11.

Operation with a Current Source

11.1 Operation at a Fixed Frequency

Equivalent circuit:

I I
1 2e
+ jX I jX
R 1 + m 2e
1

E jX R2e/s
V 1 m
1
_
_

For low values of s, the rotor current is small and the magnetizing current Im is nearly
equal to I1. Since I1 is usually much higher than the normal magnetizing current, the
motor operates under saturation for low values of slip. The nonlinear relationship
between E1 and Im is obtained experimentally. From the equivalent circuit,

 R  2 
  2e  + X 22e  I 22e = E12 (A)
  s  
 R  2 
  2e  + ( X 2e + X m ) 2  I 22e = I12 X m
2
(B)
  s  
E1 = I m X m (C)

Subtracting eqn. (A) from (B) and then substituting from eqn. (C) gives

I12 − I m
2
I 22e =
2 X 2e (D)
1+
Xm

Also from eqn. (A),

R 2e
s= (E)
( E1 I 2e ) 2 − X 22e

Now,

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 1

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
 3 2 R 2e
Te = I 2e (F)
ωs s

Motor input impedance

R 
jX m  2e + jX 2e 
Z in = ( R1 + jX 1 ) +  s  = R + jX (G)
in in
R 2e
+ j ( X m + X 2e )
s

where

R 2e 2
Xm
Rin = R1 + s (H)
( R2 e s ) 2 + ( X m + X 2 e ) 2
X in = X 1 +
[
X m ( R 2e s ) 2 + X 2 e ( X m + X 2 e ) ] (I)
( R 2e s ) 2
+ ( X m + X 2e ) 2

2
(
V1 = I1 Rin 2
+ X in )1 2 (J)

Eqns. (A) to (G) are nonlinear algebraic equations due to the nonlinear relations of E1 and
Xm with Im. To avoid the need for a numerical solution, the calculations can be done in
the following sequence:

1. A suitable value (less than I1) is assumed for Im for a given I1.
2. E1 and Xm are obtained from the magnetization characteristic.
3. I2e is calculated from eqn. (D).
4. s is evaluated from equation (E).
5. Te and V1 are obtained from eqns. (F) and (J), respectively.

When operation is constrained to occur at constant flux, saturation does not occur and Xm
can be assumed constant. The motor will operate at nominal flux if Im is maintained
constant at the nominal value. From the equivalent circuit,

 ( R2e s ) + jX 2e 
Im =   I1
 ( R 2e s ) + j ( X m + X 2e ) 

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 2

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
or
2
 ( R2e s ) 2 + X 22e  2
Im =   I1 (K)
 ( R2e s ) 2 + ( X m + X 2e ) 2 

From eqn (K), for a given I1 one can calculate s which will provide operation at a
constant flux of the nominal value. Now,

3 2 R 2e
Te = I 2e
ωs s

Substituting for I2e from eqn. (B) yields

3  I12 X m 2
R2 e s 
Te =  
ωs  ( R2e s ) 2 + ( X 2e + X m ) 2 

dTe
To get s max T , = 0:
ds

R22e
s max T = − x ± 2
x + x where x =
( Xm + X 2e ) 2

Because the ratio x is small for a normal induction machine,

R 2e
s max T ≈ ±
X m + X 2e

Note: The slip at which breakdown torque is reached is much smaller for a motor driven
at constant line current than it is for the same motor driven at constant terminal
voltage.

11.2 Variable Frequency Control

A. Operation at and Below Rated Frequency

From the equivalent circuit,

2
 ( R2e s ) 2 + a 2 X 22e  2
Im =   I1
 ( R2e s ) 2 + a 2 ( X m + X 2e ) 2 

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 3

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
or
2
 R22e ( sa ) 2 + X 22e  2
Im =   I1 (L)
 R22e ( sa ) 2 + ( X m + X 2e ) 2 

Consider operation at I1 = Is1 and variable frequency. From eqn. K one can obtain the
value of slip for a = 1, which will give operation at a nominal value of Im for I1 = Is1. Let
this slip be s1. Then from equation (K),

2
 ( R2e s1 ) 2 + X 22e  2
Im =   I s1 (M)
 ( R2e s1 ) 2 + ( X m + X 2e ) 2 

To get operation at a nominal value of Im for all values of per unit frequency a, with Is
remaining fixed at Is1, the following conditions must be satisfied according to eqn (L) and
(M):

R22e / ( sa ) 2 + X 22e R22e / s12 + X 22e

=
R22e ( sa ) 2 + ( X m + X 2e ) 2 R22e s12 + ( X m + X 2e ) 2

This equation yields,

sa = s1 (N)

Multiplying both sides of eqn (N) by ωs gives

asω s = s1ω s

or
slip speed at per unit frequency a = slip speed at rated frequency

When operating at a per-unit frequency a, ωs and any reactance X should be replaced by

aωs and aX, respectively. Thus

3  I12 X m
2
R2e /( sa ) 
Te =  
ωs  ( R2e sa ) 2 + ( X 2e + X m ) 2 

For a given I1, if slip speed is maintained constant, torque will also be constant for all
frequencies.

