Mot vai ung dung hay va dep cilia hang diém diéu hoa va tw giac diéu hoa. Nguyén Duy Khuwong ‘Sau day 16] nn gio iu vot cc ban 2 trong nung céng cy mann nnét cia hin hoe phing: Hang aiém diéu nod va tw aléc aiéu hod, Ws cau pat it 61s git thu lal win taco ban “Tube ten chting ta 38 Kha nlém ial voi nau vé thuat ngtt “nang aiém’ va “sé Kép cla nang" 86 4 am 48.6.0 ¢6 xc ann thr, mang nang, de gol & nang clém Tiss kép oda hang diém la 1 Khai niém quan trong ko thé thigu khi cdc ban bét dau luyén st2 cng cu tén, cuthé ta dinh ngha (ABCO)=-LA ‘duoc got tis6 kép cia hang aiém. cA Dpbinh nghia vé hing giém didu hod: 4 Giém AB,C.0 de gota nang Giém aigu Noa Kni va ent Khi > = cp Luu y-4 aim aurge gotta nang a¥ém au hoa knt va eh kh 1 trong cae he tite sau atzoe tho man: eis, 0 : ‘ABCA DA 2MFA_ = TC. TD 1 trung aiém AB)ihe thie Newton) 3) Golf trung am CD, ta cb AG. AD = AB. AT(né thie Mactaurn) Tinh chét cia hang diém didu hod va chum digu hoa: 1)Nu O ndim ngoai hang éiém GiB hoa ASCO thi cdc dung thdng CA.O8.0C,0D de goi 161 chim didu hoa. Ki niéu la O(ABCD)=-1 6 day €6 1 sy" dng liu Ya tr chim dieu hoa ta thu durge we 36 hang éiu hoa kha voi méi duéng ‘thing cét 4 dutng thang cia chim diéu hoa la 20 ra mat hang dieu hoa moi 2)Qua 1 diém bat ki thuéc hang diéu hoa ké duréng thang song song vot 1 duréng thang bat ki cia chim diéu hoa thi Guéng thang do cat 3 dung thing con lai va chia dai ching, '3)Cho hang chim diBu hoa O(ABCD). Khi 6 OA vung géc OC khi va chi Khi OC la phn gidc trong va ngoai gée BOD. 4)Néu (ABCD)=(ABCD) thi O tring D? 5)Néu O(ABCD)=O(ABCD) thi 0.0.0 thang hang {)Néu cc diém AB.C thude Gudng thing d_{ v8 A: thude duéng thang d_2 sao cho d_1 cdtd_2 tai O. Thé thi AA’ BB..CC" déng quy hose dBi 1m@t song song khi va chi khi (OABC)=(OABC, 8) Mat sé hang digu hoa co ban: Tide d8y trong cdc sich chi gi thigu ching ma ko chiu d3t tén, GB cho thudin tién i6is& théng Ké Iai ching v8 cho ching nhiing ci tn néi bat v8 d& he. “Hang situ noa trve giao: Cho tam gidc ABC c5 M.N.P Ién Mot ude BC.CA.AB: AM.BN.GP dng quy. Kni 6 goi NP giao vol BC tai S. Khi Go (s800 ‘Chung minn:Ap dung dinh ij Metaneus va Ginn Ij Ceva cho tam gic ABC vi AM.BN.GP dng quy: S.PN tndng hang. Ta c6 2 né thd sau MB NC Pa MC NA PB SB NC PA j— SC NA PB (n€ inc Descarten) SB MB Nnan 2 vé dng tha trén suy ra sc MC Tur dé theo dinh nghia ta cd dpem (Chung minh trén thu su hép dn bai su ngan gon. Va dng th cho ta t kf ta 1 hang diéu hoa trve giao, iHing didw hod eat tuyén: Cho (0) va 1 ciém 8 nlm ngoai (0). Ké cat tuyén SDE tor (0). VE cac bp tuyén $B,SC dén (0). Goi BC giao v6iDE tai | ng dinh rang von méi 9 durémg aéng quy bét ky ciia 1 tam giac s® cho Ki 66 (SDIE)=-1 (Ching minn xin dann cho ban doc) *)Hang dim phan gide: Cho tam gléc ABC cd phan aide trang AD va phan giée ngoai AE. Ki 66 (EBDC)=-1.