),
Lucknow]

CERTIFICATE
Certified that AJAY KUMAR SINGH have carried out the TECHNICAL
SEMINAR work presented in this report entitled “UNDER WATER
WIRELESS OMMUNICATION” for the award of Bachelor of Technology
in Electronics & Communication Engineering during the academic session
2016-17 from A.K.T.U(formally U.P.T.U), Lucknow. The seminar work and
studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of the report do not form
the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

(Dr.dinesh kumar singh) (Mr. MOHAN SINGH)

(Seminar Guide) (Seminar Coordinator)
(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)
Deptt. of ECE Deptt. of ECE

(Dr. Amit Sehgal)

H. O. D., Deptt. of ECE

Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this report would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, without whose constant
guidance and encouragement would have made efforts go in vain. I consider myself
privileged to express gratitude and respect towards all those who guided us through the
completion of this project.

I convey thanks to my Seminar guide Mr. Mohan Singh (Astt. Professor), ECE Department
for providing encouragement, constant support and guidance which was of a great help to
complete this project successfully.

Finally, I would like to add few heartfelt words for the people who were the part of the
seminar in various ways, especially my friends and classmates who gave me unending
support right from the beginning. My family has been the most significant in my life so far
and this part of my life has no expectation. Without their support, persistence and love I
would not be where I am today.

Ajay kumar singh

(1419231049)
3rd year,ECE Deptt

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter no. Title Page no.
LIST OF FIGURES vi
ABSTRACT vii
1 Introduction 1

2 What is real time system 3

2.1 Design Philosophies 4
3 RTAI 5
3.1 Architecture 6
3.2 Hardware abstraction layer 7
3.3 Scheduling 8
4 RTAI Features 10
4.1 Inter Process communication 10
4.2 Memory Management 12
4.3 Posix Thread 12
4.4 Task Scheduling 13
5 RT Linux 15
5.1 Implementation 16
5.2 Objective 17
5.3 Core Components 17
5.4 Functionality 18
5.5 Kernel Modules 18
5.6 Threads 19
6 Linux Kernel 21
6.1 Architecture 22
6.2 Programming Language 22
6.3 Compiler Compatibility 23
7 Technical Features 24
7.1 Preemption 24
7.2 portability 25
7.3 Security 25

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8 Feature History 26

9 Control Flow in Linux System 29

10 LXRT:User Space Interface to RTAI 32

10.1 Example of using RTAI-LXRT 32
11 Conclusion 36

12 References 37

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
FIGURE 3.1 RTAI Architecture 7
FIGURE 5.1 Program code 18
FIGURE 5.2 Program code 19
FIGURE 5.3 Linux Kernel Process 20
FIGURE 5.4 Program output 20
FIGURE 7.1 Development 28
FIGURE 8.1 Control Flow 29
FIGURE 10.1 Architecture of simple real 34
Time application

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 ABSTRACT
Real-Time Application Interface (RTAI) is a real-time Linux implementation based on
RTLinux. It adds a small real-time kernel below the standard Linux kernel and treats the
Linux kernel as a low priority real-time task. RTAI provides a large selection of inter-process
communication mechanisms and other real-time services. Additionally, RTAI provides a
LXRT module for easy developement of real-time applications in user space. LXRT makes it
possible to dynamically switch between real-time and non-real-time operation in the
userspace. Finally, we give a small example of using RTAI and LXRT. Linux operating
system which started as a student project by Linus Travaldo gained momentum.in in late 80s
is now a complete operating system meeting requirements of nearly all type of users. Further
large group of developers are adding features to the core kernel as well as KLM (kernel
loadable modules). However indefinite response time, treatment of interrupts, scheduling
policy and timer granularity are some of the features of Linux which makes it unsuitable in
embedded world where a definite response time is a must. Several techniques and patches are
available to customize and modify bare Linux kernel to be acceptable as a hard real time
operating system. This article discusses these issues. This paper attempt to throw some light
on the technologies behind the embedded systems design and concludes by the survey of
some of the available real-time operating systems.

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