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 4

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
B. Operation above Rated Frequency

When operating at a nominal flux or nominal Im for 0 < a < 1, the motor terminal voltage
changes. At rated frequency, it becomes equal to the rated value.
• Operation above rated frequency is carried out with the terminal voltage held
constant at rated value.7
• Machine behavior is identical to that when fed by a constant voltage variable
frequency source.
• To get constant terminal voltage, the machine impedance must be held constant as
frequency is increased. This is achieved by increasing the slip speed to
compensate for an increase in reactance. When breakdown torque is reached, the
machine is operated at constant slip speed and the current should decrease with
the increase in frequency to keep the terminal voltage constant.

12. Operation with Non-sinusoidal Supplies

• For a symmetrical waveform, only the odd harmonics will be present.

• The triplen harmonics , which are cophasal, cannot cause any current in delta or
wye load without a neutral.

The Fourier series of phase voltages for lower-order harmonics can be given as:

v as = V1 sin ω s t + V5 sin 5ω s t + V7 sin 7ω s t + 

vbs = V1 sin(ω s t − 120 o ) + V5 sin 5(ω s t − 120 o ) + V7 sin 7(ω s t − 120 o ) + 
vcs = V1 sin(ω s t + 120 o ) + V5 sin 5(ω s t + 120 o ) + V7 sin 7(ω s t + 120 o ) + 

Simplifying,

vbs = V1 sin(ω s t − 120 o ) + V5 sin(5ω s t + 120 o ) + V7 sin(7ω s t − 120 o ) + 

vcs = V1 sin(ω s t + 120 o ) + V5 sin(5ω s t − 120 o ) + V7 sin(7ω s t + 120 o ) + 

12.1 Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Harmonics

Consider the fundamental phase voltage components:

v as1 = V1 sin ω s t
vbs1 = V1 sin(ω s t − 2π / 3)
vcs1 = V1 sin(ω s t − 4π / 3)

phase sequence is ABC; produce the main field wave in the air gap which rotates
at synchronous speed.

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 5

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
Consider the fifth harmonic phase voltages:

v as 5 = V5 sin 5ω s t
vbs5 = V5 sin 5(ω s t − 2π / 3) = V5 sin(5ω s t − 4π / 3)
vcs5 = V5 sin 5(ω s t − 4π / 3) = V5 sin(5ω s t − 2π / 3)

⇒ phase sequence is CBA or ACB which is opposite to that of the fundamental.

 Negative sequence harmonics: harmonic voltages and currents of the order k = 6n – 1

(where n is an integer) whose phase sequence is opposite to that of the fundamental.
• Carried by the same windings as the fundamental → have the same number of
poles.
• Phase sequence is opposite and frequency is k times fundamental → produce
harmonic field waves in the air gap which rotates at k times the fundamental
synchronous speed in the opposite direction to the main field.

Consider the seventh harmonic phase voltages:

v as 7 = V7 sin 7ω s t
vbs 7 = V7 sin 7(ω s t − 2π / 3) = V7 sin(7ω s t − 2π / 3)
vcs 7 = V7 sin 7(ω s t − 4π / 3) = V7 sin(7ω s t − 4π / 3)

⇒ phase sequence is ABC which is the same as that of the fundamental.

 Positive sequence harmonics: harmonic voltages and currents of the order k = 6n + 1

(where n is an integer) with the same phase sequence as the fundamental.
• Have the same number of poles as the fundamental and produce harmonic field
waves in the air gap which rotate at k times the fundamental synchronous speed in
the same direction as the fundamental.

 Zero sequence harmonics: voltages and currents of harmonics of the order k = 3n

(triplen harmonics)
• Do not produce rotating air gap field waves.
• Zero sequence voltages produce currents and affect motor performance only in Y-
connected stator windings with neutral connection.