(Ching minh cho hang diém nay kha on gidn xin dnh cho ban doc) 'S6 di gi thiéu voi cac ban cac hang diéu hoa co bn nay la muén glép cc ban ko phdi tin gly muc vit la chiang minh tsong ba lam vi ching da cor ban ma luyBinh nghia va tinh chit eda tr ide diéu hoa: 4)TW gidc nd iép ABCD ma thoa man tn tai 1 diém M trén dudng trén sao cho M(ABCO)=-t thi G6 8 1 ta gic dieu hoa, 2yTWgide ABCD citu No’ Kn va cht Kni 1 tong cc dtu kién sau tho mn 0 tiep tuyén tal AC va BD dBng quy node tp tuyén tal 6.0 va AC ang Quy. -ptich ede cann di cién bang naw +n ngna » 2ytdLauan ns nna dat nd valde nao cenura xudt hign kién thie nay trong ede sich hin nanh do dé 161 tam gol dt mér nin ng nay 18 még Ge ning adm atu nod BOEC.Léy 1 aim a ndt NA Rnéng iuge BC}. rng ibn (ABC). Gp A,AE én Nt ae (ABC) 11 2 Kh ab BCPQ Ia 1 ti giée aiéu nod. {Gnumg minn: Sau day ta chiing min mn ala 16 cho ainn nay nay, sB a cnng minh ban dau 8 cla ban kimluan va ehimg minn nay pu thude vao 4 pal visa (ban doc ty vé hinh) Gory: Truse tn ta di chimg minh 2 tr glic ABCP va ABO fa cac tir gic didu hoa Ta Gi ching minh 1 tir giac ABCP diéu hoa, tr lac con la tog tr (Qua Pd tiép tuyén (ABC) ct BC tai S Do (BDEC}=-1 suy rata 05 P(SBOE)=1 (Qua Ake tiép tuyén (ABC) Ct BC tal S. TuoNg tw suy ra P(SBOE)=-1 Do dé $ tring $'. Do vay tv glac ABCP digu hoa ‘Tr vide 2 tr gidctrén diéu hoa dn to ta quy vie ching minh tir alae BPCO diéu hoa tuong dena voi chimg minh tam gid OBC va tam lac CPO ‘ang danat hién nhién ding do tr giac BPCO ni tgp) ‘Bang cha y rng minh nhén thay co 1 cach em khac si dung Ginh nghia ti gic dieu hod rt hay Do (BOEC)=1 nén A(BOEC)=1 suy ra A(BPQC)= th dé ta cé Gpcm. (thuc su dn twong vs dé nan cia cm nay) IN) Mét sé ing dung quan trong, Gon gin, hay ma su cay(sé hon thign dan trong thoi gian t6i {YD1: Cho (0) va t diém A nim ngoai (O). Ke cic tip tuyén AB,AC dn (0). KE ct tuyén ADE dén (0), Budng thing qua D song song AB cit BC.BE tai MN. CMR: M 13 trung diém DN. INhan xét: Ching minn Bu tin ma thi tim duoc cho bai toan cia tndy VO.HO Binh. 1 1 gid @Oe do v6% cach ve them nnn phy. C6 Gu Wi gia nay qua dBi v2 kd Gap ng nu cu nnanh gon. Sau Gay 18 10% giai Dang hang dieu hoa: Gol AE giao BC tail khi G6 theo nang Giém cat tuyén ta co (ADIE)=-1 suy ta B(ADIE)=-1 ma theo ot ta ob DNAB nén theo tinn chat v8 chom au no’ tac M4 i tung ciém DN. Binh lugin: Loi gil tn 06 tt Kim ti da gidy muc cho céc ghicnép quan trangknéc @ @ @ \YB2: Cio tam gic ABC 06 0. F Kn uot thudc BC.CA.AB sao cho AD,BE.CF dng quy AD giao EF tal | Butng thang qua | song song vol BC cat DR.DE tal X.