Harmonic slip:

kω s  ω m
sk =
kω s

“−“ for positive sequence harmonics (1, 7, 13, …)

“+” for negative sequence harmonics (5, 11, 17, …)

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 6

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
Since ω m = (1 − s) ω s ,

(1 − s ) k  (1 − s)
sk = 1  =
k k

For k = 1,

s1 = s for a positive sequence field

s1 = 2 − s for a negative sequence field

Rotor frequency:

f rk = k s k f s = [ k  (1 − s )] f s

12.2 Equivalent Circuit for Each Harmonic Component

Equivalent circuit for each harmonic component:

R jkX jkX
1k 1 2e

+ I
I + mk
1k
E jkX R /s
V 1k m 2ek k
k
_
_

• All reactances have a value k times the fundamental frequency value.

• The operating slip is the harmonic slip sk.
• Skin effect should be taken into account in calculating the primary resistance
and the secondary resistance and reactance of cage rotors for high frequency
harmonics.

In forward motoring, 0 < s < 1:

1.0 < s5 < 1.2

0.857 < s7 < 1.0

therefore, when s is small, s k ≈ 1 → f rk ≈ kf s .

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 7

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
For fs > 5 Hz, Xm >> Z2e:

R jkX jkX
1k 1 2e

+
I
1k

V R /s
2ek k
k

Vk
I1k =
( R1k + R2ek s k ) 2 + k 2 ( X 1 + X 2e ) 2

For fs > 20 kHz for small motors and fs > 10 Hz for large motors, the resistance have
negligible values compared to reactances:

jk(X +X )
1 2e

+
I
1k

V
k

Vk
I1k ≈
k ( X 1 + X 2e )

kth harmonic torque:

3I12k R2e / s k
Tk = ±
kω s

“+” by positive sequence harmonics

“_” by negative sequence harmonics

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 8

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
Fundamental torque:

3I 22e R2e s
T1 =
ωs

Thus,

2
Tk  I   R2ek  s 
= ±  1k     
T1  I 2e   R2 e   ks k 

For normal full-load operation, s is small:

k 1
sk ≈
k

Thus,

2
Tk  I   R2ek  s 
≈ ±  1k     
T1  I 2e   R2 e   k  1

Harmonic copper loss:

R jkX jkX
1k 1 2e

+
I
1k

V R /s
2ek k
k

Ph = ∑ I12k ( R1k + R2ek )

k = 5,7,...

Notes:
1. Core loss is also increased in the presence of harmonics.
2. Harmonics do not contribute to the output power of the motor.
3. Stator and rotor resistances increase with temperature; skin effect becomes dominant
at harmonic frequency especially for rotor resistance.
4. All inductances vary with saturation.

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 9

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
EXAMPLE 4:

A 400 V 50 Hz 6-pole 960 rpm Y-connected induction motor has the following
parameters:
R1 = 0.4 Ω R2e = 0.2 Ω X1 = X2e = 1.5 Ω Xm = 30 Ω
The motor is fed by a variable frequency current source. At all operating points the motor
is made to operate at the rated flux. (a) Calculate the slip speed for I1 = 60 A. (b)
calculate the frequency and stator current for operation at 500 rpm for the following
torque values (i) 139 N-m, (ii) -188 N-m.

Solution:
From the previous Example 3 (Part VI) for 50 Hz operation, Ns = 1000 rpm, ωs = 104.7
rad/s.

Rated torque = 188 N-m

Slip speed at rated torque = 40 rpm
E1 at rated conditions = 189 V

(a) I m = E1 X m = 189 / 30 = 6.3 A a=1

2
 R22e ( sa ) 2 + X 22e  2
I
substituting in eqn. L: m =   I1 ,
 R22e ( sa ) 2 + ( X m + X 2e ) 2 

 ( 0.2 / s ) 2 + 1.5 2 
6.3 2 =   × 60
2

 ( 0.2 / s ) + 31.5 
2 2

This gives s = 0.067

Slip speed in rpm = s Ns rpm = 0.067(1000) = 67 rpm

(b)(i)
Since the flux is constant for a given torque, the slip speed will also be constant for all
frequencies. Thus the slip speed can be evaluated from the rated frequency operation.
Now,
3  E rated R2e s 
2
T=  
ω s  ( R2e s ) 2 + X 22e 
 
3 189 2 × ( 0.2 s )
139 =
104.7 ( 0.2 s ) 2 + 1.5 2
2
 0.2  2 1.472
  + 1.5 =
 s  s

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 10

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
 which gives s = 0.0284
Slip speed Nsl1 = 0.0284 × 1000 =28.4 rpm