¥. CMR 118 trung aim XY. Gidr(pan doc tw vé ninn) ‘Theo nang aiéu no’ trvc giao néu ta gol EF glo VOI BG tal thi (SEDO) ‘kn. 36 theo phép chiu xuyen tam A suy ra (SEIF)=-1 suy a D(SEIF)=-1 ma XY SE nén theo tinh endt chim a nod ta thu duce epem, Binh: Lgl trén qua gon nén néu ban nao tnd mae va ko niu tal sao nén hoc hang atu hoa thi eay chin 1 do \¥D3: Cho tam glac ABC Ndi tp (0). Tip tuyén tal B,C edt nnau tal P VE dy AN EC. MIN glao (0) tal P. CMR" PA chia di Goan BC. [Binh:C thé noi bai toan kha nga nung tr ‘téng gid no Kha phong phi va GBy sire quyén ri) Co ban th ta chia lam 2 cach lam ma cach nao cing HiRY va sii dung de nhiing Kién thir 6 tren VD nay thé hign de sie mani tuyét 46 cia tir giae dieu hoa va chim diBu hoa C1- Phu thuéc vao viée nin ra tr giac MBC? Gidu hoa va viéc AIBC 18 hinh thang can. (C2: Phu thuéc vao viéc ti giac MBCP didu hoa va mdi quan hé gid tr giac diéu hoa va hang. Gidr Gt: Tube tién a8 y rng bép tuyén ta B.C va MP dng quy do 46 theo su nhan bit vé tir gidc diéu hoa th ti giac MBCP diéu hoa. Do dé néu ta co BRMC=CPEM &t hop viéc ti gidc ABMC la hinh thang cénhién nhién ding)nén thé thie trén ta thu duoc 1 he thirc Khe: BRAB=PC.CA bo 40a thu duge: BP — PE CA AB ang liu ldo tr giae ABCP ndiiép do dé tam gid SPR dng dang tam gidc SCA nén tr} s6trén ta thu duoe 1 he thize quan trong saur SB sc SA” SA Tur day nn nhién ta thu auroe acm, G2: Caen 1 tnd sur 1 Kt n6t dep gta gt va Két hidn pAy NEU thi C2 lal cng mné nkén dlzoe mI KEN KET chat ene tném ody Nnieu. NnUNg quan trong rom c@ 88 n6 rit gon t6 da 1b gil 6 caAcn 1. C2 cno ta niu sic mann tuyét Ahlen Ko né ban cdf cla nang cieu no® va ti gc CB Noa Yin votlap hin trén ta 06 0¢ rang MBACP Ia 1 ti gic dieu nod Gol AP Hn bot giao BIAS tal OS. ‘Theo métiién né hang ciBu nodetr gléc au hoa ta c6 ngay (BIN)=-1 suy ra A/S Iaicé AMIIEC{at) do do theo dinh fy vé chum diéu hoa ta thu dtroe dpem \¥D4: Cho tam glac ABC ngoai tip (I). () gp mic BC CA.AS tai D,E F Hla hinh chiéu O lén EF CAR’ HD la phan gide SHC (ach gi ban du hoa toan st dung kién thitc Isp 8 ty thé Kha dai Sau day cach gli bang hang Giéu hoa va chim dieu hoa Troe tign hu ¥ OB=BF; Do dé theo Ginn Wy Geva Go ta ob AD, BE GF adng quy.Goi EF gi20 BC tal S. Knidé theo nang du hod true giao ta c4 (SBOC)=-1 1W6 ta 6 H(SBOG)=-1. ma HO wubag géc HS nn theo Ginn Ij vé chm au Nod ta eb per. \Nhgn x6t:88i todn tndt sw rét hay bei 46 ngn v3 hay eda m6. \VDS:L trien vo 2002) Cho 2 ding tron (0-1) va dubmg tron (0-2) giao nnau tal AB. Hal ip tuyén tal AB ola (O-1) cét nna tal M. Léy Mt tnude (O- 1), MK glao (©-1) tal. MA MB giao (0-2) tal PG. GMRY MG chia a61 PO NNngn xét6a1 tn tn ia 1 trong nniing Dal todn ding dung Ken te glac au Noa sau sc nnd Gar Sau aay 1101 gt cn0 nd Gol ak giao PO tal S Ta al ching minn ring Sta trung am Pa D8 nndn indy ACHAEA tir gic au Nod. Lal c6 géc ACME nov tkp) ma géc ABKi=géc APS(ao tir gkSc PASO néi tp) do 66 ta thu duoc APCS fate gli noi tkp Do dé ta 6 t's sau SP SM $M.AC, est , ac ~ am ~ 5? a Temaltcmalbaneton ae BS én day ey ng ti ic ACME au hoa dodo AS = SI ‘thay ta vio (1)(2) ta thu aurge apem YDS: Cho tam glac ABC: 6 eae audng cao SE,CF edt nhau tal. EF glao vot BC tal S. AB glao wt Gung trén ngoal tip tam gide ASC tal, AH giao (ASC) tai. Goi SO giao CP tai M. CMR: AD,SPBM dng quy tai 1 Giém Binh: C2 thé nai bat oan trén day kha la kn va dng then viéc vé hinh chde chan lam ban aién au Ca diéu quan trong ta ‘ruse mBi bai toan ai né c6 16 rém dén du Sau day Ia Ie gil cho bai toan trent 1% gidi ngdn gon va kn hay.n6 dB loai bd surg gh# cho bai toa Gir D8 thay rng (8800)=-1 theo hang diém trvc giao Do dé do méitién hé "aiBu hoa’ ti ta thu duoc ngay rang SPCC la 4 ti gid dig hoa. Gol AB giao $0 tai N. Bang chu j a do tir gléc SPCO diéu hoa {do G6 tuong dong lat glac P3CA did hod. Khi dé lai theo méi én hé “didu hoa thi néu goi AH giao véi FC tal | thi hign nin ta thu duoc (PMIC)= lou ¥ rang 6 trén ta dB chia minh rng (SBDC)=-t nén theo tinh ehét 8 vé hang diu ho’ thi ta thu duoc éiéu pha chung minh Nha xét- Chang minh nay thy sy chizng minh strc manh oi hang diém diéu hoa v8 sitc manh cua nd Tuy rang co thé nei rng hang diéu hoa duoc sit dung ti bai toan di kh cé khS cling s& (cd thé) duoc gist quvéi bai thu su ti Gay fa 1 cng cu cé site manh dang so v6i si: uy dt lon, niumg bi Khin6 fa qua manh. Ta sé dao qua 1 vi du G8 thé hign diéu nay BT; Cho tam gic ABC naitiép (0) 6 cdc duong cao AD.EF.CE. Goi EF giao BC tai P Bung thang qua DVIEF gizo Hin kyot AB,AC tal QR. CMR. ‘duong irdn ngosi ip tam gic POR Gi qua 1 diém cé dinh Binh: Lai gidi Sng hing diéen did hod 8 116 gid dep nhung 13 gud mand. Toa hoc fa don gién hoa vn G2, dua tren tu twéng tren ti s& dua ra t ret gid kndc dong Kin thc cp THCS Giar Goi Ha truc t&m tam gidc ABC.AH giao BC tai. gol 18 trung dim