For operation at 500 rpm,

Synchronous speed Ns = N + Nsl1 = 500 + 28.4 = 528.4 rpm

Frequency = (528.4/1000)×50 = 26.42 Hz
a = 26.42/50 = 0.528
s = Nsl1/Ns = 28.4/500 = 0.0568
as = 0.528 × 0.0568 = 0.03

2
 R22e ( sa ) 2 + X 22e  2
Im =   I1 (eqn. L)
 R22e ( sa ) 2 + ( X m + X 2e ) 2 

12
 ( 0.2 0.03) 2 + (30 + 1.5) 2 
I1 = 6.3  = 29.7 A
 ( 0.2 0.03) 2 + 1.5 2 
(b)(ii)
This is the rated regeneration/braking torque. Hence the slip speed will be the same as
for the rated motor torque, but of the opposite sign. Hence,

Nsl2 = −40 rpm

Ns = N + Nsl2 = 500 – 40 = 460 rpm
Frequency = (460/1000)×50 = 23 Hz
a = 23/50 = 0.46
s = Nsl2/Ns = −40/460 = −0.087
as = −0.04
Substituting in eqn. L,
12
 ( 0.2 0.04) 2 + (30 + 1.5) 2 
I1 = 6.3  = 38.5 A
 ( 0.2 0.04) 2 + 1.5 2 
EXAMPLE 5:

A 440-v, 50 Hz, 6-pole, Y-connected induction motor has the following parameters per
phase referred to the stator:
R1 = 0.6 Ω R2e = 0.3 Ω X1= X2e = 1 Ω
Xm is very large and can be ignored. The motor is fed by a nonsinusoidal voltage source.
The fundamental component of the source voltage is 440 V. Fifth and seventh harmonics
are 20 % and 14 % of the fundamental, respectively. Higher harmonics can be ignored.

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 11

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
Skin effect causes the rotor resistance to increase three times for the fifth harmonic and
four times for the seventh harmonic. Calculate the derating of the machine due to
nonsinusoidal supply. Neglect friction, windage, and core loss. Also calculate the rated
motor torque with nonsinusoidal supply.

Solution:

Let us first consider the motor operation with a sinusoidal supply.

120 f 120 × 50
Synchronous speed: N s = = = 1000 rpm , ω s = 104.7 rad/s
P 6
1000 − 960
Rated slip =
1000
440 / 3
I rated = = 30.45 A
Rated current 2
 0.3  2
 0.6 +  + (1 + 1)
 0. 04 
2  R2 e   0.3 
Rated power developed = 3I rated  − R2e  = 3 × 30.45 2  − 0.3  = 20 kW
 s   0.04 
2
Motor heat loss = 3I rated ( R1 + R2e ) = 3 × 30.45 2 × (0.6 + 0.3) = 2.5 kW

Let us now consider the motor operation on a nonsinusoidal supply.

440
V1 = = 254 V
3
V5 = 0.2 × 254 = 50.8 V
V7 = 0.14 × 254 = 35.56 V
50.8
I s5 ≈ = 5.08 A
5(2)
copper loss due to the 5th harmonic
= 3 × I s25 ( R1 + 3R2e ) = 3 × 5.08 2 (0.6 + 3 × 0.3) = 116 W

35.56
I s7 ≈ = 2.5 A
7(2)
copper loss due to the 7th harmonic
= 3 × I s27 ( R1 + 4 R2e ) = 3 × 2.5 2 (0.6 + 4 × 0.3) = 33.75 W

total harmonic copper loss = 116 + 33.75 = 0.15 kW

For the same heating of the machine as under rated conditions with a sinusoidal supply,
the maximum fundamental copper loss allowed = 2.5 − 0.15 = 2.35 kW.
Hence, the maximum fundamental current allowed is

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 12

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007
 1 1
 2.35 × 10 3  2  2.35 × 10 3  2
I=   =   = 29.5
 3( R + R )
2e  3 × 0 .9 
1  
V1 254
29.5 = =
2 2
 R2 e  2  0.3 
 R1 +  + ( X 1 + X 2e )  0.6 +  + 4
 s   s 

which gives s = 0.0386

Since only the fundamental contributes to the developed power,
2  0.3 
Rated developed power = 3 × 29.5 ×  − 0.3  = 19.5 kW
 0.0386 
19.5
Percent derating = × 100 = 97.5 %
20

Since only the fundamental contributes to the output torque,

3 0.3
Rated torque = (29.5) 2 = 193.8 N - m
104.61 0.0386

EE 143 – A. C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg. 13

INDUCTION MACHINES - Part VII, March 12, 2007