BC. Khi 6 goi AP giao () ta L. thi d thdy LIM. thdng hang hay & ML vudng gc AP. TO 6 din 161 H tru tm tam gidc APM. Chu y ring ty Gay la suy ra réng DE. DA = DM. DP. aH cing i truc tim tam gid ‘ABC nén ta thu duoc DB. DC = DH. DA do 66 ta cb MD. DP = DB. DC. DE aang ching minn duoc ring GBCR ia 1 th gidc nBitiEPLEN ¥ EF/FOR), do a6 ta thu duoc DQ. DR= DB. DC Vay nay ata cb DM. DP = DQ. DR hay ia PORM 181 ti gt nol tp vay ta co apem((PGR) al qua M fa tring Gm BC). INnan xét: ching tachi nén si? dung va Kni t61 thurgng nang ckém aie oa va tr gkic aw nod 6 nniing 6% aid quyée ann. ‘Tbe kn két ne cc VOTO nu ra 7 nal ton ma t6 tam ade nn kn hoy MBI quan Ne "aléu Nad” ma 6G sng a0 ra al oan dep nay YB: Cho tam gic ABC ngoal tép (1). (I) NEP XC BC. GA.AB lan Kot tatD.E,F Gol GF giaot tal M. MK giao DE tat L. FL 9ia0 AG tat. GM O.MLN ‘thang nang (Gir 881 toantrén tur surkné do cée yeu tka ro rac nnau va céu él duy nhdt, hua céc ban , cninh 16 mét quan né “aiéu nod" Sau cay a i gi cho no a nhan thdy ti gt thi OFEK la 1 tr gic du hoa. Goi CF giao DE tai T Tirméi quan he "iéu hoa thi ta thu duvec (ELDT}=-1.Chiy theo hang ‘idm cat tuyén thi (CMTF}=-1, chit rng ED ct CF tai T nén theo tinh chat hang dieu hoa thi OM.FL.AC dng quy hay 1a D.M.N thang hang Thur su tt tn bai tan c6I6i gid so-cp hon nhung thc su ti bai toan nay thé hién 1 chiéu sau cia céng cu hang diéu hoa va méi quan he du haa) Cui cing xm kn Iai bai viét bang 1 36 bar tp. \V)Mét sé bai tfp img dung HAY VA DEP 4) Cho tam alc ABC ngoai tiép Gung tron (I). ()tiép xtc BC.AC,AB lan uot tal O.E.F. Goi EF giao BC tai S. Goi ABLAD lan luot giao (ACS) tai RO. Goi ‘AC giao SQ tai L. Suéng thdng qua Q song song AC ct CCB lin let tai MN. CMR. CP di qua bung éiém ON 2)Cho tam gic ABC nhon cé tc tm H va M la trung dim BC. KE AD wing abc vot MH tal D(D thude MH). Phan gldc g6c DBM giao DC tal X phn ‘ic adc DCH giao DB tai ¥. KE cc dung cao BE,CF cia tam gidc ABC, CMR AD.EF XY dng quy tat dim, 8)Cho tam giac ABC nhon cé dung cao AH. Léy I bit ky thuGc AH, Kéo dai Bl vé Cl cll AB va AC tai EF. CMR AH a phn giéc g6c EHF. 4)cho (0) va 4 giém Andi ngo3i(O), Ké cat tuyén AMQ.ANP dn (0). KB tip tuyén ABAC dn (0). CMR: NO.MPBC dng quy ta 1 eiém '5xQ6ng qual cia bai 3)Cho tam gidc ABC va cac diém D.EF thudc BC.CAAB sao cho AD,BE.CF dng quy. Goi AD giao EF tai KE IH vudng géc BC. (CMR: IH fa phan gidc g6c EHF. ‘6)Cho tam gidc ABC ngoal tty (I). (9 tiep XUc BC, CA. AB lan uot tal O.E.F. EF giz0 BC tal S. DE giao SA tal M. AD giao () tal K. CMR: FM. théng nang. su ban cli kiéa nha